SUMMARY
OBJECTIVE:
Rectal cancer is an important cause of mortality and morbidity globally. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the log odds of positive nodes system is a better indicator than tumor node metastasis and lymph node ratio systems to determine rectum cancer prognosis, which is an important cause of mortality and morbidity globally.
METHODS:
This was a single-center retrospective cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from the medical records of patients with rectum adenocarcinoma followed at Gazi University Hospital. The clinicopathological data of 128 patients with rectum adenocarcinoma who underwent low anterior resection or abdominoperineal resection between January 2010 and December 2018 was retrospectively reviewed. Patients with rectum adenocarcinoma as the first and only primary diagnosis, which was confirmed by histopathological examination, than those who had undergone complete curative resection via low anterior resection or abdominoperineal resection were included. Those with familial adenomatous polyposis or Lynch syndrome, those under 18 years of age, with a synchronous tumor, peritoneal spread, or metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis, and those with <12 lymph nodes dissected from the resection material were excluded from the study.
RESULTS:
In multivariate analysis, age, perineural invasion, tumor node metastasis stage, lymph node ratio stage, and log odds of positive nodes stage were found to be independent prognostic factors (p<0.05). LODDS2 patients’ mortality rates were 9.495 times higher than LODDS0 patients [hazard ratio=9.495, (95%CI 4.155–21.694), p<0.001] while LNR2 stage patients’ mortality rates were 7.016 times higher than LNR0 stage patients [hazard ratio=7.016, (95%CI 3.123–15.765), p<0.001] and N2 stage patients had a 5.135 times higher risk of mortality than those who were in N0 stage [hazard ratio=5.135 (95%CI 2.451–10.756), p<0.001].
CONCLUSION:
Log odds of positive nodes is a more valuable prognostic factor for rectal cancer patients than tumor node metastasis and lymph node ratio systems to determine rectum cancer prognosis.
KEYWORDS:
Rectal cancer; Adenocarcinoma; TNM staging; Lymph nodes
INTRODUCTION
Rectal cancer is the eighth most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide, as 732 new cases and 339 deaths are reported anually11 Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209-49. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660...
. The histopathological analysis of the resected specimen is the most powerful tool to evaluate the prognosis after curative surgery. Surgical treatment should include the resection of the affected bowel segment as well as the en-bloc resection of the draining lymph nodes and blood vessels that supply the segment. Alongside its prognostic value, the status of the lymph nodes guides the physician on the adjuvant chemotherapy treatment22 Scarinci A, Cesare T, Cavaniglia D, Neri T, Colletti M, Cosenza G, et al. The impact of log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS) in colon and rectal cancer patient stratification: a single-center analysis of 323 patients. Updates Surg. 2018;70(1):23-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13304-018-0519-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13304-018-0519-...
.
Currently, the American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer Classification (AJCC/UICC) tumor node metastasis (TNM) system is the most commonly used system for pathological N (pN) staging. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines recommend the analysis of 12 or more lymph nodes for optimal staging of colorectal cancer (CRC); however, the number of dissected lymph nodes (NDLN) is mostly affected by the skill of the surgeon, the width of the lymph node dissection, or the thoroughness of the pathologist to detect the pNs, as well as the personal patient variation33 Arrichiello G, Pirozzi M, Facchini BA, Facchini S, Paragliola F, Nacca V, et al. Beyond N staging in colorectal cancer: current approaches and future perspectives. Front Oncol. 2022;12:937114. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.937114
https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.937114...
. For this reason, in the past decade, new parameters such as the number of positive lymph nodes, the number of negative lymph nodes, and the lymph node ratio (LNR) were proposed. LNR is evaluated which is the ratio of the number of positive lymph nodes to the number of total lymph nodes. Several studies have proven that LNR might be a better predictor for the survival of patients with CRC as it is less affected by the number of total lymph nodes44 Xu T, Zhang L, Yu L, Zhu Y, Fang H, Chen B, et al. Log odds of positive lymph nodes is an excellent prognostic factor for patients with rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Ann Transl Med. 2021;9(8):637. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-7590
https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-7590...
. Therefore, LNR has been proposed for AJCC staging as an alternative or a complementary method. Nonetheless, LNR does not provide a more significant prognostic evaluation, as LNR0 is the same as the pN0 classification; thus, the LNR classification system is not beneficial for N0 patients22 Scarinci A, Cesare T, Cavaniglia D, Neri T, Colletti M, Cosenza G, et al. The impact of log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS) in colon and rectal cancer patient stratification: a single-center analysis of 323 patients. Updates Surg. 2018;70(1):23-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13304-018-0519-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13304-018-0519-...
.
Log odds of positive nodes (LODDS) is an empirical logistic formula that uses pathological lymph node data to classify the survival differences between patients who are in the same stage of the disease22 Scarinci A, Cesare T, Cavaniglia D, Neri T, Colletti M, Cosenza G, et al. The impact of log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS) in colon and rectal cancer patient stratification: a single-center analysis of 323 patients. Updates Surg. 2018;70(1):23-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13304-018-0519-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13304-018-0519-...
. LODDS was first proposed by Vinh-Hung et al., for predicting the prognosis of breast cancer. In their study, it was shown that LODDS performed equally well in node-negative (pN-) and node-positive (pN+) patients as a prognostic indicator55 Vinh-Hung V, Verschraegen C, Promish DI, Cserni G, Steene J, Tai P, et al. Ratios of involved nodes in early breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2004;6(6):R680-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr934
https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr934...
. Without considering nodal positivity, this formula aids clinicians in deciding whether patients with aggressive tumors belong to higher risk categories, and it may also help decide the best adjuvant treatment options. Recently, LODDS has been suggested as a new prognostic index for colorectal cancers and non-colorectal cancers66 Arslan NC, Sokmen S, Canda AE, Terzi C, Sarioglu S. The prognostic impact of the log odds of positive lymph nodes in colon cancer. Colorectal Dis. 2014;16(11):O386-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.12702
https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.12702...
. Prior research has demonstrated that lymph node classification by LODDS is a prognostic indicator that is highly effective at identifying individuals with a homogeneous prognosis, regardless of the status or quantity of lymph nodes. The LODDS classification is an excellent independent prognostic factor for CRC patients who have NLND <12 and no lymph node metastasis66 Arslan NC, Sokmen S, Canda AE, Terzi C, Sarioglu S. The prognostic impact of the log odds of positive lymph nodes in colon cancer. Colorectal Dis. 2014;16(11):O386-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.12702
https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.12702...
,77 Persiani R, Cananzi FC, Biondi A, Paliani G, Tufo A, Ferrara F, et al. Log odds of positive lymph nodes in colon cancer: a meaningful ratio-based lymph node classification system. World J Surg. 2012;36(3):667-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-011-1415-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-011-1415-...
.
The aim of this study is to investigate whether LODDS system is a better indicator than TNM and LNR systems to determine rectum cancer prognosis, which is an important cause of mortality and morbidity globally.
METHODS
Patients and eligibility criteria
This was a single-center retrospective cross-sectional study that was approved by our local Ethics Committee (Decision No. 26.10.2021-13), and all patients provided a written informed consent form.
The data for the present study were collected from a chart review using medical records of patients with rectum adenocarcinoma who underwent low anterior resection (LAR) or abdominoperineal resection (APR) at the Department of General Surgery at Gazi University Hospital between January 2010 and December 2018. Gazi University Hospital is located in Ankara, the capital city of Turkey, where approximately 7 million people live. Moreover, it is a reference hospital that accepts patients from all regions of the country, especially from the Central Anatolian region. In particular, patients with gastrointestinal tract cancer requiring complex surgical procedures are referred. The patient eligibility criteria were as follows: [1] patients with rectal cancer who underwent LAR or APR between January 2010 and December 2018; [2] rectal cancer as the first and only primary diagnosis; [3] rectum adenocarcinoma confirmed by histopathological examination; and [4] complete curative resection (R0 resection). The exclusion criteria were as follows: [1] patients under the age of 18 years; [2] synchronous tumor; [3] peritoneal dissemination or metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis; [4] patients who have familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or Lynch syndrome; and [5] NDLN<12.
Demographic data such as age and gender, as well as operative and clinicopathological data (neoadjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, adjuvant chemotherapy, tumor size, histopathological type and grade of the tumor, lymph node metastasis, NDLN, perineural invasion, and staging) were analyzed from the database of our department, and their effect on overall survival (OS) was evaluated.
The 8th edition of the TNM classification system of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) was used to determine the tumor stage and pathological features of the tumor. Examination of at least 12 lymph nodes was considered adequate lymph node dissection, and these patients were included in the study.
Lymph node metastasis status was examined under three categories: the AJCC TNM classification system, LNR, and LODDS. The LNR was calculated as the number of positive LNs divided by the NDLN. Based on the review of previous literature, patients were divided into three groups for analysis of the LNR: LNR0 (≤0.05), LNR1 (>0.05≤0.20), and LNR2 (>0.20)66 Arslan NC, Sokmen S, Canda AE, Terzi C, Sarioglu S. The prognostic impact of the log odds of positive lymph nodes in colon cancer. Colorectal Dis. 2014;16(11):O386-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.12702
https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.12702...
.
An empirical logistic formula was used to calculate the LODDS value: log (pnod+0.5)/(tnod+0.5), where tnod is the NDLN and pnod is the number of positive lymph nodes. According to LODDS values, patients were divided into three categories: LODDS0 (≤-1.36), LODDS1 (>-1.36≤-0.53), and LODDS2 (>-0.53). For the standardization of the evaluation, the same cutoff points that were previously found to be significant to survival in a large study were employed66 Arslan NC, Sokmen S, Canda AE, Terzi C, Sarioglu S. The prognostic impact of the log odds of positive lymph nodes in colon cancer. Colorectal Dis. 2014;16(11):O386-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.12702
https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.12702...
,77 Persiani R, Cananzi FC, Biondi A, Paliani G, Tufo A, Ferrara F, et al. Log odds of positive lymph nodes in colon cancer: a meaningful ratio-based lymph node classification system. World J Surg. 2012;36(3):667-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-011-1415-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-011-1415-...
.
Statistical analysis
The statistical analyses were carried out on IBM SPSS Statistics 23 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). For categorical variables, frequency distribution (number, percentage) was used; for numerical variables, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) were used. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate the factors that affect OS. For analyses, a p≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
Between January 2010 and December 2018, 154 patients with rectum adenocarcinoma were operated in our clinic. A total of 26 patients who had FAP, or Lynch syndrome, were under 18 years of age, had synchronous tumors, peritoneal spread, or metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis, and had <12 lymph nodes dissected from the resection material were excluded from the study. Thus, 128 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma who underwent LAR or APR were included in this study. The mean age of patients was 59.95±13.03 years. Among the patients who were eligible for the study, 78 (60.9%) were males and 50 (39.1%) were females. When classified by LODDS stage, 88 patients were LODDS0 (68.8%), 27 patients were LODDS1 (21.1%), and 13 patients were LODDS2 (10.2%) (Table 1).
The result of Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the mean survival was not significantly different in sex, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, differentiation of the tumor, or tumor diameter (p>0.05); however, age, T stage, perineural invasion, N stage, LODDS stage, TNM stage, and LNR groups had a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) (Table 2).
The OS of patients who were over 65 years of age, patients with T4 tumor stage, and patients with N1 or N2 nodal stage (compared to T2 or T3 stage and N0 stage, respectively), patients who had perineural invasion, and patients who were in LODDS2 stage and LNR2 stage (compared to LODDS0 or LODDS1 and LNR0 or LNR1, respectively) was significantly decreased (Table 2).
According to the Cox regression analysis, sex, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, differentiation, tumor diameter, and T stage status did not have a significant effect on mortality (p>0.05); however, age, perineural invasion, N stage, LODDS stage, TNM stage, and LNR stage had a significant effect on mortality (p<0.05) (Table 3).
The mortality risk of patients >65 years was 2.440 times higher than that of those <65 years, and it was also 2.043 times higher for patients with perineural invasion than those without. When TNM nodal stages were compared, TNM N2 stage patients had a 5.135 times higher risk of mortality than those who were in the TNM N0 stage. Comparison of LODDS0 stage patients with others showed that LODDS1 stage patients’ mortality rates were 3.124 times higher, while LODDS2 stage patients’ mortality rates were 9.495 times higher than LODDS0 patients. Similarly, the mortality risk of LNR L1 stage patients was 7.016 times higher than that of LNR L0 stage patients. When compared, TNM Stage 3 patients had a 5.213 times higher mortality risk than Stage 1 patients (Table 3).
The multivariate analysis revealed that age, perineural invasion, LNR1 vs. LNR0 (LNR2 vs. LNR0), LODDS1 vs. LODDS0, and LODDS2 vs. LODDS0 were the independent prognostic factors for rectal adenocarcinoma prognosis, as shown in Table 3.
DISCUSSION
In our study, we compared the prognostic effect of LODDS with TNM and LNR classifications in patients with rectal cancer who had undergone surgery with curative intent. Our data indicate that LODDS is a strong prognostic factor for rectal cancer patients. When compared with LODDS0 patients, LODDS1 [hazard ratio (HR)=3.123, (95%CI 1.550–6.719), p=0.001] and LODDS2 [HR=9.495, (95%CI 4.155–21.694), p<0.001] had a worse OS.
The most common metastatic route for colorectal cancer is lymph node metastasis, and lymph node status is the key to predicting the prognosis of these patients. Postoperative adjuvant therapy depends on accurate lymph node staging. Currently, the 8th edition of the AJCC TNM Classification is widely used to assess the prognosis of CRC patients; however, only three pathological indicators (T, N, and M status) are considered for this classification, thus limiting its ability for an accurate evaluation. The assessment of ≥12 nodes is recommended by the present guidelines from the AJCC. A study by Tsai et al., showed that the accuracy of detecting pN depends on the number of NDLN, as the 5-year survival rate of CRC patients with NDLN<18 was significantly lower than that of patients with NDLN ≥1888 Tsai HL, Lu CY, Hsieh JS, Wu DC, Jan CM, Chai CY, et al. The prognostic significance of total lymph node harvest in patients with T2-4N0M0 colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007;11(5):660-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-007-0119-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-007-0119-...
. Nonetheless, NDLN is affected by multiple variables, such as surgical factors, pathological factors, and patient factors. Therefore, there is a constant risk of understaging when an inadequate lymphadenectomy is performed. A large population-based study with 131.935 patients by Gönen et al., revealed that the probability of missing a positive lymph node is 29.7%, 20%, and 13.6% if 5, 8, and 12 lymph nodes are examined, respectively. They also calculated the probability of a patient being correctly staged as node-negative and thus developed the nodal staging score (NSS). They found that 1, 4, 13, and 21 nodes need to be examined to maintain an NSS of 90% for T1, T2, T3, and T4 tumors, respectively99 Gönen M, Schrag D, Weiser MR. Nodal staging score: a tool to assess adequate staging of node-negative colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(36):6166-71. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.23.7958
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.23.7958...
. Therefore, it is not surprising that understaging is inevitable after an inadequate lymph node harvest. The TNM staging system remains one of the most widely used classifications for oncological outcomes despite the risk of stage migration, which led researchers to investigate novel prognostic factors for an accurate treatment.
Another problem for staging is that the total number of dissected lymph nodes (TLN) decreases after neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT); therefore, TLN may not be an adequate parameter for rectal cancer operation after CRT. Studies by Park et al.1010 Park IJ, Yu CS, Lim SB, Yoon YS, Kim CW, Kim TW, et al. Ratio of metastatic lymph nodes is more important for rectal cancer patients treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(11):3274-81. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i11.3274
https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i11.3274...
and Wang et al.1111 Wang J, Hassett JM, Dayton MT, Kulaylat MN. The prognostic superiority of log odds of positive lymph nodes in stage III colon cancer. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12(10):1790-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-008-0651-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-008-0651-...
also showed that the yPN category cannot be used to divide patients into prognostic groups. Only 20% of cases who received neoadjuvant CRT have TLN≥12. On the contrary, a number of studies have shown that a decrease in TLN might suggest an improved response to neoadjuvant CRT1212 Destri G, Maugeri A, Ramistella A, Greca G, Conti P, Trombatore G, et al. The prognostic impact of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy on lymph node sampling in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Updates Surg. 2020;72(3):793-800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13304-020-00841-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13304-020-00841...
. However, a population-based study has found that only 37% of colon cancer patients received adequate lymph node evaluation1313 Baxter NN, Virnig DJ, Rothenberger DA, Morris AM, Jessurun J, Virnig BA. Lymph node evaluation in colorectal cancer patients: a population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(3):219-25. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dji020
https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dji020...
, and this could lead to inadequate staging and inaccurate treatment.
Lymph node ratio has been proposed as a novel prognostic factor because it includes information on both positive lymph nodes and total lymph nodes. Nonetheless, LNR provides no additional prognostic information for node-negative CRC patients, which accounts for 75% of all CRC patients, as LNR is the same as the pN0 classification for these patients1414 Qaderi SM, Galjart B, Verhoef C, Slooter GD, Koopman M, Verhoeven RHA, et al. Disease recurrence after colorectal cancer surgery in the modern era: a population-based study. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2021;36(11):2399-410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-021-03914-w
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-021-03914...
.
A study by Vinh-Hung et al., was the first one to propose a novel classification for lymph node staging in breast cancer55 Vinh-Hung V, Verschraegen C, Promish DI, Cserni G, Steene J, Tai P, et al. Ratios of involved nodes in early breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2004;6(6):R680-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr934
https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr934...
. In the past two decades, LODDS has become an important factor for staging. Wang et al., analyzed 24.477 patients with stage 3 colon cancer from the SEER registry and concluded that LODDS is a better prognostic factor than LNR1111 Wang J, Hassett JM, Dayton MT, Kulaylat MN. The prognostic superiority of log odds of positive lymph nodes in stage III colon cancer. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12(10):1790-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-008-0651-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-008-0651-...
. Persiani et al., also found that NDLN influenced the prognostic power of LODDS less than other nodal staging systems, making it a highly reliable staging system77 Persiani R, Cananzi FC, Biondi A, Paliani G, Tufo A, Ferrara F, et al. Log odds of positive lymph nodes in colon cancer: a meaningful ratio-based lymph node classification system. World J Surg. 2012;36(3):667-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-011-1415-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-011-1415-...
. Similarly, several authors found that LODDS was a prognostically superior factor to LNR in gastric cancer patients1515 Zhao E, Zhou C, Chen S. Prognostic nomogram based on log odds of positive lymph nodes for gastric carcinoma patients after surgical resection. Future Oncol. 2019;15(36):4207-22. https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2019-0473
https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2019-0473...
,1616 Gu P, Deng J, Sun Z, Wang Z, Wang W, Liang H, et al. Superiority of log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS) for prognostic prediction after gastric cancer surgery: a multi-institutional analysis of 7620 patients in China. Surg Today. 2021;51(1):101-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-020-02091-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-020-02091...
.
However, our study has several limitations that need to be considered. First, this study was retrospective, and a limited number of patients from one hospital were included. Therefore, our findings must be verified by multicenter studies with larger cohorts. Second, there are other factors that affect prognosis, including BRAF and KRAS mutations, microsatellite instability, and adjuvant treatments. By integrating these factors, it is possible to improve the LODDS classification further.
CONCLUSION
Our results showed that LODDS is a more reliable and valuable prognostic factor than TNM staging and LNR classification, especially in node-negative patients, since it is independent of NDLN in rectal cancers. However, the available literature analyzing the prognostic significance of LODDS is limited, and more studies are needed.
INFORMED CONSENT
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
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ETHICS COMMITEE APPROVALThis study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Gazi University (approval No. 26.10.2021-13) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
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Funding: none.
REFERENCES
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1Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209-49. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
» https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660 -
2Scarinci A, Cesare T, Cavaniglia D, Neri T, Colletti M, Cosenza G, et al. The impact of log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS) in colon and rectal cancer patient stratification: a single-center analysis of 323 patients. Updates Surg. 2018;70(1):23-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13304-018-0519-3
» https://doi.org/10.1007/s13304-018-0519-3 -
3Arrichiello G, Pirozzi M, Facchini BA, Facchini S, Paragliola F, Nacca V, et al. Beyond N staging in colorectal cancer: current approaches and future perspectives. Front Oncol. 2022;12:937114. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.937114
» https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.937114 -
4Xu T, Zhang L, Yu L, Zhu Y, Fang H, Chen B, et al. Log odds of positive lymph nodes is an excellent prognostic factor for patients with rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Ann Transl Med. 2021;9(8):637. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-7590
» https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-7590 -
5Vinh-Hung V, Verschraegen C, Promish DI, Cserni G, Steene J, Tai P, et al. Ratios of involved nodes in early breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2004;6(6):R680-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr934
» https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr934 -
6Arslan NC, Sokmen S, Canda AE, Terzi C, Sarioglu S. The prognostic impact of the log odds of positive lymph nodes in colon cancer. Colorectal Dis. 2014;16(11):O386-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.12702
» https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.12702 -
7Persiani R, Cananzi FC, Biondi A, Paliani G, Tufo A, Ferrara F, et al. Log odds of positive lymph nodes in colon cancer: a meaningful ratio-based lymph node classification system. World J Surg. 2012;36(3):667-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-011-1415-x
» https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-011-1415-x -
8Tsai HL, Lu CY, Hsieh JS, Wu DC, Jan CM, Chai CY, et al. The prognostic significance of total lymph node harvest in patients with T2-4N0M0 colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007;11(5):660-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-007-0119-x
» https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-007-0119-x -
9Gönen M, Schrag D, Weiser MR. Nodal staging score: a tool to assess adequate staging of node-negative colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(36):6166-71. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.23.7958
» https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.23.7958 -
10Park IJ, Yu CS, Lim SB, Yoon YS, Kim CW, Kim TW, et al. Ratio of metastatic lymph nodes is more important for rectal cancer patients treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(11):3274-81. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i11.3274
» https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i11.3274 -
11Wang J, Hassett JM, Dayton MT, Kulaylat MN. The prognostic superiority of log odds of positive lymph nodes in stage III colon cancer. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12(10):1790-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-008-0651-3
» https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-008-0651-3 -
12Destri G, Maugeri A, Ramistella A, Greca G, Conti P, Trombatore G, et al. The prognostic impact of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy on lymph node sampling in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Updates Surg. 2020;72(3):793-800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13304-020-00841-3
» https://doi.org/10.1007/s13304-020-00841-3 -
13Baxter NN, Virnig DJ, Rothenberger DA, Morris AM, Jessurun J, Virnig BA. Lymph node evaluation in colorectal cancer patients: a population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(3):219-25. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dji020
» https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dji020 -
14Qaderi SM, Galjart B, Verhoef C, Slooter GD, Koopman M, Verhoeven RHA, et al. Disease recurrence after colorectal cancer surgery in the modern era: a population-based study. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2021;36(11):2399-410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-021-03914-w
» https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-021-03914-w -
15Zhao E, Zhou C, Chen S. Prognostic nomogram based on log odds of positive lymph nodes for gastric carcinoma patients after surgical resection. Future Oncol. 2019;15(36):4207-22. https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2019-0473
» https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2019-0473 -
16Gu P, Deng J, Sun Z, Wang Z, Wang W, Liang H, et al. Superiority of log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS) for prognostic prediction after gastric cancer surgery: a multi-institutional analysis of 7620 patients in China. Surg Today. 2021;51(1):101-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-020-02091-7
» https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-020-02091-7
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
05 Jan 2024 -
Date of issue
2024
History
-
Received
29 Sept 2023 -
Accepted
08 Oct 2023