Evaluation of the disk-diffusion method to determine the in vitro efficacy of terbinafine against subcutaneous and superficial mycoses agents

Abstracts

FUNDAMENTOS: As micoses superficiais e subcutâneas têm alta prevalência e, muitas vezes, caráter crônico, necessitando tratamentos tópicos e/ou sistêmicos com antifúngicos. As drogas de escolha são azóis e alilaminas (terbinafina). É necessário avaliar a eficácia das drogas para tratamento em humanos e em animais. Estudos para avaliar in vitro a ação dos antimicóticos são raros, especialmente, contra fungos filamentosos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia in vitro da terbinafina pelo método de disco-difusão contra fungos filamentosos e leveduras agentes de micoses. MÉTODOS: Avaliou-se a ação da terbinafina (0,125µg-100µg) contra dez espécies fúngicas pelos métodos discodifusão e microdiluição/referência, para determinar a concentração inibitória mínima (MIC). RESULTADOS: Observou-se alta sensibilidade à terbinafina em: T. rubrum, M. gypseum, T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, M. canis, C. carrionii e E. floccosum (halo ≥ 40mm com disco de 0,125µg). S. hyalinum e C. parapsilosis foram considerados sensíveis, mas com halos menores. Fusarium spp. apresentou menor sensibilidade (halo=12mm com disco de 2µg; MIC 8µg/mL). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados reiteram estudos anteriores quanto à alta eficácia da terbinafina em relação a dermatófitos. A técnica de disco-difusão foi de fácil aplicação e adequada na rotina de laboratórios clínicos.

Antimicóticos; Arthrodermataceae; Fungos; Micoses

INVESTIGATION

Evaluation of the disk-diffusion method to determine the in vitro efficacy of terbinafine against subcutaneous and superficial mycoses agents^*

Hilda Conceição Diogo^I; Márcia Melhem^II; Aldo Sarpieri^III; Mario Cezar Pires^IV

^IM.S. in Health Sciences, Center for Disease Control (CCD), State Secretariat of Health - Sao Paulo; Biologist - Teaching Degree in Biological Sciences - Faculty of Guarulhos (2003); Voluntary Mycologist, Service of Dermatology, Padre Bento Hospital Complex - Guarulhos - São Paulo (SP), Brazil

^IIPh.D. and M.S in Public Health, Public Health Faculty, University of Sao Paulo (USP); Level VI Scientific Researcher, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Center for Disease Control (CCD), State Secretariat of Health - Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil

^IIISpecialist in Dermatology; Voluntary Physician, Service of Dermatology, Padre Bento Hospital Complex - Guarulhos - Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil

^IVSpecialist in Dermatology; Ph.D. in Clinical Medicine from the Institute of Medical Assistance to State Public Server - Sao Paulo; Director of the Service of Dermatology, Padre Bento Hospital Complex - Guarulhos - Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil

Mailing Address

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Superficial and subcutaneous mycoses have a high prevalence and, often, chronic evolution. Therefore, they need extensive treatment with topic and/or systemic antifungal agents. Azoles and alilamines (terbinafine) are first-choice drugs to treat human and animal infections. Thus, evaluation of the efficacy of these drugs is important for a successful treatment. However, there are few studies that evaluate the in vitro activity of antifungal agents.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vitro efficacy of terbinafine activity against filamentous fungi and yeasts that cause mycoses.

METHOD - The in vitro activity of terbinafine (0.125-100µg) against 10 fungi species was evaluated by the diskdiffusion and microdilution/reference methods to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC).

RESULTS: We found a high susceptibility to terbinafine in: T. rubrum, M. gypseum, T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, M. canis, C. carrionii and E. floccosum (halo ≥ 40mm with 0.125µg disk). S. hyalinum and C. parapsilosis were considered susceptible, but less than the others. Fusarium spp. showed the lowest susceptibility (halo=12mm with 2µg disk; MIC 8µg/mL).

CONCLUSIONS: The results of this research confirm previous findings about the efficacy of terbinafine. The drug was shown to be highly effective to treat dermatophyte infections. The disk-diffusion method was easy to use and is a suitable technique for routine use in clinical laboratories.

Keywords: Antifungal agents; Arthrodermataceae; Fungi; Mycosis

INTRODUCTION

Superficial mycoses are frequent in routine medical practice and are mostly caused by filamentous fungi and, less often, yeasts.¹ Oftentimes these infections are not adequately treated with topical antimycotic drugs, which makes systemic treatment necessary. ² The discovery of azole antifungal agents, such as ketoconazole, itraconazole, and fluconazole, is a considerable advancement in the treatment of these mycoses.² However, the appearance of resistant fungi established the need to research different therapy alternatives and action sites.³ Terbinafine is among the drugs that have an action mechanism different from that of azoles. It belongs to the family of alilamines, acts on the epoxidase enzyme of the fungal cell and is especially indicated to treat skin infections caused by dermatophytes.⁴ Contrary to imidazoles, terbinafine has an antifungal action.^1,2,3 Terbinafine is more selective for the fungal cell than amphotericin B, a standard antifungal agent, due to a difference between the epoxidase enzymes of mammals and fungi.⁵ Terbinafine can be administered in combination with other drugs and presents mild toxic effects or adverse reactions.⁶ The most common are gastrointestinal disorders and taste alterations.¹ Rare cases of a positive antinuclear factor have been reported.¹

Evaluation of in vitro efficacy is done by reference method, broth dilution or Agar diffusion.^7,8 In Brazil, Almeida et al. evaluated the susceptibility of fungi that cause superficial mycoses to antifungal agents through the microdilution technique.⁸ Nevertheless, there is no reference methodology for terbinafine and more studies are necessary for its validation. In addition, there is no technique that is easily employed in clinical laboratories to search for the ideal therapy in cases of mycoses caused by filamentous fungi, including dermatophytes, such as those that exist in cases of yeast infections. For the latter, the M44-A (NCCLS, 2004) method is used and is accepted as a reference only for yeasts of the Candida species, based on the disk-diffusion technique with fluconazole. The objective of this study was to suggest procedures for the disk-diffusion technique to determine and compare the in vitro efficacy of terbinafine and other agents in the treatment of fungi that cause superficial and subcutaneous mycoses.

METHOD

This study was conducted with culture samples of superficial or subcutaneous mycosis agents common in Brazil, obtained from lesions of patients at the Ambulatory of Dermatology. The following fungi were included in the experiment:

• Dermatophytes-

  Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton tonsurans, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum canis, Epidermophyton floccosum (superficial and subcutaneous mycosis agents);

• Non-dermatophyte fungi - -

  Scytalidium hyalinum, Fusarium oxysporum (onymycosis agents) and

  Cladophialophora carrionii (subcutaneous mycosis agent).

Two standard fungal cultures of Candida parapsilosis (ATCC 22019) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (ATCC 05533) were included. Clinical samples, isolated up to three years before the study, were stored in distilled water according to a technique standardized in our laboratory.¹⁰ After recovery, they were reidentified by means of modified microcultivation,¹¹ based on morphological analysis. ^12-13 Novartis Biociencias S.A. provided the terbinafine, in pro-analysis pure powder form (p.a.). Terbinafine disks were prepared in 13 different concentrations, with two-fold serial dilutions, from 0.125mg up to 16mg and from 25mg to 100mg. Disks (CECON – Centro de controle e produtos para diagnosticos Ltda, Brazil) with 9 antifungal agents were used to compare efficacy: 5-fluorocytosine (5 FC), amphotericin B (AB), nistatin (NY), econazole (EC), clotrimazole (CTR), miconazole (MCZ), ketoconazole (KET), fluconazole (FLU), and itraconazole (ICZ).

For sensitivity tests, an inoculant of each fungus sample was prepared by adding to the surface of cultures, incubated for different periods based on the growth demand of filamentous fungi, 5mL of saline solution at 0.85%, with a drop of polysorbate (Tween ²⁰, Sigma).^11,12,13 Inoculants of yeast samples were prepared by suspension of 1-5 colonies (< 5 mm diameter) in saline solution at 0.85%. Each suspension of filamentous fungus or yeast was adjusted to contain 1x106 a 5,0x106 UFC/mL, initially through a comparison of the turbidity with the 0.5 tube of the McFarland scale.⁹ The concentration was then calculated by three methodologies, as follows:

• Transmittance adjustment (68-70%) in spectrophotometer at 530 nm

  ¹³

• Hemocytometer counting

  ¹⁴

• Colony-forming units (CFUs) count on Sabouraud Agar

  ¹⁵

The disk-diffusion technique was performed according to the recommendations described in the M44-A method.⁹ Two culture media were employed: Muller Hinton agar, containing 2% of methylene blue (MH-GMB) (Difco, USA),¹⁶ and yeast nitrogen agar (YNA)¹⁷ (Difco, USA), which were formulated following instructions from the manufacturers and divided (70 mL) into sealed containers, heated and placed in Petri plates at the time of use. The cultures were distributed in Petri plates (150 x 6 mm) and the inoculants, in the surface. After complete absorption of the inoculants, 10 disks with various terbinafine concentration levels (0.125 up to 16 mg) were placed in equidistant points. Disks with a higher concentration of terbinafine (25mg, 50mg and 100mg) were also analyzed due to the lower sensitivity of some samples (lack of inhibition with the original lower concentrations). Disks with the other antifungal agents were evaluated based on the same methodology.⁹ Next, plates were incubated upside down at 30 ± 2ºC.¹¹ The level of sensitivity to terbinafine and other antifungal agents of each fungus sample was measured by the diameter (mm) of the inhibition zone formed around the disk after 24 to 120 hours of inoculation. Each isolate was classified into: sensitive, intermediate sensitivity, or resistant to the drugs, based on the size of the inhibition zone.¹⁷ With the exception of terbinafine, the classification criteria followed the manufacturer's instructions (CECON Ltda, Brazil). The inhibition zones for terbinafine were expressed in millimeters and the classification of the samples was done only after comparison with the results of the microdilution technique.¹⁸ ATCC standard strains were included in all tests.¹⁹ The criteria to interpret inhibition zones to indicate resistant strains were: 5 FC < 10 mm, AB = 10 mm, NY =10 mm, EC10 mm, CTR 10 mm, MCZ 10 mm, KET10 mm, FLU 14mm and ICZ =11mm.

For the microdilution technique, stock solutions ((1600 µg/mL)^20-21 of terbinafine were prepared in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO, Sigma, USA). Ten different concentration levels were prepared from this solution, with two-fold dilutions, in RPMI-1640 medium ¹⁸ (CULTILAB, Brazil). Tests were prepared in 96 well, flat-bottomed microtitulation plates, according to the M38-A document and recommendations described by Rodriguez-Tudela (2003).¹⁴ Positive and negative growth controls, in addition to standard strains, were included in all tests to assure quality. Test plates were homogenized for 15 minutes at 65 rpm/minute (Klime agitator, Marconi, Brazil) and incubated at 35 ± 2oC for up to 72 h. After the first 24 hours, visual readings were done to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of terbinafine in relation to each one of the isolates. In cases of unsatisfactory growth, the plate was reincubated and read after 48 and 72 h. Reading of the endpoint in tests with filamentous fungi was done under a mirror, and the minimum inhibitory concentration was the one that resulted in total growth inhibition (IC100) of the isolate. For tests with yeasts, a spectophometer with a 492 nm filter for an automated reading of the endpoint, established to be 50% (IC50) growth inhibition of the isolate, was used. All tests were duplicated.

RESULTS

The fungi cultures used to evaluate the efficacy of terbinafine showed a high production of spores, being thus suitable to the preparation of inoculants.²²Figure 1 illustrates the aspect of the prepared fungi.

The three different methodologies used for the inoculants were equivalent, with suspensions containing 1 to 5 x 106 UFC/mL. The inhibition zones in MHGMB agar were larger, on average, than those obtained in YMA, regardless of the isolate. The inhibition zones indicated that 70% of the samples, including all species of dermatophytes, were inhibited with the lowest evaluated concentration (0,125mg) of terbinafine (Figure 2, Table 1). Only three isolates (Candida parapsilosis, Fusarium oxysporum e Scytalidium hyalinum) did not show an inhibition zone under these conditions.

In the experiment with a 2µg/mL disk, we were able to separate isolates with distinct levels of sensitivity, based on inhibition zones:

• Sensitive (zone > 40 mm), category in which dermatophytes are included;

• Intermediate sensitivity (zone of 24 to 35 mm), which includes

  S. hyalinum and C. Parapsilosis;

• Resistant (12 mm zone), category to which

  Fusarium oxysporum belongs.

Inhibition zones for the isolates classified as having intermediate sensitivity and being resistant are shown in Table 2. MIC results through the broth microdilution method for the three samples least susceptible to terbinafine were: 0.25mg/mL (Scytalidium hyalinum); >8mg/mL (Fusarium oxysporum) and 0.5mg/mL for Candida parapsilosis. The MIC of terbinafine for Trichophyton mentagrophytes was 0.015 mg/mL.

A comparison between the efficacy of terbinafine and nine other antifungal agents by the microdilution and disk-diffusion methods is shown on Tables 3 and 4.

DISCUSSION

Clinical isolates were stored in distilled water for three years ⁹ with no need for periodic maintenance, thus avoiding contamination. A high production of hyphae-free spores, as recommended for sensitivity tests, was obtained in this manner.²² Inoculants prepared through three different methods also yielded similar results. Hemocytometer spore count was considered the best method because it reduced the biological risk of the passage of the content from the test tube to the glass cuvette of the spectrophotometer, and guaranteed the desired concentration of the filamentous fungi inoculant without interference from color, form, and size of the spores,²³ contrary to what may happen in the spectrophotometer technique.¹⁴ Moreover, the method that uses a hemocytometer is more practical and faster in comparison with the colony forming unit count method, which needs an additional culture procedure.

Another parameter evaluated by the disk-diffusion method was culture medium. The MH-GMB was better because it made the diffusion of terbinafine possible and allowed a larger inhibition zone, as compared with the YMA. Another advantage of the MHGMB is its availability in microbiology laboratories that perform tests of sensitivity to bacteria. The incubation temperature adopted in this study (30 ± 2ºC) resulted in a visible and homogeneous growth; therefore, it was considered suitable to the species studied. Inhibition zones were evident and easily measurable after 24 hours for C. Parapsilosis and from 72 to 120 h for other agents, considering the growth time.

Regarding the concentration in terbinafine disks, we noticed that values > 2mg resulted in inhibition zones for all the species. A 2mg disk exposes the isolate to concentrations that are equivalent to those found in human serum, thus partly mimicking what occurs in vivo.

The 2 mg concentration was considered adequate for the disk-diffusion test since it isolated distinct profiles of susceptibility to terbinafine. In tests with dermatophytes, a fungi group with high sensitivity to terbinafine which produces inhibition zones > 61 mm, it is recommended that only one 2mg disk per Petri plate be used.

This study corroborated previous findings that showed the high efficiency of terbinafine in relation to dermatophytes.²⁴ Inhibition zones = 35 mm were obtained with 2 µg disks, which corresponds to a MIC of 0.03µg/mL in the microdilution method. This MIC value is well below the serum (0.8 to 1.5µg/mL6) and tissue dosage established in the developmental stage of the drug.²⁵ This allowed classification of the samples into three categories: sensitive, intermediate sensitivity, and resistant to terbinafine. Tests with most agents showed large growth inhibition zones, which is in agreement with data from the literature studied.²⁶It is worth mentioning that, so far, no breakpoint, or interpretation criterion, has been established to designate strains that are resistant to terbinafine. There are no clinical studies in the literature researched that support the in vitro-in vivo correlation of fungi resistance to antimycotic agents. Only these types of studies, associated with knowledge about the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics (PK-PD) of the drug, would allow the determination of sensitivity breakpoints.

The results we obtained cannot be compared with those from previous studies in which filamentous fungi with inhibition zones of 25 to 28 mm resulting from disks with 30 µg²⁶ of terbinafine were classified as sensitive. In our study, we observed that disks with concentrations higher than 10 µg would not allow the discrimination of isolates with distinct sensitivity profiles (Table 1).

S. hyalinum and C. parapsilosis in 2mg of terbinafine showed, respectively, 35 mm and 24 mm inhibition zones, which correspond to a MIC of 0.25 µg/mL and 0.5 µg/mL. These species were classified as having intermediate sensitivity due to the proximity of the MIC to serum values of terbinafine. Fusarium oxysporum was considered resistant (zone = 12 mm with a 2 µg/mL disk), based on the results of a MIC of 8µg/mL in microdilution, a value well above the one found in the serum dose. In fact, this species shows low susceptibility to terbinafine, as previously described.²⁷ Concentrations higher than 32µg/mL are necessary to inhibit the growth of Fusarium species.^28-29-30Fusarium oxysporum was used in this study as a model to compare the efficacy of the investigated drugs. This species, although resistant, showed larger inhibition zones caused by terbinafine, as compared to the other nine drugs evaluated, when the same concentrations were used.

Species of Candida, and other non-dermatophyte agents of interest in Dermatology, have variable sensitivity to terbinafine. Therefore, its susceptibility profile is not predictable. In these cases, the implementation of trial tests in routine laboratories is recommended to orient treatment.

We conclude that the disk-diffusion method, with the proposed parameters, was easily employed in routine laboratory testing and allowed the identification of clinical isolates with low sensitivity to terbinafine. The concentration of 2mg of terbinafine is indicated for disk-diffusion tests, Mueller-Hinton medium with 2% glucose and methylene blue, incubation at 308C for a period of 24 to 120 h, according to the fungal species; for tests with dermatophytes, the placement of only one disk per plate and the adoption of Fusarium oxysporum as quality control-strain are recommended. Terbinafine in vitro was good against dermatophytes, but its action was weaker against yeasts. Future studies are necessary to correlate strains with lower sensitivity to terbinafine in vitro and the clinical evolution of cases treated with this drug. The validation of breakpoints for terbinafine and its importance in the clinical prognosis are essential and require additional investigation.

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*

Trabalho realizado no Serviço de Dermatologia do Complexo Hospitalar Padre Bento de Guarulhos e no setor de Micologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz - São Paulo (SP), Brasil.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  24 Sept 2010
• Date of issue
  June 2010

History

• Received
  03 Aug 2009
• Accepted
  19 Mar 2010