Leprosy cases diagnosed by contacts examination in a hyperendemic capital city of northeastern Brazil^☆☆

Dear Editor,

Leprosy, an infectious disease with a prolonged incubation period, has in the household contacts an important means for the maintenance of the endemy. It is characterized by a clinical dermatological-neurological syndrome with a high potential to cause physical disabilities and deformities, in addition to social and psychological impacts.^1,2

It is still considered a relevant public health problem in most Brazilian states, despite efforts by the Ministry of Health to control the infection.¹ In 2018, 208,619 new cases were reported worldwide, with Brazil being the 2^nd country with the highest prevalence of the disease, registering a total of 28,660 new cases, representing 13.3% of the global total of new occurrences.³

Household contacts are highly vulnerable to disease development due to prolonged exposure to the bacilli in the home environment. This risk is approximately five to ten times greater in families with one case of the disease and increases by up to ten times in the event of more than one case in the same household.²

In regions of high endemicity, contact surveillance becomes an essential measure for disease control, therefore, it is recommended to carry out a dermatological-neurological evaluation at least once a year, for at least five years, in all contacts. After this period, these contacts should be informed of the possibility of the appearance of signs and symptoms suggestive of leprosy in the future.^4,5

In 2017, the municipality of São Luís, state of Maranhão, Brazil, was classified as regular in relation to the proportion of examined contacts, as it examined 51.58% of registered contacts, a fact that is considered of concern.⁶ In this sense, knowledge of the occurrence of leprosy cases diagnosed by contact examination among household contacts in that municipality can bring valuable contributions both to the labor practice of health professionals and to users assisted by the Family Health Strategy.

This is an epidemiological, descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study with the objective of studying the occurrence of leprosy cases among household contacts of the notified cases in the municipality of São Luís, state of Maranhão, from 2010 to 2017, through information collected from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN), notification forms and patient records (n = 182).

The data were analyzed using the EPI-INFO program, version 7 (CDC-Atlanta, EUA). The prevalence of leprosy among the examined contacts was calculated, followed by the absolute and relative frequencies for the descriptive analysis. This study is part of the macro-project entitled “Integrated Approach to Clinical, Epidemiological (Space-Temporal), Operational and Psychosocial Aspects of Leprosy in a Hyperendemic Municipality of Maranhão (INTEGRAHANS MARANHÃO)”, approved by the Research Ethics Committee under Register 2.508. 780.

Fig. 1 shows that, during the study period, 17,309 household contacts were registered, 9,387 were examined and 182 were diagnosed with leprosy with a prevalence of 193.9/10,000 contacts. At the beginning of the historical series, 3.52% leprosy cases were notified among contacts, corresponding to the highest percentage. In 2011, there was a decline in the percentage to 2.20%. It was observed that years 2012, 2014, 2015, and 2016 were the periods that showed the lower rates and there were similar percentages in the years 2013 and 2017.

Figure 1
Historical series of leprosy diagnosed by detecting new cases by contact examination per year of notification. São Luís–MA, 2010–2017.Source: SINAN, 2019.

Table 1 shows the sociodemographic characteristics of household contacts diagnosed with leprosy. A higher frequency was observed in the age group of 15–59 years (63.74%), females (56.59%), brown ethnicity (58.79%) and those with incomplete elementary school (26.37%).

Table 1
Sociodemographic characteristics of household contacts diagnosed with leprosy. São Luís-MA, 2010-2017.

Variables	n	%
Age
00 to 06 years	11	6.04
07 to 14 years	44	24.18
15 to 59 years	116	63.74
60 to 100 years	11	6.04
Ethnicity/skin color
White	40	22.00
Black	30	16.49
Yellow	01	0.54
Brown	107	58.79
Not recorded	04	2.18
Sex
Male	79	43.41
Female	103	56.59
Level of schooling
Illiterate	07	3.85
1st Grade to incomplete 4th Grade of Elementary School	30	16.50
Complete 4th Grade of Elementary School	09	4.95
5th Grade to incomplete 8th Grade of Elementary School	48	26.37
Complete Elementary School	09	4.95
Incomplete High School	23	12.63
Complete High School	34	18.68
Incomplete Higher Education	05	2.75
Complete Higher Education	03	1.64
Does not apply a/Not recorded	14	7.68
Total	182	100

Source: SINAN, 2019.
• ^a
  Child aged 0 to 6 years.

Table 2 shows the clinical characteristics: 48.90% of cases corresponded to the borderline form, there was a predominance of a degree of disability equal to zero at the beginning of treatment (64.06%) and bacilloscopy mostly not performed (53.28%). As for the number of lesions and affected nerves, most had up to 5 lesions (87.16%) and no affected nerves (59.34%).

Table 2
Clinical characteristics of household contacts diagnosed with leprosy. São Luís-MA, 2010-2017.

Variables	n	%
Clinical form
Indeterminate	27	14.87
Tuberculoid	52	28.57
Bordeline	89	48.90
Lepromatous	10	5.49
Not classified	04	2.20
Degree of disability
Zero	117	64.06
One	47	26.00
Two	08	4.45
Not recorded	10	5.49
Bacilloscopy
Positive	11	6.07
Negative	74	40.65
Not performed	97	53.28
Number of lesions
Up to 5 lesions	155	87.16
06 to 10 lesions	15	8.26
+ than 10 lesions	07	3.84
Not recorded	05	2.74
Number of affected nerves
None	108	59.34
01 to 04	53	29.14
more than 04	19	10.43
Not recorded	02	1.09
Total	182	100

Source: SINAN, 2019.

Fig. 2 shows that the borderline clinical form was predominant in all years, with the exception of 2012, in which 50.00% of the cases corresponded to the tuberculoid form. Variations were also observed in the percentages of the indeterminate, tuberculoid and lepromatous forms during the years 2010 to 2017.

Figure 2
Clinical form in the household contacts diagnosed with leprosy per year of notification. São Luís–MA, 2010–2017.Source: SINAN, 2019.

The prevalence of contacts with leprosy was higher than the results of a similar survey also carried out in São Luís, state of Maranhão.² The high percentage of prevalence found in the municipality is directly related to the low coverage of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in São Luís, which is only 34.67%. Municipalities with low coverage can limit the actions of the FHS teams, especially regarding surveillance and contact control actions.⁷

The predominant age group (15–59 years) is a matter of concern, as it includes young individuals of productive age, with a negative impact on the labor market and the national, family and individual economy.⁸ It is also noteworthy that 30.2% of new leprosy cases diagnosed among the examined contacts were children and adolescents under the age of 15, which is a major epidemiological concern in relation to disease control in the municipality.

The low level of schooling found among the individuals may be related to the lack of information about the disease and its particularities and, consequently, the delay in seeking adequate assistance in health services, making the diagnosis and adherence to treatment difficult.⁹

The borderline clinical form indicates late diagnosis and failure in Primary Care actions developed for this purpose. Other national studies have found similar results, in places where the multibacillary forms prevailed over paucibacillary ones.^1,2,4,10

There was a predominance of zero degree physical disability; however, there were cases with grades 1 and 2. It was observed there is a contradiction between the predominance of the borderline clinical form and the zero degree physical disability. This fact can be attributed to the lack of preparation and/or experience to carry out the assessment of the degree of disability or some technical or operational problems when sending data to SINAN.

The study has limitations regarding the use of secondary data, due to possible errors or absence of information in the medical records, notification forms and SINAN system. The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics found in this study reflect the fact that leprosy is a neglected disease and the precariousness of actions aimed at early detection among contacts, demonstrated by the high prevalence rate of leprosy among household contacts and the predominant borderline clinical form.

• Financial support
  This study received financial support from the Foundation for the Support of Research and Scientific and Technological Development of Maranhão(FAPEMA, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão, process n. 01347/17).
  The funding source had no involvement in the study design selection process; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; writing of the report; and in the decision to send the article for publication.
• ☆☆
  Study conducted at the Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, MA, Brazil.

References

• ¹
  Romanholo HSB, Souza EA, Ramos Júnior AN, Kaiser ACGCB, Silva IO, Brito AL, et al. Surveillance of intradomiciliary contacts of leprosy cases: perspective of the client in a hyperendemic municipality. Rev Bras Enferm. 2018;71:163-9.
• ²
  Mendonça MA, Andrade YNL, Rolim ILTP, Aquino DMC, Soeiro VMS, Santos LH. Epidemiological profile of in-house contacts of leprosy cases in a Brazilian hypertendemic capital. Rev Fun Care. 2019;11:873-9.
• ³
  Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Boletim Epidemiológico Hanseníase [Internet]. 2020;1(esp):1-52. [cited Fev 14 2020]. Avaliable from: <http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2020/boletim-epidemiologico-de-hanseniase-2020>.
  » http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2020/boletim-epidemiologico-de-hanseniase-2020
• ⁴
  Lobato DC, Xavier MB, Neves DCO. Evaluation of surveillance actions of household contacts of patients with leprosy in the City of Igarapé-Açu, Pará State, Brazil. Rev Pan-Amaz Saude. 2016;7:45-53.
• ⁵
  Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis, Diretrizes para vigilância, atenção e eliminação da Hanseníase como problema de saúde pública: manual técnico-operacional. [Internet], 2016, Ministério da Saúde; Brasília, 2016. [cited Jul 19, 2020]. Avaliable from: http://portalarquivos2.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2016/fevereiro/04/diretrizes-eliminacao-hanseniase-4fev16-web.pdf
  » http://portalarquivos2.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2016/fevereiro/04/diretrizes-eliminacao-hanseniase-4fev16-web.pdf
• ⁶
  Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Percentual de contatos examinados entre registrados dos casos novos de hanseníase nos anos das coortes, estados, capitais. Brasil: 2017. [Internet] [cited Fev 14, 2020]. Avaliable from: http://portalarquivos2.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2018/julho/13/Percentual-de-contatos-de-casos-novos-de-hanseniase-examinados-entre-os-registrados-nosanos-das-coortes-2000-a-2017.pdf
  » http://portalarquivos2.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2018/julho/13/Percentual-de-contatos-de-casos-novos-de-hanseniase-examinados-entre-os-registrados-nosanos-das-coortes-2000-a-2017.pdf
• ⁷
  Pereira TM, Silva LMS, Dias MSA, Monteiro LD, Silva MRF, Alencar OM. Tendência temporal da hanseníase em região de alta endemicidade do Nordeste brasileiro. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72:1356-62.
• ⁸
  Pacheco MAB, Aires MLL, Seixas ES. Prevalence and control of Hansen’s disease: a research in an urban occupation area of São Luis, Maranhão state, Brazil. Rev Bras Med Fam Comunidade. 2014;9:23-30.
• ⁹
  Costa LG, Cortela D, Soares RC, Ignotti E. Factors associated with the worsening of the disability grade during leprosy treatment in Brazil. Lepr Rev. 2015;86:265-72.
• ¹⁰
  Santos MAS, Aquino JLB, Pegas E, Abrahao Machado ECF. Analysis of clinical aspects of leprosy patients between 2010-2017 at a reference center in Campinas. An Bras Dermatol. 2020;95:252-4.

Fechas de Publicación

• Publicación en esta colección
  02 Ago 2021
• Fecha del número
  May-Jun 2021

Histórico

• Recibido
  4 Jul 2020
• Acepto
  23 Jul 2020