Antioxidant and stabilization activity of a quercetin-containing flavonoid extract obtained from Bulgarian Sophora japonica L.

FOOD/FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Antioxidant and stabilization activity of a quercetin-containing flavonoid extract obtained from Bulgarian Sophora japonica L.

Dasha Mihaylova^I,*; Sebastian Schalow^II

^IDepartment of Biotechnology; University of Food Technologies; 26 Maritza Blvd.; Plovdiv - 4002; Bulgaria

^IIInstitute of Agricultural and Urban Ecological Projects affiliated to Berlin Humboldt University; Philippstrasse 13; Berlin - 10115; Germany

ABSTRACT

This work aimed to study the antioxidant activity of a quercetin-containing flavonoid extract (FQЕ) obtained from Sophora japonica L. flower buds rich in quercetin (91.6%). Radical scavenging activity was analyzed towards the synthetic radicals DPPH^• and ABTS^•+ and antioxidant activity was evaluated applying the method of oxygen consumption in a model system containing methyl linoleate. Model food systems of lard and sunflower oil were explored by the application of Rancimat method and chicken as a real food system was investigated by the thiobarbituric acid test. Results showed a high radical scavenging activity and antioxidant capacity of QFE similar to those of the pure flavonoid quercetin.

Key words:Sophora japonica L., antioxidant activity, stabilization activity, Rancimat method

INTRODUCTION

Due to the carcinogenic potential of synthetic compounds, natural phenolic antioxidants are being targeted as alternatives to minimize, or retard the oxidative deterioration in the food and to improve the health-related functional value of the food (Botsoglou et al. 2002). Many extracts from the herbs, spices, fruits and vegetables are reported to posses a high effectiveness in retarding the rancidity of oils, fats and fatty foods (Shahidi 1997; Madsen et al. 1997; Babovic et al. 2010; Madsen et al. 2000; Espin et al. 2000; Moure et al. 2001; Pokorny et al. 2001; Erkan et al. 2012; Hu and Skibsted 2002). Natural antioxidants (AO) often show equal or even higher antioxidant effects than the synthetic ones. The replacement of synthetic AO with natural AO may have benefits not only for the human health but also for the food systems, since natural AO possess a good solubility in water and/or oil, in different emulsions and food. It is known that dried flowers and buds of Sophora japonica L. are a medicinal herb used in China, Japan and Korea to treat hemorrhoids and hematemesis (Ishida et al. 1989).

The main components of S. japonica include flavones, tetraglycosides, isoflavones, isoflavone tetraglycosides, triterpene glycosides, phospholipids, alkaloids, amino acids and polysaccharides. S. japonica contains five main flavonoids of rutin, quercetin, isorhamnetin, isorhamnetin, genistein and kaempferol (Kim and Yun-Choi 2008). Its flowers are used as a raw material for different products. Bahchevanska and Koleva (1996) found quercetin and rutin in an extract of S. japonica L. blossoms. Moreover, Bahchevanska and Mihaylova (2010) reported that rutin-rich extract was suitable for the stabilization of different lipids, especially those of animal origin.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant effectiveness of natural QFE in various model systems prior to its application in real foods and cosmetics. For this purpose, the extract was studied with different methods for the determination of its radical scavenging activity and its possibility to decrease the lipid oxidation of some food products.

MATERIALS

Plant material

The flower buds of S. japonica L. were collected in the earlier phase of growth from Plovdiv, Bulgaria, air dried at room temperature (25-28 ºC) and then roughly ground and stored in air-tight dark containers until used.

Chemicals

Trolox (6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), DPPH (2,2-diphenil-1picrylhydrazyl radical), dipotassium peroxodisulfate, methyl linoleate and gallic acid were purchased from Aldrich Chemicals (Milwaukee, WI, USA). ABTS (2,2`-azino-bis (3ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, quercetin dihydrate, Tween-20 (polyoxyethlene (20) sorbitan monolaureate) and horse heart metmyoglobin (MMb, type III) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, sodium carbonate, BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) and ethanol (HPLC grade) were supplied from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Quercetin, rutin and 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane (TEP) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie (Steinheim, Germany). Reagents for TBARS analyses, buffer reagents and all other reagents were of analytical grade. Water was purified though a Millipore Q-plus purification train. Lard was rendered extracted in lab scale from the fresh pig fat tissue. Sunflower oil and chicken meat were purchased from the retail shops in Plovdiv.

METHODS

Preparation of plant extracts

The quercetin-containing flavonoid extract from S. japonica L. was obtained as follows: air-dried and ground flower buds were macerated and extracted three times in 80% ethanol (v/v) in a water bath at 70 ºC for 30 min. The solution was then filtered and purified with charcoal (15% based on the initial plant mass) for 15 min. The extracts were combined and the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation at 70 ºC to 1/3 of the initial volume.

The concentrated solution was diluted with hot water to the initial volume and stored in a refrigerator without any preservatives. The final extract (QFE) was recovered by filtrating the settled residues and drying of the retentate at 60 ºC (Koleva et al. 2005).

Determination of total phenolic content

The extract was dissolved in 70% ethanol and analyzed using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (Amerine et al. 1980). Gallic acid was used as standard for the preparation of a standard curve and the results were expressed as mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per/g crude extract.

HPLC analysis of phenolic compounds in extract

The extract was dissolved in 70% ethanol, filtered and 1-10 µl of the solution was analyzed by HPLC using a modified method (Rodtjer et al. 2006).

Analyses were carried out with a gradient forming Hewlett Packard series 1050 system (Palo Alto, CA, USA), coupled to an Agilent Technologies series 1100 autosampler (Palo Alto, CA, USA). The HPLC system was equipped with a Hichrom Ltd. H1000DS-10C Guard column (Reading, UK) and the separations were performed on a 250 mm x 4.6 mm (i.d.) Macherey-Nagel ET Nucleosil^® reversed phase 10 µm C18 stainless-steel column (Dueren, Germany). The mobile phase consisted of 2.5% acetic acid in water (solvent A), and a mixture of water, methanol and acetic acid (2.5:95:2.5; solvent B). The gradient applied at a flow rate of 1.0ml/ min was 0-10 min 100% A and 10-110 min from 100 to 50% A. An ESA Analytical Coulochem II dual channel electrochemical detector equipped with an ESA Model 5010 analytical cell (Chelmsford, MA, USA) was used. The settings for the electrochemical detector were channel 1: Potential 0 mV; output range 20 µA, channel 2: Potential 600 mV; output range 2 µA, and the filter time was 2 s for both the channels. The identification and quantification were achieved by comparison with retention times of pure phenolics.

Scavenging of DPPH radicals

The effect of QFE was evaluated toward the DPPH radical as described by Tadolini et al. (2000) and Schwarz et al. (2001). The ethanol solution of the DPPH (2.0 ml) with a concentration of 40 mg/ml (0.1 mM) was added to 0.5 ml of an ethanol solution (70% ethanol) containing 0.02 mg/ml extract, or pure compounds, respectively.

Ten minutes after mixing, the absorbance of the solutions was determined spectrophotometrically at 516 nm using a Cintra 40 UV-visible Spectrometer (GBC Scientific Equipment, Australia). As a blank, 70% ethanol was used. The inhibition level (%) of DPPH was calculated using the following equation:

where Ao was the absorbance of the control and A1 was the absorbance in the presence of the sample of the tested extracts.

Scavenging of ABTS^•+ radicals

The scavenging of ABTS^•+ was measured according to Re et al. (1999) and Arts et al. (2003).

For this, ABTS was dissolved in water to a 7 mM concentration (stock solution) and reacted with 2.45 mM potassium persulfate (final concentration). The mixture was allowed to stand in the dark at room temperature for 12-16 h before the use. Because ABTS and potassium persulfate reacted stoichiometrically at a ratio of 1:0.5, this resulted in incomplete oxidation of the ABTS. The oxidation of the ABTS commenced immediately, but the absorbance was not maximal and stable until more than 6 h had elapsed. The radical was stable in this form for more than two days when stored in the dark at room temperature. The ABTS^•+ solution was diluted with ethanol to an absorbance of 0.70 ± 0.02 at 734 nm and equilibrated at 30 ºC. After mixing the diluted ABTS^•+ solution (4.0 ml) with a 40 µL aliquot of each investigated solution (0.25 mg/ml), or Trolox in ethanol (final concentration 0-15 µM), the absorbance was measured at 734 nm after 2 min at 30 ºC. Solvent blanks were run in each assay. The inhibition level (%) of absorbance was calculated using the standard curve prepared with Trolox (% inhibition level- µM Trolox). The effect of each sample on scavenging ABTS^•+ was expressed as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC).

Lipid oxidation assay (oxygen consumption assay)

The oxygen consumption is related with the total level of lipid oxidation, and therefore, with the formation of both primary and secondary products of oxidation (Roedig-Penman and Gordon 1998; Hopia and Heinonen 1999). The inhibitory effect of QFE on lipid oxidation in a heterogeneous model system was evaluated by measuring the oxygen consumption in 10 % methyl linoleate in an oil/water emulsion using Tween-20 as an emulsifier. The oxidation was initiated by metmyoglobin (2 µM) (Madsen et al. 1997; Madsen et al. 2000; Hu and Skibsted 2002). The relative antioxidative effect of the extract and pure compounds was measured according to Hu and Skibsted (2002). The influence of each antioxidant on the initial rate of oxygen consumption, V (O2), was calculated as an antioxidative index (Ioxy) relative to the rate of oxygen consumption in the absence of the antioxidant:

Antioxidant activity using Rancimat method

The antioxidant activity of QFE was tested at 100 ºC for lard and sunflower oil with the Rancimat method using an apparatus model 697 (Metrohm AG, Herisau, Switzerland) (ISO 6886 1996). The air-flow was fixed at 20 L/h. QFE was added to the lard and sunflower oil as a solution in absolute ethanol in concentrations of 0.008, 0.016, 0.032 and 0.64% (w/w). BHT was used as a comparative sample in a concentration of 0.02% (w/w). Citric acid was added as a synergist in 0.05% concentration to the lard and sunflower oil containing 0.016% QFE. The antioxidant activity, expressed as the protection factor (PF), was calculated by the following equation:

Determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)

The activity of QFE toward secondary products of lipid oxidation was evaluated using the thiobarbituric acid test. Chicken meat was minced, homogenized and divided in the portions of 250 g.

The extract (0.01 and 0.05 %) was added as solution in 70% ethanol to meat portions (every concentration in duplicate). Reference samples were mixed with 70% ethanol. The meat portions (30 g) were vacuum-packed in the bags (polyethylene, oxygen rate: 2 L/m²/24h/atm. The bags were heated in a water bath at 100 ºC for 8 min, cooled immediately in ice for 5 min and stored at 4 ºC for 10 days.

The samples (5 g) from every meat portion were analyzed for TBARS in duplicate (Vyncke 1970 and 1975). 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane (TEP) was used as a standard for the preparation of a standard curve (Sorensen and Jorgensen 1996). Results were expressed as µM TEP equivalents per kg of meat.

Statistical analysis

All the measurements of the different experiments were performed at least in duplicate. The presented data were represented as mean values and statistically analyzed using Microsoft Excel.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

HPLC analysis and total phenol content of QFE

The presence of quercetin and rutin in QFE was proved by HPLC analysis. Reverse phase HPLC combined with electrochemical detection showed that the obtained extract mainly consisted of quercetin (91.6%) and rutin (1.4%). The antioxidant activity of the plant extracts depends on the type and polarity of extraction solvent, the isolation procedure and the nature of the antioxidant components in the raw material. In most cases, the antioxidant properties are related to the presence of phenolic compounds in the extracts (Shahidi and Wanasundara 1992; Jorgenxen 1998; Quiles et al. 2002; Andersen et al. 2003). In the present study, the dry QFE contained high concentrations of phenolics determined as gallic acid equivalents (425.0 ± 2.7 mg GAE/g crude extract). The high concentration of quercetin in QFE is a prerequisite for a high antioxidant activity of the extract.

Scavenging of DPPH^• and ABTS^•+ radicals

The antioxidant activity of the plant extract is studied with the determination of its radical scavenging activity, as the latter is considered to be the principle mechanism by which the flavonoids are included in retarding the lipid oxidation (Shahidi and Wanasundara 1992; Bettin et al. 2002). For this purpose, experiments with two stable radicals DPPH^• and ABTS^•+ were conducted. Quercetin, as the main component of the extract, was used as a reference standard component. The results are represented as % inhibition level of DPPH radical (Table 1). QFE showed good scavenging activity on DPPH^• similar to the effect of quercetin and trolox used as reference standards. QFE has the ability to act as a free radical inhibitor, particularly with respect to the peroxy radical, which is the propagator of the autoxidation processes in fats and oils.

For the establishment of the antioxidant effect of the extract and its electron transfer ability, the method of scavenging the blue-green ABTS^•+ radical was applied (Re et al. 1999; Arts et al. 2003). The ABTS assay is a method used for the evaluation of the total antioxidant capacity of single compounds and complex mixtures of various plants (Miller et al. 1996). The extent of decolorization of ABTS^•+ enables the possibility to calculate the antioxidative activity of QFE and quercetin compared to Trolox as the reference antioxidant. The results showed that QFE (10.6 ± 0.9 µM) and pure quercetin (12.5 ± 0.8 µM) had similar antioxidant effect toward ABTS^•+. Higher TEAC values indicated that the sample had stronger antioxidant activity. From the results it was concluded that QFE could be used as an effective antioxidant for retarding the first step of lipid oxidation and formation of free radicals.

Lipid oxidation

Since lipid oxidation is a complex multistep process, it is of interest to investigate at which step of lipid oxidation, QFE will influence the process.

For this purpose, different methods were used in the present work for the evaluation of its antioxidant activity. QFE was analyzed using the electrochemical method of oxygen consumption, which gave more precise information about the ability of the antioxidant to interrupt the chain reaction in propagation of lipid oxidation. This method directly enables the measurement of the rate of oxygen depletion in a model lipid/water emulsion based on methyl linoleate which oxidation is initiated by metmyoglobin. Information about antioxidative effects of the investigated extract and other water-soluble antioxidants was obtained by the values of antioxidative index (Ioxy) (Table 2). The Ioxy of QFE (0.19 ± 0.01) is comparable to the Ioxy of pure quercetin (0.23±0.01) and the effective chain breaking antioxidant Trolox (0.23 ± 0.02) - the water-soluble equivalent of vitamin E.

Antioxidant activity in model food systems

A comparative study of the antioxidative action of the derived flavonoid product and BHT as reference was carried out with sunflower oil and lard. Sunflower oil with a peroxide value of 3.7 meq O2/kg and fresh obtained lard with peroxide value of 1.2 meq O2/kg were used in the present experiments. The results for the induction period (IP, h) and protection factor (PF) are represented in Table 3. The extract exhibited a high antioxidant activity in lard, even higher than BHT which was one of the most used synthetic antioxidant in lipid systems (Buxiang and Fukuhara 1997). The antioxidant activity was improved by increasing the concentration of QFE and the plant extract could be presumed as a good substitute. The activity of the same extract in sunflower oil was negligible (PF<2). The probable reason for that might be the presence of tocopherols in sunflower oil (Laubli and Bruttel 1986), which were natural antioxidants and preserved the oil itself.

In order to improve the oxidative stability of sunflower oil and lard, the synergistic effect of QFE with citric acid (0.05%) on the process of lipid oxidation was investigated. The results are shown in Table 4. Particularly in lard, a synergistic effect of the mixture of QFE (0.016%) and citric acid (0.05%) could be observed which showed in a significant increase in PF (Table 4). In contrast, the increase of PF in sunflower oil was rather small. Similar synergistic effects were observed by Banaias et al. (1992).

Effects of storage on TBARS concentration

The quantitative evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of the flavonoid compounds in QFE against lipid peroxidation was determined applying the TBARS assay. The antioxidant activity of QFE was tested in a real food system using cooked chicken meat. The extract was added to the meat homogenate in two concentrations (0.01 and 0.05%). Secondary lipid oxidation products such as TBARS were determined in the meat samples treated for 8 min at 10 ºC. The change of TBARS during the meat storage at 4 ºC for 10 days can be seen in Table 5. The TBARS values increased rapidly for the reference sample (without QFE) and after 10 days, the samples of meat homogenates with QFE showed very low values of TBARS compared to the reference, which proved the high activity of the investigated plant extract.

CONCLUSIONS

The high antioxidant scavenging activity as well as the retarding of lipid oxidation in food systems (lard, sunflower oil and chicken meat) showed the undisputable antioxidant activity of studied flavonoid-rich extract from Sophora japonica L. However, the use of quercetin containing extract in food requires toxicity studies and sensory acceptance. Further research is required to address this concern and validate the beneficial effects and safety of using QFE. The results obtained as well as the information about the toxicity of the synthetic antioxidants used in food products showed the possibility of using the natural extracts such as QFE as alternative sources for antioxidant additives in food processing and generally outline the possibility for their application in food technology.

Received: April 24, 2012

Revised: October 05, 2012;

Accepted: May 06, 2013.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  12 July 2013
• Date of issue
  June 2013

History

• Received
  24 Apr 2012
• Accepted
  06 May 2013
• Reviewed
  05 Oct 2012