Abstract
The present findings provide information regarding the length-weight relationships (LWRs) of Indian major carps viz Cattla cattla, Labeo rohita and Cirhinus mrigala in an intensive polyculture system. Much work has been done in Pakistan with respect to fish LWRs, much of such work has been ignored. Carps were fed with twelve different formulated diets containing four different sources of protein i.e. fish meal (FM), all parts chicken meal (APCM), corn gluten (CGM) and soybean meal (SBM). Each type of protein is used at inclusion level of 25, 35 and 45% into the formulated diets to evaluate the minimum requirement of that ingredient for optimal growth of in-hand species. The values of slope “b” ranged from 2.20 to 4.90 for these species of carps which showed a strong healthy relationship among variables (level of protein and months).
Keywords:
length-weight; condition factor; carps; polyculture; Catla catla; Labeo rohita; Cirhinus mrigala
Resumo
Os achados do presente trabalho fornecem informações sobre as relações comprimento-peso (LWRs) das principais carpas indianas, como Catla catla, Labeo rohita e Cirrhinus mrigala, em um sistema de policultura intensivo. Foram realizados muitos trabalhos no Paquistão em relação ao peixe LWRs, entretanto, foram ignorados. As carpas foram alimentadas com doze dietas formuladas diferentes contendo quatro fontes diferentes de proteína, ou seja, farinha de peixe (FM), todas as partes de farinha de frango (APCM), glúten de milho (CGM) e farelo de soja (SBM). Cada tipo de proteína foi utilizado em nível de inclusão de 25, 35 e 45% nas dietas formuladas para avaliar a exigência mínima desse ingrediente para o crescimento ideal das espécies em mãos. Os valores da inclinação “b” variaram de 2,20 a 4,90 para essas espécies de carpas que mostraram uma forte relação saudável entre as variáveis nível de proteína e mês.
Palavras-chave:
comprimento-peso; fator de condição; carpas; policultura; Catla catla; Labeo rohita; Cirrhinus mrigala
1. Introduction
Knowledge of quantitative aspects such as weight-length relationship, condition factor, and growth recruitment is an important tool for successful fish farming and aquaculture. Length-weight relationships allow the conversion of growth-in-length equations to growth in- weight, for use in stock assessment models and the estimation of biomass from length observations (Balik et al., 2006BALIK, İ., ÇUBUK, H., ÖZKÖK, R. and UYSAL, R., 2006. Some characteristics and size of carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) population in the Lake Karamık (Afyonkarahisar/Turkey). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 117-122.; Kadhar et al., 2012KADHAR, A.M., MUSTHAFA, S.M., CHITRARASU, P., ARUNKUMAR, M.S. and JAWAHAR, A.A., 2012. Growth response of two Indian major carps Catla catla (Hamilton) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) fingerlings fed diet containing different nutritional supplements. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 280-286.; Ayoade, 2011AYOADE, A.A., 2011. Length-weight relationship and diet of African carp Labeo ogunensis (Boulenger, 1910) in Asejire Lake Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 472-478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jfas.2011.472.478.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jfas.2011.472....
). Length-weight relationships (LWRs) are used for estimating the weight corresponding to a given length, and condition factors are used for comparing the condition, fatness, or well-being of fish (Zargar et al., 2012ZARGAR, U.R., YOUSUF, A.R., MUSHTAQ, B. and JAN, D., 2012. Length-weight relationship of the crucian carp, Carassius carassius in relation to water quality, sex and season in some lentic water bodies of Kashmir Himalayas. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 683-689.).
Condition factor also provides information when comparing two populations living in certain feeding area, density, climate, and other conditions; when determining the period of maturation; and when following up the degree of feeding activity of species to verify whether it is making good use of its feeding source (Ujjania et al., 2012UJJANIA, N.C., KOHLI, M.P.S. and SHARMA, L.L., 2012. Length-weight relationship and condition factors of Indian major carps (C. catla, L. rohita and C. mrigala) in Mahi Bajaj Sagar, India. Research Journal of Biology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 30-36.). The study of the condition factor contributes to adequate management of these species and, therefore, to the maintenance of equilibrium in the ecosystem. The aim of this research was to follow a series of investigations to understand the efficacy of different formulated diets containing varying levels of different types of proteins.
2. Materials and Methods
A polyculture of Indian major carps (Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirhinus mrigala) was established in thirty-six re-circulatory concrete raceways with the dimension of 22׳×50׳ (W×L). Juveniles of C. catla, L. rohita and C. mrigala were reared in chlorine free water in the number of 33:33:34 respectively (Wahab et al., 2002WAHAB, M.A., RAHMAN, M.M. and MILSTEIN, A., 2002. The effect of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.) and mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) as bottom feeders in major Indian carp polycultures. Aquaculture Research, vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 547-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00654.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.20...
). Twelve different combinations of formulated diets were prepared by using four different sources of protein i.e. fish meal (FM), all parts chicken meal (APCM), corn gluten (CGM) and soybean meal (SBM), and each source of protein was added in three different levels (25, 35 and 45%) into the experimental diets. Each raceway was treated with a different type of formulated diet for a period of one year and each feeding trial was performed into three raceways to confirm the efficacy of the diet. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and other water quality parameters were within the optimum range for the growth of the in-hand species. The water temperature ranged from 10.1˚C to 30.5˚C, pH ranged 7.8 to 8.4 and dissolved oxygen was within the range of 5.1 to 8.4 mg/l during the whole experimental period.
Carps were captured from each raceway to measure body weight and total length at the end of every month and released back to their respective raceway. For the sake of convenience, growth parameters i.e. wet body weight and total length was calculated as mean of three replicates.
The coefficient of condition (K) was determined by using computer software A Bee version 1.0 developed by Pauly and Gayanilo Junior (1997), with the help of Formula 1:
The data acquired on monthly basis, was subjected to statistical analysis by using MINTAB version 20.
3. Results and Discussion
Length-weight relationship provides an obvious allusion about the growth pattern of fishes by giving the value of condition factor (K) from known length (independent variable) and unknown weight (dependent variable) of fish and vice versa.
Table 1 shows the relation between total length and weight of major carps fed with different levels of animal and plant based diets. At the end of feeding trial, the mean values of K of all stocked major carps i.e. Catla catla, L. rohita and C. mrigala were within the range of 0.87 to 0.99 in all diets.
Length-weight relationship of major carps after one year feeding trial of different plant and animal based protein diets (N=100/Treatment).
Tabulated form of length-weight relationship of major carps (C. catla, L. rohita and C. mrigala) (Table 2) indicates that all values of coefficient “b” of major carps fed with FM 25%, FM 35%, CGM 25, CGM 35, CGM 45 and SBM 25% were within range from 2.5 to 3.5i.e. C. catla 2.90 and 3.01, L. rohita 3.16 and 2.55 C. mrigala 2.70 and 2.70 in case of 25% and 35% levels of fish meal, C. catla, 2.51, 2.23 and 2.26 L. rohita 2.23, 2.33 and 2.20, C. mrigala 3.11, 3.03 and 2.97 by 25%, 35% and 45% levels of corn gluten meal respectively, while C. catlaL. rohita and C. mrigala acquired 2.93, 2.74 and 2.78 values of coefficient “b” respectively by 25% level of soy bean meal (Table 2). On the other hand in FM 45%, diets, these values were closed to 4 (C. catla 3.48, L. rohita 3.74 and C. mrigala 3.92) as mentioned by Tarkan et al. (2006)TARKAN, A.S., GAYGUSUZ, Ö., ACIPINAR, H., GÜRSOY, Ç. and ÖZULUĞ, M., 2006. Length-weight relationship of fishes from the Marmara region (NW‐Turkey). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 271-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00711.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.20...
, Frota et al. (2004)FROTA, L.O., COSTA, P.A.S. and BRAGA, A.C., 2004. Length-weight relationships of marine fishes from the central Brazilian coast. NAGA-World Fish Center Quarterly, vol. 27, no. 1-2, pp. 20-26. and Ujjania et al. (2012)UJJANIA, N.C., KOHLI, M.P.S. and SHARMA, L.L., 2012. Length-weight relationship and condition factors of Indian major carps (C. catla, L. rohita and C. mrigala) in Mahi Bajaj Sagar, India. Research Journal of Biology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 30-36..
One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for mean total length versus treatments (levels of protein) and months (N=100/Treatment).
For all inclusion levels of APCM, slightly lower values of coefficient b were observed in C. catla but for L. rohita, lower value of coefficient b was only obtained by 35% level of APCM (3.46). Higher values were obtained by 25% and 45% levels (3.67 and 4.78) respectively as mentioned by Freitas et al. (2017)FREITAS, T.M.S., SOUZA, J.B.S., PRUDENTE, B.S. and MONTAG, L.F.A., 2017. Length-weight relationship in ten fish species from the Nhamundá River, the Amazon Basin, Brazil. Acta Amazonica, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 75-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201601272.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-439220160...
. The most statistical relationships were observed in Cirhinus mrigala by all three levels of APCM (values of slopes; 4.47, 4.61 and 4.77 for 25%, 35% and 45% levels respectively). In case of soybean meal some values were more than 4 in 35% and 45% level i.e. C. catla 4.04, 4.94 L. rohita 4.38 as mentioned by Ujjania et al. (2012)UJJANIA, N.C., KOHLI, M.P.S. and SHARMA, L.L., 2012. Length-weight relationship and condition factors of Indian major carps (C. catla, L. rohita and C. mrigala) in Mahi Bajaj Sagar, India. Research Journal of Biology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 30-36..
Beside these adequate associations, values of coefficient of determination (r2) and correlation coefficient (r) were also verified a strong coordination among under observed growth variables.
Highly significant differences were observed for mean total length against months and levels of protein for all carps in all diets (P<0.05) except for L. rohita in FM based diets which showed a non-significant relation with levels of protein (P = 0.399) (Table 2).
Two-way analysis of variance for coefficient of condition (K) of under observed carps versus treatment (inclusion levels of protein) and months (Table 3) attributed that no significant differences of K were noted for 25%, 35% and 45% inclusion levels of all animal and plant based protein diets but month wise differences were evident (P<0.05) except for L. rohita in APCM (P = 0.888) and C. catla in SBM (P = 0.173).
Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for coefficient of condition (K) of fish species fed with different plant and animal based protein diets versus treatment (levels of protein) and months. (N=100/Treatment).
In the present experimental trails, polyculture of Indian major carps viz. Catla catla, Labeorohita and Cirhanus mrigala was performed to determine the effectiveness of diverse feed ingredients in varying levels. Formerly Bandyopadhyay and Kumar (2006)BANDYOPADHYAY, P. and KUMAR, A., 2006. Improvement of nutritional indices and immunity of Indian major carps through probiotic feed supplement. Journal of Environment and Eco-planning, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-8., Kadhar et al. (2012)KADHAR, A.M., MUSTHAFA, S.M., CHITRARASU, P., ARUNKUMAR, M.S. and JAWAHAR, A.A., 2012. Growth response of two Indian major carps Catla catla (Hamilton) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) fingerlings fed diet containing different nutritional supplements. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 280-286. and Sahu et al. (2007)SAHU, P.K., JENA, J.K., DAS, P.C., MONDAL, S. and DAS, R., 2007. Production performance of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton) in polyculture with three Indian major carps Catla catla (Hamilton), Labeo rohita (Hamilton) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) with provision of fertilizers, feed and periphytic substrate as varied inputs. Aquaculture, vol. 262, no. 2-4, pp. 333-339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.11.016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture....
were also reared these Indian major carps in intensive culturing system.
In fisheries studies, the status of determining length-weight relationship to examine growth pattern is eminent (Sangun et al., 2007SANGUN, L., AKAMCA, E. and AKAR, M., 2007. Weight-length relationships for 39 fish species from the north-eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 37-40.; Balik et al., 2006BALIK, İ., ÇUBUK, H., ÖZKÖK, R. and UYSAL, R., 2006. Some characteristics and size of carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) population in the Lake Karamık (Afyonkarahisar/Turkey). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 117-122.). The log transformed length-weight relationships of all examined carps treated with both animal and plant origin diets are presented in Table 1. All raceways treated with fish meal based diets contained exceptionally high values of slope ‘b’ (2.5 to 3.5, in case of 25% FM and 35% FM and 3.48 to 3.92, in case of 45% FM). All values were in accordance with the findings of Sarkar et al. (2013)SARKAR, U.K., KHAN, G.E., DABAS, A., PATHAK, A.K., MIR, J.I., REBELLO, S.C., PAL, A. and SINGH, S.P., 2013. Length weight relationship and condition factor of selected freshwater fish species found in River Ganga, Gomti and Rapti, India. Journal of Environmental Biology, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 951-956. PMid:24558811., Bhakta et al. (2019)BHAKTA, D., DAS, S.K., DAS, B.K., NAGESH, T.S., BEHERA, S. and DAS, S.C.S., 2019. Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Otolithoides pama (Hamilton, 1822) from Hooghly-Matlah estuarine system of West Bengal, India. Indian Journal of Fisheries, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 51-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21077/ijf.2019.66.4.82585-07.
http://dx.doi.org/10.21077/ijf.2019.66.4...
, Deuri et al. (2020)DEURI, M., NATH, B.B., AHMED, A.M., SARMA, J., PHUKAN, B., ALI, A., GOGOI, R., AHMED, I. and BARUAH, D., 2020. Length-weight relationship, length-length relationship and condition factor of Labeo bata (Hamilton, 1822) from central Brahmaputra valley of Assam. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 2211-2215. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/j.ento.2020.v8.i4ah.7451.
http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/j.ento.2020.v...
and Coulter et al. (2018)COULTER, D.P., MACNAMARA, R., GLOVER, D.C. and GARVEY, J.E., 2018. Possible unintended effects of management at an invasion front: reduced prevalence corresponds with high condition of invasive bigheaded carps. Biological Conservation, vol. 221, pp. 118-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.02.020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018....
.The obtained values of regression coefficient (r and r2) were also confirmed the aptness of environmental conditions.
The more satisfactory relationship between total length and body weight was evident in raceways received 25%, 35% and 45% APCM (Table 1). In case of corn gluten meal and soy bean meal based diets, values of b were obtained from 2.2 to 3.11 and 2.74 to 4.94 respectively and pursued cubicle law of growth pattern as the results of Ujjania et al. (2012)UJJANIA, N.C., KOHLI, M.P.S. and SHARMA, L.L., 2012. Length-weight relationship and condition factors of Indian major carps (C. catla, L. rohita and C. mrigala) in Mahi Bajaj Sagar, India. Research Journal of Biology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 30-36., who observed a considerably strong relationship of length and weight of C. catla, Labeo rohita and C. mrigala, representing weight increase more rapidly in contrast with the cubic length. Moata et al. (2005)MOATA, J., GHMARI, A., DROUSSI, M., LATRACHE, H., SAJIEDDINE, M., OMOREGIE, E. and BOUADILI, A., 2005. Growth performances of common carp fry (Cyprinus carpio) in semi arid and semi intensive conditions: Deroua Fisheries Station (BéniMellal, Morocco). Journal of Aquatic Sciences, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 39-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jas.v20i1.20037.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jas.v20i1.2003...
also confirmed this relationship with higher value of coefficient ‘b’ (3.41) for young ones of common carps.
Condition factor (K) with numerical value closed to 1 or above provides satisfactory health conditions. In all levels of FM and APCM, overall K values were much closed to 1 however, no significant difference was noted among all levels of fish meal but monthly variations were noted (Table 3). The same trends were exhibited by major carps in corn gluten and soy bean meal treated raceways. These co-ordinations of ecological factors for the growth of experimental carps confirm the consequences of Moata et al. (2005)MOATA, J., GHMARI, A., DROUSSI, M., LATRACHE, H., SAJIEDDINE, M., OMOREGIE, E. and BOUADILI, A., 2005. Growth performances of common carp fry (Cyprinus carpio) in semi arid and semi intensive conditions: Deroua Fisheries Station (BéniMellal, Morocco). Journal of Aquatic Sciences, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 39-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jas.v20i1.20037.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jas.v20i1.2003...
. An isometric type of growth of Indian major carps was also evident in extensive system, but condition index (K) of all experimental carps varies notably among treatments (Bhakta et al., 2019BHAKTA, D., DAS, S.K., DAS, B.K., NAGESH, T.S., BEHERA, S. and DAS, S.C.S., 2019. Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Otolithoides pama (Hamilton, 1822) from Hooghly-Matlah estuarine system of West Bengal, India. Indian Journal of Fisheries, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 51-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21077/ijf.2019.66.4.82585-07.
http://dx.doi.org/10.21077/ijf.2019.66.4...
).
In present research trials, level of protein is proved to be a vital factor. Higher levels of Fish meal based diets (35% and 45%),gave lower values of mean weight increment, but high values of mean weight increase were acquired by experimental carps at the same levels of APCM.
On the other hand, a consistency in values was obtained in all levels of corn gluten meal, as it assimilate easily and also improves growth of fish species. Although enhanced growth of carps can be attained by 40% level of plant based protein diet, but its inclusions in higher quantity cause slow development because of absence of some amino acid like methionine, lysine and therionine (Kaur and Saxena, 2005KAUR, V.I. and SAXENA, P.K., 2005. Incorporation of maize gluten in supplementary feed and its impact on growth and flesh quality of some carps. Aquaculture International, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 555-573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-005-7995-4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-005-799...
).
4. Conclusion
All the values of “b” in present findings of feed trials were obtained within the ranges of limitations. The present study provides an open way to use less or having zero valued ingredients to make fish diets. This work will provide new discoveries and novel interpretations to the findings and significantly contribute to regional aquaculture development and industry.
Acknowledgements
Authors are highly indebted to PCSIR Karachi for its cooperation.
References
- AYOADE, A.A., 2011. Length-weight relationship and diet of African carp Labeo ogunensis (Boulenger, 1910) in Asejire Lake Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 472-478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jfas.2011.472.478
» http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jfas.2011.472.478 - BALIK, İ., ÇUBUK, H., ÖZKÖK, R. and UYSAL, R., 2006. Some characteristics and size of carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) population in the Lake Karamık (Afyonkarahisar/Turkey). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 117-122.
- BANDYOPADHYAY, P. and KUMAR, A., 2006. Improvement of nutritional indices and immunity of Indian major carps through probiotic feed supplement. Journal of Environment and Eco-planning, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-8.
- BHAKTA, D., DAS, S.K., DAS, B.K., NAGESH, T.S., BEHERA, S. and DAS, S.C.S., 2019. Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Otolithoides pama (Hamilton, 1822) from Hooghly-Matlah estuarine system of West Bengal, India. Indian Journal of Fisheries, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 51-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21077/ijf.2019.66.4.82585-07
» http://dx.doi.org/10.21077/ijf.2019.66.4.82585-07 - COULTER, D.P., MACNAMARA, R., GLOVER, D.C. and GARVEY, J.E., 2018. Possible unintended effects of management at an invasion front: reduced prevalence corresponds with high condition of invasive bigheaded carps. Biological Conservation, vol. 221, pp. 118-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.02.020
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.02.020 - DEURI, M., NATH, B.B., AHMED, A.M., SARMA, J., PHUKAN, B., ALI, A., GOGOI, R., AHMED, I. and BARUAH, D., 2020. Length-weight relationship, length-length relationship and condition factor of Labeo bata (Hamilton, 1822) from central Brahmaputra valley of Assam. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 2211-2215. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/j.ento.2020.v8.i4ah.7451
» http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/j.ento.2020.v8.i4ah.7451 - FREITAS, T.M.S., SOUZA, J.B.S., PRUDENTE, B.S. and MONTAG, L.F.A., 2017. Length-weight relationship in ten fish species from the Nhamundá River, the Amazon Basin, Brazil. Acta Amazonica, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 75-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201601272
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201601272 - FROTA, L.O., COSTA, P.A.S. and BRAGA, A.C., 2004. Length-weight relationships of marine fishes from the central Brazilian coast. NAGA-World Fish Center Quarterly, vol. 27, no. 1-2, pp. 20-26.
- KADHAR, A.M., MUSTHAFA, S.M., CHITRARASU, P., ARUNKUMAR, M.S. and JAWAHAR, A.A., 2012. Growth response of two Indian major carps Catla catla (Hamilton) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) fingerlings fed diet containing different nutritional supplements. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 280-286.
- KAUR, V.I. and SAXENA, P.K., 2005. Incorporation of maize gluten in supplementary feed and its impact on growth and flesh quality of some carps. Aquaculture International, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 555-573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-005-7995-4
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-005-7995-4 - MOATA, J., GHMARI, A., DROUSSI, M., LATRACHE, H., SAJIEDDINE, M., OMOREGIE, E. and BOUADILI, A., 2005. Growth performances of common carp fry (Cyprinus carpio) in semi arid and semi intensive conditions: Deroua Fisheries Station (BéniMellal, Morocco). Journal of Aquatic Sciences, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 39-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jas.v20i1.20037
» http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jas.v20i1.20037 - PAULY, D. and GAYANILO JUNIOR, F.C., 1997. A Bee; a computer program to estimate the coefficients of length weight relationships from length frequency and sample bulk weight data [software]. Manila: ICLARM Software.
- SAHU, P.K., JENA, J.K., DAS, P.C., MONDAL, S. and DAS, R., 2007. Production performance of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton) in polyculture with three Indian major carps Catla catla (Hamilton), Labeo rohita (Hamilton) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) with provision of fertilizers, feed and periphytic substrate as varied inputs. Aquaculture, vol. 262, no. 2-4, pp. 333-339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.11.016
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.11.016 - SANGUN, L., AKAMCA, E. and AKAR, M., 2007. Weight-length relationships for 39 fish species from the north-eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 37-40.
- SARKAR, U.K., KHAN, G.E., DABAS, A., PATHAK, A.K., MIR, J.I., REBELLO, S.C., PAL, A. and SINGH, S.P., 2013. Length weight relationship and condition factor of selected freshwater fish species found in River Ganga, Gomti and Rapti, India. Journal of Environmental Biology, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 951-956. PMid:24558811.
- TARKAN, A.S., GAYGUSUZ, Ö., ACIPINAR, H., GÜRSOY, Ç. and ÖZULUĞ, M., 2006. Length-weight relationship of fishes from the Marmara region (NW‐Turkey). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 271-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00711.x
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00711.x - UJJANIA, N.C., KOHLI, M.P.S. and SHARMA, L.L., 2012. Length-weight relationship and condition factors of Indian major carps (C. catla, L. rohita and C. mrigala) in Mahi Bajaj Sagar, India. Research Journal of Biology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 30-36.
- WAHAB, M.A., RAHMAN, M.M. and MILSTEIN, A., 2002. The effect of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.) and mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) as bottom feeders in major Indian carp polycultures. Aquaculture Research, vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 547-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00654.x
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00654.x - ZARGAR, U.R., YOUSUF, A.R., MUSHTAQ, B. and JAN, D., 2012. Length-weight relationship of the crucian carp, Carassius carassius in relation to water quality, sex and season in some lentic water bodies of Kashmir Himalayas. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 683-689.
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
30 Jan 2023 -
Date of issue
2024
History
-
Received
20 Sept 2022 -
Accepted
26 Nov 2022