Pure Conventional Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy with Level II Vena Cava Tumor Thrombectomy

Abstract

The surgical management with laparoscopic technique for renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus (IVTT) remains challenging and technically demanding in urological oncology. We present two patients with level II IVTT that were managed with pure conventional laparoscopic radical nephrectomy and thrombectomy. Two patients were diagnosed with a renal tumor with level II IVTT from December 2011 to January 2012. They both underwent pure conventional laparoscopic radical nephrectomy with thrombectomy. During these operations, intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasonography was used to detect the thrombus and ensure complete removal. Two patients were operated through retroperitoneal approach for right renal tumor and transperitoneal approach for left renal tumor respectively. The demographics, perioperative and follow-up data were recorded for the study. Both operations were successfully performed without conversion. They both had no radiographic evidence of recurrence during follow-up. It is concluded that it is feasible to manage renal cell carcinoma with level II IVTT through pure conventional laparoscopic approach in carefully selected patients, which might expand the indication for laparoscopic surgery. The pure laparoscopic approach in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma with level II vena cava tumor thrombus is challenging and requires advanced laparoscopic skills. Multicenter prospective randomized control trials are needed to prove the benefits of this approach.

Carcinoma, Renal Cell; Thrombosis; Laparoscopy

INTRODUCTION

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has a natural tendency for formation of tumor thrombus, which can extend into the inferior vena cava (IVC) in 4% to 10% of cases (¹). The surgical management for RCC with IVC tumor thrombus (IVTT) is extremely challenging and technically demanding. Open surgery is still the preferred method to manage RCC with IVTT (²). With continued advances in laparoscopic surgical techniques and increase experiences among urologists, the indications of laparoscopic techniques have expanded to more complex renal tumors.

Since the first description of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN) with level I vena cava thrombectomy in 1996 (³), several medical centers presented laparoscopic approach to deal with RCC with level I thrombus with encouraging outcomes (⁴,⁵). One case of renal tumor with IVTT extended 3cm above the renal vein (level II tumor thrombus) managed with pure LRN with tumor thrombectomy was reported in 2006 (⁶). To the best of our knowledge, only limited data are available in English literature with regard to pure LRN with level II IVC tumor thrombectomy and no report of more extensive tumor thrombus treated with pure LRN has been described up to now.

In the present study, we aim to demonstrate two cases of renal tumor with level II IVTT managed by pure LRN and thrombectomy.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

From January 2011 to February 2012, a total of 75 radical nephrectomies (RN) were performed in our department of which one patient underwent open RN with level II tumor thrombectomy and three patient received LRN and tumor thrombectomy. Among the three patients, two patients underwent LRN with level II tumor thrombectomy. With Institutional Review Board approval, two patients undergoing LRN and IVC tumor thrombectomy for RCC with level II IVTT were identified and reviewed. Both patients had clinically localized disease without metastasis. The renal tumor thrombus was classified according to the Mayo classification (⁷). The RCC was classified based on American Joint Committee on Cancer 2010 TNM staging criteria, Fuhrman grading system and 2004 WHO classification. One surgical team leaded by a laparoscopic surgeon (N.Z.X) with high volume experiences performed both procedures.

Data including demographics, perioperative data, pathologic data and oncological outcomes were collected and analyzed. The comorbidity was classified according to Charlson’s index (CI) (⁸). Perioperative data involved tumor’s computed tomography-scan size, side and location, IVTT length (evaluated by abdominal vascular magnetic resonance imaging), operative time, estimated blood loss, and intraoperative and postoperative complications (Figure-1). Postoperative complications within 30 days were classified according to Clavien’s system (⁹).

Figure 1
Preoperative CT and MRI scan. IVTT, inferior vena caval tumor thrombus; RT, renal tumor.

SURGICAL TECHNIQUE

The transperitoneal laparoscopic approach was used for the patient 1 with left renal tumor and IVTT, while the retroperitoneal approach was used for the patient 2 with right renal tumor and IVTT.

Following general anesthesia and Foley catheter placement, patient 1 was positioned in a 60º modified lateral decubitus position. Five trocars were placed: one 10mm trocar at the umbilicus for the camera, one 5mm trocar lateral to the umbilicus at the left anterior axillary line and one 12mm trocar in the midline between the xiphoid and the umbilicus for dissection, and one 10mm trocar subxiphoid trocar and one 10mm trocar lateral to the umbilicus at the right anterior axillary line for clamping the IVC.

The colon was reflected medially and the renal hilum was identified. The left renal artery was clipped with Hem-o-lok clip and divided by LigaSure. After the left renal vein was mobilized the IVC was dissected circumferentially above the left renal vein as proximal as possible (Figure-2A). The intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasound probe (UST-5536-7.5 Ultrasound; Aloka) was utilized to identify the extent of the tumor thrombus. The right renal vein was identified and any lumbar tributaries were isolated and ligated. A laparoscopic Satinsky clamp was used to block the IVC distal to the thrombus. Since the dissection of IVC can not reach the tail of the tumor thrombus, we didn’t clamp the IVC above the thrombus. The left renal vein was incised circumferentially at its junction with the IVC, and the tumor thrombus was immediately extracted entirely (Figure-2B). Then another prepared laparoscopic Satinsky clamp was immediately introduced to clamp the IVC above the renal vein through the subxiphoid trocar. The IVC was closed with 5-0 polypropylene suture. The rest of the kidney and adrenal gland were dissected outside of Gerota’s fascia and were removed integrally with tumor thrombus using a retrieval bag (Figure-2C).

Figure 2
A) The IVC was recognized and carefully dissected. B) After clamping the IVC, the IVC was incised and the IVTT was identified. C) The tumor was 13*10*8 cm in size with 8cm tumor thrombus in length. IVC, inferior vena cava; IVTT, inferior vena caval tumor thrombus.

The patient 2 was firmly secured to the operating table in the lateral position. The right kidney bridge was elevated moderately, and the operating table was flexed somewhat to increase the space between the lowermost rib and the iliac crest. During LRN, four trocars were placed. In brief, the first 2cm incision was performed under the 12th rib in the posterior axillary line. A retroperitoneal space was created with the index finger followed by a balloon dilator inflated with 1000mL air. A 5mm port was placed in the subcostal region on anterior axillary line guided by the forefinger. Another two 10mm port were positioned on the midaxillary line above the iliac crest and 3cm anterior at the same level as this point respectively.

Gerota’s fascia was incised longitudinally in the general area of the renal hilum. Lifting the kidney, blunt and sharp dissection in this area was performed to identify renal arterial pulsations, which could indicate the location of the renal artery. After complete circumferential mobilization of the artery Hem-o-lok clips were applied and the artery was transected directly by LigaSure. Dissection continued toward the renal vein, which was lying anterior to the renal artery. As the renal vein was dilated by thrombus, it was easy to identify and dissect the renal vein, contralateral renal vein and IVC. Any luminal veins were clipped and severed. Then dissection continued upwards towards the adrenal gland as far as the diaphragm. The adrenal gland was isolated and the adrenal vein was clip-ligated and divided. After the kidney was fully mobilized, the IVC could be exposed with only connecting to renal vein in renal hilum area. After the IVC was isolated, intraoperative ultrasonography was performed to identify the extent of IVC thrombus. Tourniquet loops were placed and tightened around the IVC above and below the IVC tumor thrombus and the contralateral renal vein was clamped by bulldog clamp (Figure-3A). Then the renal vein was incised circumferentially at its junction with the IVC, and the tumor thrombus was extracted entirely (Figure-3B and C). The IVC was stitched with a running 5-0 polypropylene suture (Figure-3D). No tumor thrombus pieces were dislodged detected by intraoperative ultrasonography. No bleeding was noted when the tourniquet loops were removed.

Figure 3
A) The IVC was clamped by tourniquet loops. B) and C) The IVTT was exposed after incising the IVC. D) The IVC was repaired by 5-0 polypropylene suture. IVC, inferior vena cava; IVTT, inferior vena caval tumor thrombus.

RESULTS

Table-1 shows patient characteristics and perioperative data. Pure LRN with IVC thrombectomy was successfully performed in both patients with no conversion.

Table 1
Demographics, clinical/pathologic data, and perioperative variables.

Variable	Patient 1	Patient 2
Age/sex	55/Female	71/Male
BMI (kg/m2)	17.6	20
Date of surgery (yyyy/mm)	2011/12	2012/02
Tumor size (cm)	14*10*8	8*5.7*5
Side	Left	Right
IVTT length (cm)	6.9	4
TNM Stage	T3bN0M0	T3bN0M0
IVTT Grade	II	II
Weighted index of comorbidity (n)	2	4
Combined condition and age-related score (n)	3	7
ECOG (n)	2	1
ASA score (n)	2	2
Operative parameter
Operative time (min.)	400	180
EBL (mL)	1600	200
Transfusion (mL)	2000	0
Intraoperative complications (n)	1	0
Postoperative complications (n)	1	0
Pathologic data
RCC type	Clear cell	Clear cell
T stage	T3b	T3b
Fuhrman Grade	90% II, 10% III	III
Preoperative SCr (mg/dL)	0.51	1.36
Postoperative SCr (mg/dL)	0.79	1.50
Follow-up (mon)	18	15

BMI = body mass index; IVTT = inferior vena cava tumor thrombus; ECOG = Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status; ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists score; EBL = estimated blood loss; RCC = renal cell carcinoma; SCr = serum creatinine.

The first patient was a 55 years old woman, whose BMI was 17.6kg/m2. She presented with the symptoms of anemia. Preoperatively, computed tomography (CT) indicated the tumor was left sided measuring 14*10*8cm (Figure-1A). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to evaluate the extent of the tumor thrombus, showing the length of the thrombus in the IVC was 6.9cm below the hepatic vein, which was a level II tumor thrombus according to the Mayo classification (Figure-1B). The TNM staging of this renal tumor was T3bN0M0. The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score was 2, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG) was 2 and the weighted index of comorbidity and the combined condition and age-related scores were 2 and 3 according to Charlson’s index. She underwent angioembolization 24 hours before surgery.

The estimated blood loss was 1600mL, and the operative time was 400 min. She received blood transfusion (2000mL) intraoperatively. The postoperative serum creatinine was 0.79mg/dL. A small amount of oral intake began at postoperative day 2 and she got out of bed that afternoon. The drainage tube was removed at postoperative day 8. Her final pathology was 13*10*8cm, 90% Fuhrman grade II and 10% grade III, clear cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus protruding 8cm into the IVC with negative surgical margin and no invasion of renal vein and IVC walls. The patient was discharged from the hospital on postoperative day 15. One week after discharge, the patient went to our department again because of two time convulsion at home. After laboratory and imaging examinations she was diagnosed with hypokalemia due to bad diet. Her electrolyte was corrected and intravenous nutrition therapy was given to improve her condition. The surgical complication was grade II according to Clavien classification system. The patient returned to full activity two months postoperatively and had no radiographic evidence of recurrence at 18 months follow-up.

Our second patient was a 71 years old man with BMI 20kg/m2. CT-scan indicated the renal tumor was right sided measuring 8*5.7*5cm and abdominal vascular MRI demonstrated the length of the tumor thrombus in IVC was 4cm, which was also a level II tumor thrombus (Figure 1C and D). The TNM staging of this renal tumor was also T3bN0M0. The patient had multiple comorbidities, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 6 years, hypertension for 16 years and type II diabetes mellitus for 2 years, which placed the patient in the high risk category for surgical intervention. The ASA score was 2, the ECOG was 1 and the weighted index of comorbidity and the combined condition and age-related scores were 4 and 7.

The estimated blood loss was 200mL, and the operative time was 180 min. No serious intraoperative and postoperative complications occurred. The postoperative serum creatinine was 1.50mg/dL. He got out of bed and oral intake began at postoperative day 1. The drainage tube was withdrawn at postoperative day 7. He was discharged from the hospital on postoperative day 10. The final pathology was 7.5*6*4cm, Fuhrman grade III, clear cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus protruding 4cm into the IVC with surgical margins free of tumor and without renal vein and IVC walls invasion. The patient returned to full activity about one month postoperatively and had no radiographic evidence of recurrence at 15 months follow-up.

DISCUSSION

Since the first introduction of LRN in 1990, the indications for LRN have expanded (¹⁰,¹¹). RCC with IVTT was once considered a relative contraindication to LRN (¹²). In 1996, McDougall et al. presented the first successful LRN with level I thrombectomy (³). During the following years, many case series studies involving LRN with level I thrombectomy were reported proving that the procedure was feasible (⁴,⁵). In this procedure, the tumor thrombus was “milked back” into the renal vein so as to block the vein with vascular clips or an endoscopic stapling device (¹³). Before Romero et al. (⁶) reported the first case of pure LRN with level II tumor thrombectomy, Fergany et al. (¹⁴) successfully performed laparoscopic radical nephrectomy with level II thrombectomy in a survival porcine model, which showed clinical application of this technique appeared possible. The report of conventional pure LRN with level II tumor thrombectomy was very rare.

Robotic technology has been introduced to facilitate such complex procedures in recent years. Abaza (¹⁵) reported the first series of robotic nephrectomy with IVC tumor thrombectomy, and thrombi protruded 1cm, 2cm, 4cm and 5cm into the IVC in five patients and 3cm and 2cm in a patient with two thrombi. The results were encouraging, and the mean estimated blood loss was 170mL (50-400mL), the mean operative time was 327 min. (240 - 411 min.), and no complications and transfusions were encountered. They used cross-clamping technique for level II tumor thrombus which was similar to ours. They placed vessel loops around the IVC above and below the tumor thrombus and around the contralateral renal vein. Although the favorable outcomes reported in this first series, case-control studies are needed to evaluate whether a robotic approach is superior to pure laparoscopic and open technique.

Currently most authors agree that the presence of the thrombus itself has no specific prognostic significance if it can be removed successfully (¹⁶). With advances in immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy with such agents as interferon and Sorafenib, control of distant metastases in patients with RCC extending into the IVC can be achieved, thus survival of these patients may increase if aggressive surgery including tumor thrombectomy is combined with immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy. It appears worthwhile to perform thrombectomy even in patients in whom RCC thrombus extends to the level of the right atrium or the pulmonary artery (¹⁷).

In our study, we employed Neves system to surgically stage tumor thrombus. Four staging systems were proposed for RCC with thrombus in the literature, TNM (¹⁸), Neves (⁷), Novick (¹⁹) and Hinman (²⁰) (Table-2). The Neves and Novick are currently the most widely used. However, differences should be noted among several staging systems. Since the surgical approach depends mainly on the tumor thrombus level, so a consistent surgical staging system is of utmost important for preoperative planning.

Table 2
Different staging systems of IVC tumor thrombus in literature.

Anatomic landmark	Neves	TNM	Novick	Hinman
Renal Vein	0	T3b	I	I
IVC < 2cm above RV	I		II
IVC > 2cm above RV and below hepatic veins	II
IVC above hepatic veins and below diaphragm	III		III	II
IVC above diaphragm	IV	T3c	IV	III

Similar to open surgery, pure LRN with level II thrombectomy has several important steps. (¹) dissection and ligation of the renal artery; (²) vena cava, contralateral and ipsilateral renal vein exposure; (³) occlusion of the IVC under the thrombus, contralateral renal vein, and the IVC above the thrombus; (⁴) opening of the vena cava and thrombectomy; (⁵) stitching the IVC and release of the vascular clamps; (⁶) nephrectomy. Completely control of the IVC is a vital important step. In our first case, we didn’t clamp the IVC above the thrombus because the dissection of IVC could not reach the tail of the tumor thrombus. However, this late clamping technique has several drawbacks, mainly intraoperative massive hemorrhage. As the IVC above the thrombus wasn’t clamped, intraoperative massive hemorrhage occurred when we incised the IVC wall and drew out the tumor thrombus. However, after the tumor thrombus was dragged out, the IVC was immediately clamped by a prepared laparoscopic Satinsky clamp, which could avoid fatal hemorrhage. Secondly, pulmonary embolism. Patients may develop pulmonary embolism secondary to tumor thrombus detachment. Our first patient was stable intraoperatively and continued to have no evidence of disease.

In our cases, we employed flexible intraoperative ultrasonography to detect the extent of IVC thrombus. The tumor thrombus can’t be dislodged if we find the right place to block the IVC. Another important function of intraoperative ultrasonography is identification whether the IVC wall was invaded by the tumor thrombus. Conversion is required if the IVC wall is invaded by the thrombus.

With the present study, we demonstrated another report that pure LRN with level II IVTT thrombectomy might be safe for highly selective patients. This study had several shortcomings: retrospective study design, the small number of patients, and relatively short length of follow-up. Only two cases were involved in our study. Additional reports and randomized studies are needed. Long-term oncologic outcomes are required to elucidate the safety and efficiency of this approach.

CONCLUSIONS

Pure LRN with level II IVC thrombectomy is feasible and can be performed in carefully selected patients. However, the laparoscopic approach in the treatment of RCC with level II IVTT is challenging and technically demanding.

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• ABBREVIATIONS
  RCC = renal cell carcinoma
  IVC = inferior vena cava
  IVTT = inferior vena cava tumor thrombus
  RN = radical nephrectomy
  LRN = laparoscopic radical nephrectomy

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Mar-Apr 2014

History

• Received
  23 July 2013
• Accepted
  03 Dec 2013