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Effect of using inoculant on elephant grass silage with additives

ABSTRACT.

This study aimed to evaluate the use of inoculant on silage of elephant grass, wet brewery waste and buriti meal at different silo opening times. The experimental silage tested was composed of 50% elephant grass, 30% wet brewery waste, and 20% buriti meal. The experimental design was randomized block in a factorial arrangement (2 x 4), where the treatments consisted of the use or not of inoculant during silage processing, and four silo opening times (7, 14, 21, and 28 days). Data collected were firstly subjected to ANOVA and subsequent Tukey’s test. Results were considered significant at p ≤ 0.05. The use of inoculant in silage production provided more acidic pH (p < 0.05) and higher (p < 0.05) effluent losses. Longer silo opening times resulted in more alkaline pH (p < 0.05) and higher (p < 0.05) effluent losses. The use of inoculant in silage production and longer silo opening times provided higher (p < 0.05) content of ash, crude protein, and fats, and lower (p < 0.05) content of dry matter and fiber (neutral and acid detergent). However, there was no interaction between the factors evaluated in this study. It was concluded that the inoculant may be used in the production of elephant grass silages, wet brewery waste, and buriti meal, providing a more acidic pH, higher effluent losses, lower contents of dry matter and fiber, and higher nutritional content. As the opening time was extended up to 28 days, there was more alkaline pH, higher effluent losses, lower dry matter and fiber content, and higher nutritional content.

Keywords:
dry matter; effluent losses; ensiling; fiber, forage

Introduction

Silage production from tropical grasses either in an area designed for direct production or as a way of using produced surplus in pasture or forage areas, during the favorable period of time to the forage growth, is an interesting strategy for the livestock roughage supplementation (Faria et al., 2010Faria, D. J. L., Garcia, R., Tonucci, R. G., Tavares, V. B., Pereira, O. G., & Fonsecxa, D. M. (2010). Produção e composição do efluente da silagem de capim-elefante com casca de café. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 39(3), 471-478. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982010000300004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201000...
). Because Pennisetum grasses has a high green mass production per hectare during the rainy season, silage is one of the main preservation methods to improve the use of the nutritional potential of this grass (Ferrari Junior, Paulino, Possenti, & Lucenas, 2009Ferrari Junior, E., Paulino, V. T., Possenti, R. A., & Lucenas, T. L. (2009). Aditivos em silagem de capim elefante paraíso (Pennisetum hybridum cv. paraíso). Archivos de Zootecnia, 58(222), 185-194. doi:10.4321/S0004-05922009000200003
https://doi.org/0.4321/S0004-05922009000...
). Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) is a forage with excellent dry matter potential that may be used as an alternative to annual crops frequently used to silage production. For this purpose, cuts of this forage have been recommended when it is young aiming a better nutritional value and eliminate the excess of moisture (Monteiro, Abreu, Cabral, Ribeiro, & Reis, 2011Monteiro, I. J. G., Abreu, J. G., Cabral, L. S., Ribeiro, M. D., & Reis, R. H. P. (2011). Silagem de capim-elefante aditivada com produtos alternativos. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences , 33(4), 347-352. doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v33i4.12629
https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v...
).

A high content of moisture at the time of cutting, low soluble carbohydrate content, and high buffering capacity of grasses inhibit the fermentation process, impairing the production of good quality silages. Furthermore, grasses with high moisture produce large amounts of effluents with high content of organic and mineral compounds that are lost (Ferrari Junior et al., 2009Ferrari Junior, E., Paulino, V. T., Possenti, R. A., & Lucenas, T. L. (2009). Aditivos em silagem de capim elefante paraíso (Pennisetum hybridum cv. paraíso). Archivos de Zootecnia, 58(222), 185-194. doi:10.4321/S0004-05922009000200003
https://doi.org/0.4321/S0004-05922009000...
). 60 days is the ideal cutting time for the production of elephant grass silage (Muck, 2010Muck, R. E. (2010). Silage microbiology and its control through additives. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 39, 183-191. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982010001300021
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201000...
; Santos et al., 2010Santos, M., Gómez, A., Perea, J., García, A., Guim, A., & Pérez, M. (2010). Fatores que afetam o valor nutritivo das silagens de forrageiras tropicais. Archivos de Zootecnia , 59, 25-43. doi: 10.21071/az.v59i232.4905
https://doi.org/10.21071/az.v59i232.4905...
). However, the dry matter content at this age is very low, between 15 and 20%, and it is not recommended for ensiling mainly because it negatively influenced both the fermentation process, and also promotes some increase in nutrients loss due to effluent production (Monteiro et al., 2011Monteiro, I. J. G., Abreu, J. G., Cabral, L. S., Ribeiro, M. D., & Reis, R. H. P. (2011). Silagem de capim-elefante aditivada com produtos alternativos. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences , 33(4), 347-352. doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v33i4.12629
https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v...
; Cardoso et al., 2016Cardoso, A. M., Araújo, S. A. C., Rocha, S. N., Domingues, F. N., Azevedo, J. C., & Pantoja, L.A. (2016). Elephant grass silage with the addition of crambe bran conjugated to different specific mass. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 38(4), 375-382. doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v38i4.31828
https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v...
). Thus, it is recommended the use of products to improve the dry matter content during the silage production (Pires et al., 2009Pires, A. J. V., Carvalho, G. G. P., Garcia, R., Carvalho Junior, J. N., Ribeiro, L. S. O., & Chagas, D. M. T. (2009). Capim-elefante ensilado com casca de café, farelo de cacau ou farelo de mandioca. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 38(1), 34-39. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982009000100005
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598200900...
; Monteiro et al., 2011Monteiro, I. J. G., Abreu, J. G., Cabral, L. S., Ribeiro, M. D., & Reis, R. H. P. (2011). Silagem de capim-elefante aditivada com produtos alternativos. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences , 33(4), 347-352. doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v33i4.12629
https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v...
) either through the improvement of fermentation characteristics or by the reduction of losses inherent to the process (Ferrari Junior et al., 2009Ferrari Junior, E., Paulino, V. T., Possenti, R. A., & Lucenas, T. L. (2009). Aditivos em silagem de capim elefante paraíso (Pennisetum hybridum cv. paraíso). Archivos de Zootecnia, 58(222), 185-194. doi:10.4321/S0004-05922009000200003
https://doi.org/0.4321/S0004-05922009000...
).

For decades, producers have had a wide variety of silage additives available to assist in forage preservation. Silage additives are generally classified in four categories based on their effects on silage preservation: (1) fermentation stimulants, (2) fermentation inhibitors, (3) aerobic deterioration inhibitors, and (4) nutrients and absorbents. Silage additives can have more than one mode of action based on the 4 categories above. In addition, the above classification focuses on effects largely within the silo; however, the effects of these additives on livestock are often more important to the producer to choose their use (Muck et al., 2018Muck, R. E., Nadeau, E. M. G., McAllister, T. A., Contreras-Govea, F. E., Santos, M. C., & Kung, L. (2018). Silage review: Recent advances and future uses of silage additives. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(5), 3980-4000. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-13839
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13839...
).

Previous studies pointed that the use of nutrient-rich additives (usually higher than 80%) can enable the absorption of moisture, increasing the dry matter content of the ensiled material, and even promote improvements in the chemical composition of the produced silage (Carrera et al., 2012Carrera, R. A. B., Veloso, C. M., Knupp, L. S., Souza Júnior, A. H., Detmann, E., & Lana, R. P. (2012). Protein co-products and by-products of the biodiesel industry for ruminants feeding. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 41(5), 1202-1211. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982012000500018
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201200...
; Souza, Goes, Silva, Yoshihara, & Prado, 2015Souza, K. A., Goes, R. H. T. B., Silva, L. H. X., Yoshihara, M. M., & Prado, I. N. (2015). Crambe meal in supplements for culling cows: animal performance and carcass characteristics. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences , 37(1), 47-53. doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v37i1.24607
https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v...
; Cardoso et al., 2016Cardoso, A. M., Araújo, S. A. C., Rocha, S. N., Domingues, F. N., Azevedo, J. C., & Pantoja, L.A. (2016). Elephant grass silage with the addition of crambe bran conjugated to different specific mass. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 38(4), 375-382. doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v38i4.31828
https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v...
). In this sense, wet brewery waste is an alternative food source widely used for ruminants, which is generated in large amounts during the production of beer, being obtained throughout the year at a low cost, presenting an excellent nutritional content (protein, fiber, and soluble carbohydrates), especially after the dehydration process. However, this feedstuff presents a low dry matter content, which hinders the transport, storage and preservation of this residue (Souza et al., 2012Souza, L. C., Zambom, M. A., Pozza, M. S. S., Neres, M. A., Radis, A. C., Borsatti, L., … Gundt, S. (2012). Development of microorganisms during storage of wet brewery waste under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 41(1), 188-193. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982012000100027
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201200...
; Muck et al., 2018Muck, R. E., Nadeau, E. M. G., McAllister, T. A., Contreras-Govea, F. E., Santos, M. C., & Kung, L. (2018). Silage review: Recent advances and future uses of silage additives. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(5), 3980-4000. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-13839
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13839...
). In turn, buriti meal is a by-product from the processing of buriti fruit that is constituted by seed (40%), peel (30%), cellulose wrap (20%) and pulp (10%), presenting an interesting nutritional potential, especially its content of dry matter, fibers, and fats (Cavalcante, Garcez, Moreira Filho, & Alves, 2014Cavalcante, A. F., Garcez, B. S., Moreira Filho, M. A., & Alves, A. A. (2014). Composição química de alimentos utilizados em rações para ruminantes no Meio Norte do Brasil. PUBVET, 8(8), 1-23. ; Rufino, Cruz, Tanaka, Melo & Feijó, 2017Rufino, J. P. F., Cruz, F. G. G., Tanaka, E. S., Melo, R. D., & Feijó, J. C. (2017). Análise econômica da inclusão de farinha do resíduo de buriti na alimentação de poedeiras comerciais. Revista Ciência Agronômica , 48(4), 732-738. doi: 10.5935/1806-6690.20170085
https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.201700...
), and is highly available in the Amazon region (Calbo & Moraes, 1997Calbo, M. E. R., & Moraes, J. A. P. V. (1997). Fotossíntese, condutância estomática, transpiração e ajustamento osmótico de planta de buriti submetidas a estresse hídrico. Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia Vegetal, 9, 117-123. doi: 10.1590/S0103-90162002000100008
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-9016200200...
).

Furthermore, inoculant additives contain in their formulation a combination of lactic acid bacteria and enzymes derived from microbial by-products. Microorganisms such as Bacillus and Aspergillus produce cellulases, hemicellulases, amylases, glycoamylases, and proteases that may promote digestion of structural and nonstructural carbohydrates such as starch, producing soluble sugars used as a substrate for lactic fermentation during the ensiling process (Ferrari Junior et al., 2009Ferrari Junior, E., Paulino, V. T., Possenti, R. A., & Lucenas, T. L. (2009). Aditivos em silagem de capim elefante paraíso (Pennisetum hybridum cv. paraíso). Archivos de Zootecnia, 58(222), 185-194. doi:10.4321/S0004-05922009000200003
https://doi.org/0.4321/S0004-05922009000...
; Pires et al., 2009Pires, A. J. V., Carvalho, G. G. P., Garcia, R., Carvalho Junior, J. N., Ribeiro, L. S. O., & Chagas, D. M. T. (2009). Capim-elefante ensilado com casca de café, farelo de cacau ou farelo de mandioca. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 38(1), 34-39. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982009000100005
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598200900...
; Zopollatto et al., 2009Zopollatto, M., Daniel, J. L. P., & Nussio, L. G. (2009). Aditivos microbiológicos em silagens no Brasil: revisão dos aspectos da ensilagem e do desempenho de animais. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 38, 170-189. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982009001300018
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598200900...
). In silage processing, these basically aim to influence the fermentation process favoring preservation and improving the nutritional value (Zopollatto et al., 2009Zopollatto, M., Daniel, J. L. P., & Nussio, L. G. (2009). Aditivos microbiológicos em silagens no Brasil: revisão dos aspectos da ensilagem e do desempenho de animais. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 38, 170-189. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982009001300018
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598200900...
).

Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the use of inoculant on silage made up of elephant grass, wet brewery waste and buriti meal at different silo opening times.

Material and methods

The study was conducted in Manaus, AM (2° 38' 43.8" S 60° 02' 27.4" W). The soil of the experimental area used to plant the grass is classified as clayey yellow latosol (Latossolo Amarelo argiloso) (Santos et al., 2013Santos, H. G., Jacomine, P. K. T., Anjos, L. H. C., Oliveira, V. A., Lumbreras, J. F., Coelho, M. R., ... Cunha, T. J. F. (2013). Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos (3a ed. rev. ampl.). Brasília, DF: Embrapa.) and the climate is characterized as hot and humid tropical, being limited to winter (rainy season), from December to June, and summer (dry season) from July to November.

The experimental silage tested was composed of 50% elephant grass, 30% wet brewery waste, and 20% buriti meal. The experimental design was randomized block in a factorial arrangement (2 x 4), where the treatments consisted of the use or not of inoculant during silage processing, and four silo opening times (7, 14, 21, and 28 days). Experimental silos (50 cm height per 10 cm diameter) with wooden lids were used, being five silos per treatment where each silo was considered a replicate. The silos were stored and sealed in a place protected from the influence of environmental conditions.

Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv Napier) for silage production was cut at 60 days of age (vegetative stage) at a height of 0.20 cm from the ground. The particle size used was 3 -5 cm aiming to facilitate the compaction of forage in the silo and control the effluent production. The wet brewery waste was obtained from Batuta brewery© (Manaus, AM). The buriti meal was obtained in the Association of Residents of the Santo Antonio do Abonari Community, located at Km 200 of BR-174 highway.

The proportions of each material were individually calculated based on their natural matter contents, and distributed in the silos. Samples of each material were collected for individual analysis of chemical composition. Each silo was individually loaded, compacted, and sealed, presenting an average weight of 4 kg. The commercial inoculant used contained the biological agents Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus lactis, Bacillus subtilis, and dextrose. This was applied according to the manufacturer’s indications in proportion to the amount of ensiled material.

At each seven-day period (7, 14, 21, and 28 days), the silos were opened in order to calculate the effluent losses (Schmidt et al., 2011Schmidt, P., Rossi Junior, P., Junges, D., Dias, L. T., Almeida, R., & Mari, L. J. (2011). Novos aditivos microbianos na ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar: composição bromatológica, perdas fermentativas, componentes voláteis e estabilidade aeróbia. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 40(3), 543-549. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982011000300011
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201100...
), and measure pH (Wilson & Wilkins, 1972Wilson, R. F., & Wilkins, R. J. (1972). The ensilage of autumn-sown rye. Journal of British Grassland Society, 27, 35-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1972.tb00683.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1972...
). At the opening of the silos, the upper layer (approximately 10 cm) was discarded due to the possible presence of fungi and molds. Samples of 350g silage were collected in each period to evaluate the dry matter (%), organic matter (%), ash (%), crude protein (%), fats (%), neutral detergent fiber (%), and acid detergent fiber (%) according to methods described by Van Soest, Roberton & Lewis (1991Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science , 74(10), 3583-3597. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(9...
), and Schmidt et al. (2011Schmidt, P., Rossi Junior, P., Junges, D., Dias, L. T., Almeida, R., & Mari, L. J. (2011). Novos aditivos microbianos na ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar: composição bromatológica, perdas fermentativas, componentes voláteis e estabilidade aeróbia. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 40(3), 543-549. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982011000300011
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201100...
).

All data collected in this study were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS (Statistical Analysis System, 2008Statistical Analysis System [SAS]. (2008). SAS/STAT Software, Version 9.2. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.) and estimates of treatments were firstly subjected to ANOVA and subsequent Tukey’s test. Results were considered significant at p ≤ 0.05.

Results and discussion

The feedstuffs used to produce the silage presented an individual chemical composition similar to reported by previous studies (Ferrari Junior et al., 2009Ferrari Junior, E., Paulino, V. T., Possenti, R. A., & Lucenas, T. L. (2009). Aditivos em silagem de capim elefante paraíso (Pennisetum hybridum cv. paraíso). Archivos de Zootecnia, 58(222), 185-194. doi:10.4321/S0004-05922009000200003
https://doi.org/0.4321/S0004-05922009000...
; Santos et al., 2010Santos, M., Gómez, A., Perea, J., García, A., Guim, A., & Pérez, M. (2010). Fatores que afetam o valor nutritivo das silagens de forrageiras tropicais. Archivos de Zootecnia , 59, 25-43. doi: 10.21071/az.v59i232.4905
https://doi.org/10.21071/az.v59i232.4905...
; Zanine et al., 2010Zanine, A. M., Santos, E. M., Dórea, J. R. R., Dantas, P. A. S., Silva, T. C., & Pereira, O. G. (2010). Evaluation of elephant grass silage with the addition of cassava scrapings. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 39(12), 2611-2616. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982010001200008
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201000...
), where elephant grass and wet brewery waste show a low dry matter content. However, all feedstuffs presented high organic matter content (Table 1). These studies also reported a high moisture of the elephant grass at growth stage, which may difficult to obtain a silage with good quality (Cavali et al., 2010Cavali, J., Pereira, O. G., Valadares Filho, S. C., Porto, M. O., Fernandes, F. E. P., & Garcia, R. (2010). Mixed sugarcane and elephant grass silages with or without bacterial inoculant. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 39(3), 462-470. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982010000300003
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201000...
). Consequently, the low dry matter content of elephant grass results in a low osmotic pressure, permitting the development of Clostridium sp. that break down sugars, lactic acid, proteins, and amino acids into butyric acid, acetic acid, ammonia, carbonic gas, and starches, which result insignificant losses and a good environment to silage production (Zanine et al., 2010Zanine, A. M., Santos, E. M., Dórea, J. R. R., Dantas, P. A. S., Silva, T. C., & Pereira, O. G. (2010). Evaluation of elephant grass silage with the addition of cassava scrapings. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 39(12), 2611-2616. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982010001200008
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201000...
).

Table 1
Chemical composition of feedstuffs used to produce the silage.

In this sense, the use of wet brewery waste and buriti meal may cause an effective increase in the nutrient content of the ensiled forage, especially the buriti meal that provided an increase on dry matter. In all grasses, the main limiting factor for the production of good quality silage is the low dry matter content at the appropriate time for cutting. This fact leads to the occurrence of secondary fermentations caused mainly by bacteria of the genus Clostridium, generating nutrient losses with effluent production. Moisture-absorbing additives are an important tool to minimize the effects of low dry matter of tropical grasses at the time of ensiling (Andrade et al., 2010Andrade, I. V. O., Pires, J. V., Carvalho, G. G. P., Veloso, C. M., & Bonomo, P. (2010). Perdas, características fermentativas e valor nutritivo da silagem de capim-elefante contendo subprodutos agrícolas. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 39(12), 2578-2588. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982010001200004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201000...
; itavo, itavo, Morais, Coelho, & Dias, 2010Itavo, L. C. V., Itavo, C. C. B. F., Morais, M. G., Coelho, E. M., & Dias, A. M. (2010). Composição química e parâmetros fermentativos de silagens de capim-elefante e cana-de-açúcar tratadas com aditivos. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 11(3), 606-617. ; Negrão et al., 2016Negrão, F. M., Zanine, A. M., Souza, A. L., Cabral, L. S., Ferreira, D. J., & Dantas, C. C. O. (2016). Perdas, perfil fermentativo e composição química das silagens de capim Brachiaria decumbens com inclusão de farelo de arroz. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal , 17(1), 13-25. doi: 10.1590/S1519-99402016000100002
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-9940201600...
; Dias, Cândido, Furtado, Pompeu, & Silva, 2019Dias, E. C. B., Cândido, M. J. D., Furtado, R. N., Pompeu, R. C. F. F., & Silva, L. V. (2019). Nutritive value of elephant grass silage added with cottonseed cake in diet for sheep. Revista Ciência Agronômica, 50(2), 321-328. doi: 10.5935/1806-6690.20190038.
https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.201900...
).

Wet brewery waste and buriti meal presented high crude protein content (Table 1). Previous studies reported that these feedstuffs are good sources of protein (Souza et al., 2012Souza, L. C., Zambom, M. A., Pozza, M. S. S., Neres, M. A., Radis, A. C., Borsatti, L., … Gundt, S. (2012). Development of microorganisms during storage of wet brewery waste under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 41(1), 188-193. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982012000100027
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201200...
; Chanie & Fievez, 2017Chanie, D., & Fievez, V. (2017). Review on preservation and utilization of wet brewery spent grain as concentrate replacement feed for lactating dairy cows. Journal of Animal Health and Production, 5, 10-13. doi: 10.14737/journal.jahp/2017/5.1.10.13
https://doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/20...
). In the wet brewery waste, protein is mainly located in the germ portion of the spent grain and is digested to a partial amount in the rumen and to a greater amount in the small intestinal tract (Chanie & Fievez, 2017Chanie, D., & Fievez, V. (2017). Review on preservation and utilization of wet brewery spent grain as concentrate replacement feed for lactating dairy cows. Journal of Animal Health and Production, 5, 10-13. doi: 10.14737/journal.jahp/2017/5.1.10.13
https://doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/20...
). This variable indicates the nitrogen that is bound to the cell wall of the silage, which renders it unavailable throughout the digestive tract of the animal. However, the observed values do not compromise the quality of the forage (Santos et al., 2013Santos, R. J. C., Lira, M. A., Guim, A., Santos, M. V. F., Dubeux Junior, J. C. B., & Mello, A. C. L. (2013). Elephant grass clones for silage production. Scientia Agricola, 70(6), 6-11. doi: 10.1590/S0103-90162013000100002
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-9016201300...
).

There was no significant (p > 0.05) interaction between the use of inoculant and silo opening times on these variables. However, the use of inoculant in silage production provided more acidic pH (p < 0.05) and higher (p < 0.05) effluent losses (Table 2). These results may indicate a greater activity of lactic acid bacteria and higher lactic acid production. But this drop in pH was not sufficient to reduce losses of effluents. Previous studies reported that lactic acid is not a good inhibitor of fungi and yeast activity (Silva, Pedreira, Figueiredo, Bernadinho, & Farias, 2010Silva, C. F. P. G., Pedreira, M. S., Figueiredo, M. P., Bernardinho, F. S., & Farias, D. H. (2010). Qualidade fermentativa e caracterização químico-bromatológica de silagens da parte aérea e raízes de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences, 32(4), 401-408. doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v32i4.8930
https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v...
). Unfortunately, lactic acid bacteria fermentation rarely sufficiently lower pH and produce enough acetic acid to prevent yeasts and molds from growing in silage (Muck, 2010Muck, R. E. (2010). Silage microbiology and its control through additives. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 39, 183-191. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982010001300021
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201000...
). According to Schmidt et al. (2011Schmidt, P., Rossi Junior, P., Junges, D., Dias, L. T., Almeida, R., & Mari, L. J. (2011). Novos aditivos microbianos na ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar: composição bromatológica, perdas fermentativas, componentes voláteis e estabilidade aeróbia. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 40(3), 543-549. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982011000300011
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201100...
), under anaerobic conditions, fungi and yeast may develop at a lower pH when have soluble carbohydrates available in the medium. In the present study, the pH was low in all silages evaluated, which is an indicator of good fermentation quality in the silages.

Table 2
pH and effluent losses of the silage of elephant grass, wet brewery waste and buriti meal using or not inoculant at different silo opening times (SOP).

In relation to the environmental aspect, it is important to mention that the successful use of inoculants in silage production depends on the growth of the inoculated bacteria, presence of adequate substrate, and population of bacteria in proportion to the forage mass (Zopollatto et al., 2009Zopollatto, M., Daniel, J. L. P., & Nussio, L. G. (2009). Aditivos microbiológicos em silagens no Brasil: revisão dos aspectos da ensilagem e do desempenho de animais. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 38, 170-189. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982009001300018
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598200900...
). Furthermore, bacterial inoculants have more advantages than chemical additives due to their easy capacity and safe application, do not pollute the environment, and are regarded as natural products (Jalč, Lauková, Simonová, Váradyová, & Homolka, 2009Jalč, D., Lauková, A., Simonová, M., Váradyová, Z., & Homolka, P. (2009). The use of bacterial inoculants for grass silage: their effects on nutrient composition and fermentation parameters in grass silages. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 54(2), 84-91. doi: 10.17221/1665-CJAS
https://doi.org/10.17221/1665-CJAS...
).

The results also indicated that longer silo opening times resulted in more alkaline pH (p < 0.05) and higher (p < 0.05) effluent losses. In general, elephant grass does not result in a good silage due to its high moisture content at the harvest time and low levels of soluble carbohydrates, required for the development of lactic acid bacteria during the fermentation process. In the long-term, there may be a loss of soluble nutrients in the form of wastewater due to the excess moisture in the forage used, and also a loss of nutrients in the form of gases generated by a secondary fermentation by spoilage microorganisms that grow in high humidity environments and produce ammonia nitrogen and butyric acid (Guerra et al., 2016Guerra, D. G. F., Maia, I. S. A. S., Braga, A. P., Assis, L. C. S. L. C., Lucena, J. A., Bidler, D. C., ... Pinto, M. M. F. (2016). Composição químico-bromatológica de silagens de capim-elefante com diferentes níveis de bagaço de caju desidratado. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 37(2), 997-1006. ). In order to reduce effluent losses, techniques such as wilting and the application of moisture absorbing additives can be used (Zanine et al., 2010Zanine, A. M., Santos, E. M., Dórea, J. R. R., Dantas, P. A. S., Silva, T. C., & Pereira, O. G. (2010). Evaluation of elephant grass silage with the addition of cassava scrapings. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 39(12), 2611-2616. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982010001200008
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201000...
).

There was no significant (p > 0.05) interaction between the use of inoculant and silo opening times on these variables. However, the use of inoculant during silage production resulted in higher (p < 0.05) contents of ash, crude protein, and fats. (Table 3). In the current market, there are inoculants containing different species and strains of bacteria, whose effects have been variable. Most studies pointed that this inclusion has provided positive effects on chemical and microbiological composition of the silage, and animal performance (Contreras-Gouveia, Muckb, Mertens, & Weimer, 2010Contreras-Goveaa, F. E., Muckb, R. E., Mertens, D. R., & Weimer, P. J. (2010). Microbial inoculant effects on silage and in vitro ruminal fermentation, and microbial biomass estimation for alfalfa, bmr corn, and corn silages. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 163(1), 2-10. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.09.015
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.201...
). However, for an inoculant to be effective, the plant and the selected microorganism must be compatible (Assis et al., 2014Assis, F. G. V., Ávila, C. L. S., Pinto, J. C., & Schwan, R. F. (2014). New inoculants on maize silage fermentation. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 43(8), 395-403. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982014000800001
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201400...
), which naturally provide a better content of available nutrients, such as those observed in the results of the present study. Normally, the nutritional availability of good quality silage is close to that of the feedstuffs and is also highly palatable (Vu et al., 2019Vu, V. H., Li, X., Wang, M., Liu, R., Zhang, G., Liu, W., … Sun, Q. (2019). Dynamics of fungal community during silage fermentation of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) produced in northern Vietnam. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 32(7), 996-1006. doi: 10.5713/ajas.18.0708
https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.18.0708...
).

On the other hand, the use of inoculant during silage production provided lower (p < 0.05) contents of dry matter and fiber (neutral and acid detergent) (Table 3). It is important to mention that losses of dry matter occur due to the respiration of microorganisms that convert soluble carbohydrates and organic acids into heat, water, and CO2 (Schmidt et al., 2011Schmidt, P., Rossi Junior, P., Junges, D., Dias, L. T., Almeida, R., & Mari, L. J. (2011). Novos aditivos microbianos na ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar: composição bromatológica, perdas fermentativas, componentes voláteis e estabilidade aeróbia. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 40(3), 543-549. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982011000300011
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201100...
).

Longer silo opening times resulted in higher (p < 0.05) content of organic matter, ash, crude protein, and fat (Table 3). In this case, the same effect that caused the alkaline pH in the long-run in silage material favored the development of Clostridium and other microorganisms with similar characteristics because they have their maximum efficiency in environments with high water activity, high pH, and high temperature (Zopollatto et al., 2009Zopollatto, M., Daniel, J. L. P., & Nussio, L. G. (2009). Aditivos microbiológicos em silagens no Brasil: revisão dos aspectos da ensilagem e do desempenho de animais. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 38, 170-189. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982009001300018
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598200900...
; Muck, 2010Muck, R. E. (2010). Silage microbiology and its control through additives. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 39, 183-191. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982010001300021
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201000...
).

However, this treatment also resulted in lower (p < 0.05) contents of dry matter and fiber (neutral and acid detergent) (Table 3). The measurement of dry matter losses during the ensiling process is a characteristic of great importance for the evaluation of the fermentation quality. Dry matter losses in general are greater at the beginning of the fermentation process, when the activity of microorganisms is more intense (Assis et al., 2014Assis, F. G. V., Ávila, C. L. S., Pinto, J. C., & Schwan, R. F. (2014). New inoculants on maize silage fermentation. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 43(8), 395-403. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982014000800001
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598201400...
). In this study, the occurrence of a greater loss was observed until the 28th day of fermentation.

Table 3
Dry matter (DMT), organic matter (OMT), ash (ASH), crude protein (CPT), fats (FTS), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of silage of elephant grass, wet brewery waste and buriti meal using or not inoculant at different silo opening times (SOP).

And regardless of the use or not of inoculants, ensiling process provides more favorable fermentation conditions to fiber degradation, especially by stimulus to the activity of cellulolytic bacteria (Tavares et al., 2009Tavares, V. B., Pinto, J. C., Evangelista, A. R., Figueiredo, H. C. P., Ávila, C. L. S., & Lima, R. F. (2009). Efeitos da compactação, da inclusão de aditivo absorvente e do emurchecimento na composição bromatológica de silagens de capim-tanzânia. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia , 38(1), 40-49. doi: 10.1590/S1516-35982009000100006
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598200900...
; Gomes et al., 2017Gomes, R. S., Almeida, J. C. C., Carneiro, J. C., Azevedo, F. H. V., Lista, F. N., Elyas, A. C. W., & Oliveira, T. S. (2017). Impacts of citrus pulp addition and wilting on elephant grass silage quality. Bioscience Journal, 33(3), 675-684. doi: 10.14393/BJ-v33n3-33790
https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v33n3-33790...
). It is expected in good quality silage that the homofermentative lactic bacteria become dominant as quickly as possible and promote - because of low pH and reduced oxi-reduction potential - inhibition of enterobacteria and bacteria of the genera Listeria, Bacillus, Clostridium and the heterofermentative lactic bacteria. An ideal fermentation profile is the one where the maximum lactic acid is produced because lactic acid fermentation does not result in losses from gas formation and secondary metabolites (Ferreira et al., 2014Ferreira, D. J., Zanine, A. M., Lana, R. P., Ribeiro, M. D., Alves, G. R., & Mantovani, H. C. (2014). Chemical composition and nutrient degradability in elephant grass silage inoculated with Streptococcus bovis isolated from the rumen. Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 86(1), 465-474. doi: 10.1590/0001-37652014112312
https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-37652014112...
).

Conclusion

It was concluded that the inoculant may be used in the production of silage of elephant grass, wet brewery waste, and buriti meal, providing a more acidic pH, higher effluent losses, lower dry matter and fiber content, and higher nutritional content. As the opening time was extended up to 28 days, there was more alkaline pH, higher effluent losses, lower dry matter and fiber content, and higher nutritional content.

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    06 July 2020
  • Date of issue
    2020

History

  • Received
    25 Oct 2019
  • Accepted
    16 Dec 2019
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