Avaliação sorológica de Parainfluenzavirus Tipo 1, Salmonella spp., Mycoplasma spp. e Toxoplasma gondii em aves silvestres

Gonçalves, Guilherme Augusto Marietto; Almeida, Silvia Maria de; Camossi, Lucilene Granuzzi; Langoni, Hélio; Andreatti Filho, Raphael Lucio

doi:10.5216/cab.v14I4.16576

Resumos

A doença de Newcastle, salmonelose e micoplasmose são enfermidades importantes para a avicultura e a toxoplasmose é uma zoonose comum no ambiente urbano. No presente estudo, pesquisaram-se evidências sorológicas dessas enfermidades em aves cativas e de vida livre com a aplicação das técnicas de soroaglutinação rápida em placa, inibição da hemaglutinação e aglutinação direta modificada. Em 117 amostras de soro sanguíneo, 20 apresentaram anticorpos para algumas das enfermidades avaliadas, sendo constatada a presença de anticorpos para Toxoplasma gondii, Mycoplasma gallisepticum e Salmonella spp. A espécie Amazona aestiva foi a que apresentou o maior número de indivíduos soropositivos no estudo (13/20). Além disso, verificamos a primeira detecção de anticorpos para T. gondii em aves de rapina das espécies Mivalgo chimachima e Rupornis magnirostris.

Doença de Newcastle; micoplasmose; saúde aviária; sorologia; toxoplamose

Newcastle disease, salmonellosis and mycoplamosis are the most important infectious diseases in poultry. Toxoplamosis is a common disease in urban environment. The present study investigated serologic evidence of these diseases in captive and wildlife birds, with rapid plate agglutination test, haemagglutination inhibition test, and modified agglutination test. In a total of 117 blood serum samples, 20 showed the presence of Toxoplasma gondii, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and Salmonella spp. antibodies. Amazona aestiva was the specie with the highest number of positive individuals (13/20). We also verified the first detection of T. gondii antibodies in birds of prey from Mivalgo chimachima and Rupornis magnirostris species.

Avian health; mycoplasmosis; Newcastle disease; serology; toxoplamosis

ADLER, H.E. Isolation of a pleuropneumonia-like organism from the air sac a parakeet. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v.130, p.408-409, 1957.
ALLGAYER, M.C.; OLIVEIRA, S.J.; MOTTIN, V.D.; LOIKO, M.R.; ABILLEIRA, F.; GUEDES, N.M.R.; PASSOS, D.T.; WEIMER, T.A. Isolamento de Salmonella Braenderup em Arara-azul (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus). Ciência Rural, v.39, p.2542-2545, 2009.
AUBERT, D., TERRIER, M. E., DUMÈTRE, A., BARRAT, J., VILLENA, I. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in raptors from France. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v.44, p.172-173, 2008.
BOZEMAN, L.H.; KLEVEN, S.H.; DAVIS, R.B. Mycoplasma Challenge Studies in Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and Chickens. Avian diseases, v.28, p.426-434, 1984.
CATOLLI, G.; SUSTA, L.; TERREGINO, C.; BEOWN, C. Newcastle disease: a review of field recognition and current methods of laboratory detection. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, v.23, p.637-656, 2011.
DESMONTS, G., REMINGTON, J.S. Direct agglutination test for diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection: method for increasing sensitivity and specificity. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.11, p.562-568, 1980.
DUBEY, J.P. A review of toxoplasmosis in wild birds. Veterinary Parasitology, v.106, p.121-153, 2002.
EHRSAM, H. Acute pullorum disease in hawk-headed parrots (Deroptyus accipitrinus fuscifrons). Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, v.127, p.397-400, 1985.
ELMORE, S.A.; JONES, J.L.; CONRAD, P.A.; PATTON, S.; LINDSAY, S.; DUBEY, J.P. Toxoplasma gondii: epidemiology, feline clinical aspects, and prevention. Trends in Parasitology, v. 26, p.190-196, 2010.
FRANZO, V.S. Ocorrência da doença de Newcastle no Brasil e no mundo. Revista de Ciências Veterinárias, v. 5, n.5, p.81-85, 2007.
GASKIN, J.M.; JACOBSON, E.R. A Mycoplasma associated epornitic in Severe macaws (Ara severa severa). Proceedings of the American association of Zoo Veterinarians annual meeting, p.59-61, 1979.
GOMES, A.M.; COSTA, L.L.; VILELA, D.A.R.; MARQUES, M.V.R.; CARVALHAES, A.G.; MARIN, S.Y.; COSTA, M.P.; HORTA, R.S.; RESENDE, J.S.; MARTINS, N.R.S. Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in dead captive psittacines in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola, v.12, p.75-78, 2010.
HARTLEY, W.J., DUBEY, J.P. Fatal toxopalsmosis in some native Australian birds. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, v.3 p.167-169, 1991.
HARTUP, B.K.; DHONDT, A.A.; SYDENSTRICKER, K.V.; HOCHACHKA, W.M.; KOLLIAS, G.V. Host range and dynamics of mycoplasmas conjunctivitis among birds in North America. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v.37, p.72-81, 2001.
HOWERT, E.W.; RICH, G.; DUBEY, J.P. Fatal toxoplasmosis in a red lory (Eos bornea). Avian Diseases, v.35, p.642-646, 1991.
JANG, Y.H.; LEE, S.J.; LIM, J.G.; LEE, H.S.; KIM, T.J.; PARK, J.H.; CHUMG, T.H.; CHOE, N.H. The rate of Salmonella spp. infection in zoo animals at Seoul Grand Park. Korean Journal of Veterinary Sciences, v.9, p.177-181, 2008.
KIRKPATRICK, C.E.; COLVIN, B.A.; DUBEY, J.P. Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in Common barn-owls (Tyto alba) and Pigeons (Columba livia) in New Jersey. Veterinary Parasitology, v.36, p.177-180, 1990.
KLEVEN, S.H.; FLETCHER, W.O. Laboratory infection of House sparrows (Passer domesticus) with Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae Avian Diseases, v.27, p.308-311, 1983.
LEVISOHN, S., KLEVEN, S. H. Avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum). Revue Scientifique et Technique, v.19, p.425-442, 2000.
LIERZ, M.; SCHMIDT, R.; BRUNNBERG, L.; RUNGE, M. Isolation of Mycoplasma meleagridis from free-ranging birds of prey in Germany. Journal of Medicine Veterinary - Series B, v.47, p.63-67, 2000.
LINDSAY, D.S.; SMITH, P.C.; HOERR, F.J.; BLAGBURN, B.L. Prevalence of encysted Toxoplasma gondii in raptors from Alabama. Journal of Parasitology, v.79, p.870-873, 1993.
LOMNICZI, B.; WEHMANN, E.; HERCZEG, J.; BALLAGI-PORDANY, A.; KALETA, E.F.; WERNER, O.; MEULEMANS, G.; JORGENSESN, P.H.; MANTE, A.P., GIELKENS, A.L.; CAPUA, I.; DAMOSER, J. Newcastle disease outbreaks in recent years in western Europe were caused by an old (VI) and a novel genotype (VII). Archives of Virology, v.143, p.49-64, 1998.
LUTFUL KABIR, S.M. Avian Colibacillosis and Salmonellosis: A Closer Look at Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Control and Public Health Concerns. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v.7, p.89-114, 2010.
MAPA. Programa Nacional de Sanidade Avícola. Manual de Legislação - Programas Nacionais de Saúde Animal do brasil. Brasília: Ministério da Agricultura e Abastecimento 2009. pp.171-242. Disponível em: <http://www3.servicos.ms.gov.br/iagro_ged/pdf/1766_GED.pdf>, acessado em 22/20/2013.
MARIETTO-GONÇALVES, G.A.; LIMA, E.T.; ANDREATTI-FILHO, R.L. Doenças respiratórios em aves atendidas no Laboratório de Ornitopatologia da FMVZ-UNESP/Botucatu-SP, Brasil, nos anos de 2005 a 2006. Archives of Veterinary Science, v.13, p.40-45, 2008.
MARIETTO-GONÇALVES, G.A.; ALMEIDA, S.M.; LIMA, E.T.; OKAMOTO, A.S.; PINCZWOSKI, P.; ANDREATTI-FILHO, R.L. Isolation of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in Blue-fronted amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva). Avian Diseases, v.54, p.151-155, 2010.
MENÃO, M.C.; BOTTINO, J.A.; BIASIA, I.; FERREIRA, C.S.A.; CALDERANO, F.F.; TAVECHIO, A.L.; FERNANDES, S.; FERREIRA, A.J.P. Infecção por Salmonella Typhimurium em Arara Azul (Anodorynchus hyacinthinus). Arquivos do Instituto Biológico, v.67, p.43-47, 2000.
MIKAELIAN, I.; DUBEY, J.P.; MARTINEAU, D. Severe hepatitis resulting from toxoplasmosis in a Barred owl (Strix varia) from Quebec, Canada. Avian Diseases, v.41, p.738-740, 1997.
MORISHITA, T.Y.; PYONE, P.A.; BROOKS, D.L. A survey of diseases of raptorial birds. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, v.11, p.77-92, 1997.
ORÓS, J.; RODRÍGUEZ, J.L.; FERNÁNDEZ, A.; HERRÁEZ, P.; ESPINOSA DE LOS MONTEROS, A.; JACOBSON, E.R. Simultaneous occurrence of Salmonella arizonae in a Sulfur crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita galerita) and Iguanas. Avian Diseases, v.42, p.818-823, 1998.
OROSZ, S.E.; CHENGAPPA, M.M.; OYSTER, R.A.; MORRIS, P.J.; TROCK, S.; ALTEKRUSE, S. Salmonella enteritidis infection in two species of psittaciformes. Avian Diseases, v.36, p.766-769, 1992.
POELMA, F.G.; ZWART, P. Toxoplasmose bij kroonduiven en andere vogels in de Koninklijke Rotterdamse Diergaarde (Blijdorp). Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia, v.55, p.29-40, 1972.
POVEDA, J.B.J.; GIEBEL, J.; FLOSDORFF, J.; MEIER, J.; KIRCHHOFF, H. M buteonis sp. nov., M falconis sp. nov., and M gypis sp. nov. Three species from birds of prey. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, v.44, p.94-98, 1994.
RECHE, M.P.; JIMÉNES, P.A.; ALVAREZ, F.; GARCÍA DE LOS RIOS, J.E.; ROJAS, A.M.; PEDRO, P. Incidence of Salmonella in captive and wild free-living raptorial birds in central Spain. Journal of Medicine Veterinary - Series B, v.50, p.42-44, 2003.
SAWA, H.; HIRAI, K.; KINJO, T.; SHIBATA, I.; SHIMAKURA, S. Salmonella typhimurium infection in imported passerine and psittacine birds. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi, v.43, p.967-969, 1981.
SILVA, F.W.S.; ALVES, N.D.; AMÓRA, S.S.A.; TEIXEIRA, F.H.V.; ACCIOLY, M.P.; CARVALHO, C.G.; NÓBREGA, R.M.; FILGUEIRA, K.D.; FEIJÓ, F.M.C. Toxoplasmose: uma revisão. Ciência Animal, v. 16, p.71-77, 2006.
SMITH, W.A.; MAZET, J.A.; HIRSH, D.C. Salmonella in California wildlife species: prevalence in rehabilitation centers and characterization of isolates. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v.33, p.228-235, 2002.
TINDALL, B.J.; GRIMONT, P.A.D.; GARRITY, G.M.; EUZÉBY, J.P. Nomenclature and taxonomy of the genus Salmonella International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, v.55, p.521-524, 2005.
SZABO, K.A.; MENSE, M.G.; LIPSCOMB, T.P.; FELIX, K.J.; DUBEY, J.P. Fatal toxoplasmosis in a Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Journal of Parasitology, v.90, p.907-908, 2004.
ZIEDLER, K.; HLINAK, A.; RAETZ, G.; WERNER, O.; EBNERE, D. Untersuchungen zum antikorperstatus von Wild- und Zoovogeln gegen ausqewahlte Nutztier-relevante Erreger. Journal of Veterinary Medicine - Series B, v.42, p.321-330, 1995.
WARD, M. P., RAMER, J. C., PROUDFOOT, J., GARNER, M. M., JUAN-SALLÉS, C.; WU, C. C. Outbreak of salmonellosis in a zoologic collection of lorikeets and lories (Trichoglossus, Lorius, and Eos spp.). Avian Diseases, v.47, p.493-498, 2003.
WE JÚNIOR, P.; HATKIN, M. Isolation of Salmonella houtenae from a cockateel. Avian Diseases, v.22, p.350-353, 1978.
WERNERY, U.; WERNERY, A.; ZACHARIAH, R; KINNE, J. Salmonellosis in relation to chlamydiosis and pox and Salmonella infections in captive falcons in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Veterinary Medicine - Series B, v.45, p.577-583, 1998.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
13 Jan 2014
Data do Fascículo
Dez 2013

Histórico

Recebido
15 Dez 2011
Aceito
09 Set 2013

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] ADLER, H.E. Isolation of a pleuropneumonia-like organism from the air sac a parakeet. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v.130, p.408-409, 1957.

[2] ALLGAYER, M.C.; OLIVEIRA, S.J.; MOTTIN, V.D.; LOIKO, M.R.; ABILLEIRA, F.; GUEDES, N.M.R.; PASSOS, D.T.; WEIMER, T.A. Isolamento de Salmonella Braenderup em Arara-azul (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus). Ciência Rural, v.39, p.2542-2545, 2009.

[3] AUBERT, D., TERRIER, M. E., DUMÈTRE, A., BARRAT, J., VILLENA, I. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in raptors from France. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v.44, p.172-173, 2008.

[4] BOZEMAN, L.H.; KLEVEN, S.H.; DAVIS, R.B. Mycoplasma Challenge Studies in Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) and Chickens. Avian diseases, v.28, p.426-434, 1984.

[5] CATOLLI, G.; SUSTA, L.; TERREGINO, C.; BEOWN, C. Newcastle disease: a review of field recognition and current methods of laboratory detection. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, v.23, p.637-656, 2011.

[6] DESMONTS, G., REMINGTON, J.S. Direct agglutination test for diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection: method for increasing sensitivity and specificity. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.11, p.562-568, 1980.

[7] DUBEY, J.P. A review of toxoplasmosis in wild birds. Veterinary Parasitology, v.106, p.121-153, 2002.

[8] EHRSAM, H. Acute pullorum disease in hawk-headed parrots (Deroptyus accipitrinus fuscifrons). Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, v.127, p.397-400, 1985.

[9] ELMORE, S.A.; JONES, J.L.; CONRAD, P.A.; PATTON, S.; LINDSAY, S.; DUBEY, J.P. Toxoplasma gondii: epidemiology, feline clinical aspects, and prevention. Trends in Parasitology, v. 26, p.190-196, 2010.

[10] FRANZO, V.S. Ocorrência da doença de Newcastle no Brasil e no mundo. Revista de Ciências Veterinárias, v. 5, n.5, p.81-85, 2007.

[11] GASKIN, J.M.; JACOBSON, E.R. A Mycoplasma associated epornitic in Severe macaws (Ara severa severa). Proceedings of the American association of Zoo Veterinarians annual meeting, p.59-61, 1979.

[12] GOMES, A.M.; COSTA, L.L.; VILELA, D.A.R.; MARQUES, M.V.R.; CARVALHAES, A.G.; MARIN, S.Y.; COSTA, M.P.; HORTA, R.S.; RESENDE, J.S.; MARTINS, N.R.S. Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in dead captive psittacines in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola, v.12, p.75-78, 2010.

[13] HARTLEY, W.J., DUBEY, J.P. Fatal toxopalsmosis in some native Australian birds. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, v.3 p.167-169, 1991.

[14] HARTUP, B.K.; DHONDT, A.A.; SYDENSTRICKER, K.V.; HOCHACHKA, W.M.; KOLLIAS, G.V. Host range and dynamics of mycoplasmas conjunctivitis among birds in North America. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v.37, p.72-81, 2001.

[15] HOWERT, E.W.; RICH, G.; DUBEY, J.P. Fatal toxoplasmosis in a red lory (Eos bornea). Avian Diseases, v.35, p.642-646, 1991.

[16] JANG, Y.H.; LEE, S.J.; LIM, J.G.; LEE, H.S.; KIM, T.J.; PARK, J.H.; CHUMG, T.H.; CHOE, N.H. The rate of Salmonella spp. infection in zoo animals at Seoul Grand Park. Korean Journal of Veterinary Sciences, v.9, p.177-181, 2008.

[17] KIRKPATRICK, C.E.; COLVIN, B.A.; DUBEY, J.P. Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in Common barn-owls (Tyto alba) and Pigeons (Columba livia) in New Jersey. Veterinary Parasitology, v.36, p.177-180, 1990.

[18] KLEVEN, S.H.; FLETCHER, W.O. Laboratory infection of House sparrows (Passer domesticus) with Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae Avian Diseases, v.27, p.308-311, 1983.

[19] LEVISOHN, S., KLEVEN, S. H. Avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum). Revue Scientifique et Technique, v.19, p.425-442, 2000.

[20] LIERZ, M.; SCHMIDT, R.; BRUNNBERG, L.; RUNGE, M. Isolation of Mycoplasma meleagridis from free-ranging birds of prey in Germany. Journal of Medicine Veterinary - Series B, v.47, p.63-67, 2000.

[21] LINDSAY, D.S.; SMITH, P.C.; HOERR, F.J.; BLAGBURN, B.L. Prevalence of encysted Toxoplasma gondii in raptors from Alabama. Journal of Parasitology, v.79, p.870-873, 1993.

[22] LOMNICZI, B.; WEHMANN, E.; HERCZEG, J.; BALLAGI-PORDANY, A.; KALETA, E.F.; WERNER, O.; MEULEMANS, G.; JORGENSESN, P.H.; MANTE, A.P., GIELKENS, A.L.; CAPUA, I.; DAMOSER, J. Newcastle disease outbreaks in recent years in western Europe were caused by an old (VI) and a novel genotype (VII). Archives of Virology, v.143, p.49-64, 1998.

[23] LUTFUL KABIR, S.M. Avian Colibacillosis and Salmonellosis: A Closer Look at Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Control and Public Health Concerns. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v.7, p.89-114, 2010.

[24] MAPA. Programa Nacional de Sanidade Avícola. Manual de Legislação - Programas Nacionais de Saúde Animal do brasil. Brasília: Ministério da Agricultura e Abastecimento 2009. pp.171-242. Disponível em: <http://www3.servicos.ms.gov.br/iagro_ged/pdf/1766_GED.pdf>, acessado em 22/20/2013.

[25] MARIETTO-GONÇALVES, G.A.; LIMA, E.T.; ANDREATTI-FILHO, R.L. Doenças respiratórios em aves atendidas no Laboratório de Ornitopatologia da FMVZ-UNESP/Botucatu-SP, Brasil, nos anos de 2005 a 2006. Archives of Veterinary Science, v.13, p.40-45, 2008.

[26] MARIETTO-GONÇALVES, G.A.; ALMEIDA, S.M.; LIMA, E.T.; OKAMOTO, A.S.; PINCZWOSKI, P.; ANDREATTI-FILHO, R.L. Isolation of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in Blue-fronted amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva). Avian Diseases, v.54, p.151-155, 2010.

[27] MENÃO, M.C.; BOTTINO, J.A.; BIASIA, I.; FERREIRA, C.S.A.; CALDERANO, F.F.; TAVECHIO, A.L.; FERNANDES, S.; FERREIRA, A.J.P. Infecção por Salmonella Typhimurium em Arara Azul (Anodorynchus hyacinthinus). Arquivos do Instituto Biológico, v.67, p.43-47, 2000.

[28] MIKAELIAN, I.; DUBEY, J.P.; MARTINEAU, D. Severe hepatitis resulting from toxoplasmosis in a Barred owl (Strix varia) from Quebec, Canada. Avian Diseases, v.41, p.738-740, 1997.

[29] MORISHITA, T.Y.; PYONE, P.A.; BROOKS, D.L. A survey of diseases of raptorial birds. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, v.11, p.77-92, 1997.

[30] ORÓS, J.; RODRÍGUEZ, J.L.; FERNÁNDEZ, A.; HERRÁEZ, P.; ESPINOSA DE LOS MONTEROS, A.; JACOBSON, E.R. Simultaneous occurrence of Salmonella arizonae in a Sulfur crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita galerita) and Iguanas. Avian Diseases, v.42, p.818-823, 1998.

[31] OROSZ, S.E.; CHENGAPPA, M.M.; OYSTER, R.A.; MORRIS, P.J.; TROCK, S.; ALTEKRUSE, S. Salmonella enteritidis infection in two species of psittaciformes. Avian Diseases, v.36, p.766-769, 1992.

[32] POELMA, F.G.; ZWART, P. Toxoplasmose bij kroonduiven en andere vogels in de Koninklijke Rotterdamse Diergaarde (Blijdorp). Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia, v.55, p.29-40, 1972.

[33] POVEDA, J.B.J.; GIEBEL, J.; FLOSDORFF, J.; MEIER, J.; KIRCHHOFF, H. M buteonis sp. nov., M falconis sp. nov., and M gypis sp. nov. Three species from birds of prey. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, v.44, p.94-98, 1994.

[34] RECHE, M.P.; JIMÉNES, P.A.; ALVAREZ, F.; GARCÍA DE LOS RIOS, J.E.; ROJAS, A.M.; PEDRO, P. Incidence of Salmonella in captive and wild free-living raptorial birds in central Spain. Journal of Medicine Veterinary - Series B, v.50, p.42-44, 2003.

[35] SAWA, H.; HIRAI, K.; KINJO, T.; SHIBATA, I.; SHIMAKURA, S. Salmonella typhimurium infection in imported passerine and psittacine birds. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi, v.43, p.967-969, 1981.

[36] SILVA, F.W.S.; ALVES, N.D.; AMÓRA, S.S.A.; TEIXEIRA, F.H.V.; ACCIOLY, M.P.; CARVALHO, C.G.; NÓBREGA, R.M.; FILGUEIRA, K.D.; FEIJÓ, F.M.C. Toxoplasmose: uma revisão. Ciência Animal, v. 16, p.71-77, 2006.

[37] SMITH, W.A.; MAZET, J.A.; HIRSH, D.C. Salmonella in California wildlife species: prevalence in rehabilitation centers and characterization of isolates. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v.33, p.228-235, 2002.

[38] TINDALL, B.J.; GRIMONT, P.A.D.; GARRITY, G.M.; EUZÉBY, J.P. Nomenclature and taxonomy of the genus Salmonella International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, v.55, p.521-524, 2005.

[39] SZABO, K.A.; MENSE, M.G.; LIPSCOMB, T.P.; FELIX, K.J.; DUBEY, J.P. Fatal toxoplasmosis in a Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Journal of Parasitology, v.90, p.907-908, 2004.

[40] ZIEDLER, K.; HLINAK, A.; RAETZ, G.; WERNER, O.; EBNERE, D. Untersuchungen zum antikorperstatus von Wild- und Zoovogeln gegen ausqewahlte Nutztier-relevante Erreger. Journal of Veterinary Medicine - Series B, v.42, p.321-330, 1995.

[41] WARD, M. P., RAMER, J. C., PROUDFOOT, J., GARNER, M. M., JUAN-SALLÉS, C.; WU, C. C. Outbreak of salmonellosis in a zoologic collection of lorikeets and lories (Trichoglossus, Lorius, and Eos spp.). Avian Diseases, v.47, p.493-498, 2003.

[42] WE JÚNIOR, P.; HATKIN, M. Isolation of Salmonella houtenae from a cockateel. Avian Diseases, v.22, p.350-353, 1978.

[43] WERNERY, U.; WERNERY, A.; ZACHARIAH, R; KINNE, J. Salmonellosis in relation to chlamydiosis and pox and Salmonella infections in captive falcons in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Veterinary Medicine - Series B, v.45, p.577-583, 1998.

Brasil

Brasil

Avaliação sorológica de Parainfluenzavirus Tipo 1, Salmonella spp., Mycoplasma spp. e Toxoplasma gondii em aves silvestres

Serological evaluation of Parainfluenzavirus Type 1, Salmonella spp., Mycoplasma spp., And Toxoplasma gondii in wild birds

Resumos

Datas de Publicação

Histórico