Cognitive output of a neuropsychological stimulation program in an elderly day care center with low educated participants: An observational study

Nunes, Maria Vânia Silva; Pinho, Ana Almeida; Campos, Helena Mauricio; Abreu, Paula; Gonçalves, Isabel Pinto; Caldas, Alexandre Castro

doi:10.1590/S1980-57642014DN82000012

ABSTRACT

Objective:

In the present paper we present an observational study of the implementation of a Neuropsychological Stimulation Program at an Elderly Day Care Center in low-educated participants with very similar backgrounds concerning social economic status.

Methods:

The implemented program tackled several dimensions, including daily orientation sessions, cognitive stimulation sessions twice a week, followed by movement sessions, and structured sessions conducted every two weeks. Cognitive Evaluation was performed before and after implementation of the program.

Results:

Results are discussed taking into consideration cognitive outputs as well as non-cognitive outputs and the specificities of community-based intervention.

Conclusion:

It was concluded that community-based intervention is set to become vital in promoting dementia prevention.

Key words
elderly; low education; community; neuropsychological stimulation; dementia

RESUMO

Objetivo:

No presente artigo, apresentamos um estudo observacional sobre a implementação de um Programa de Estimulação Neuropsicológica em um Centro Dia para idosos, envolvendo idosos de baixa escolaridade com perfil socioeconômico homogêneo.

Métodos:

O programa implementado abordou várias dimensões, incluindo sessões diárias de orientação, sessões de estimulação cognitiva duas vezes por semana, seguidas de sessões de atividade motora, e sessões estruturadas que foram conduzidas a cada duas semanas. A avaliação cognitiva foi conduzida antes e depois da implementação do programa.

Resultados:

Os resultados são discutidos levando em consideração desfechos cognitivos e não-cognitivos e as especificidades da intervenção de base comunitária.

Conclusão:

Concluiu-se que a intervenção com base na comunidade será vital para a prevenção das demências.

Palavras-chave
idoso baixa educação; comunidade; estimulação neuropsicológica; demência

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Full text available only in PDF format.

REFERENCES

¹
Valente Rosa MJ. O Envelhecimento da Sociedade Portuguesa. Ed. Ensaios da Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos; 2012.
²
Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos- Base de dados Portugal Contemporâneo (PORDATA) www.pordata.pt/
» www.pordata.pt/
³
Direcção Geral de Saúde (2012), National Health Plan 2012-2106 (http://pns.dgs.pt/nhp-in-english/)
» http://pns.dgs.pt/nhp-in-english/
⁴
UNESCO, 2º Global Report on Adult Learning and Education: Rethinking Literacy, Hamburg, UIL.
⁵
Bonfim C, Saraiva M. Centro de Dia: Condições de Instalação e Funcionamento. Guiões Técnicos nº8 1996. Ed. Direcção Geral da Acção Social, Núcleo de Documentação Técnica e Divulgação.
⁶
Nogueira JA, Gonçalves J (editores). Dependência: o apoio informal, a rede de serviços e equipamentos e os cuidados continuados Integrados. PORTUGAL. Ed. GEP-CID , Ministério do Trabalho e da Solidariedade Social. Gabinete de Estratégia e Planejamento; 2009.
⁷
Ardilla A. A Note of Caution: Normative Neuropsychological Test Performance: Effects of Age, Education, Gender and Ethnicity: A Comment on Saykin et al. (1995). Appl Neuropsychol 1998;5:51-53.
⁸
Ardilla A, Ostroky-Solis F, Rosseli M, Gómez C. Age-Related Cognitive Decline During Normal Aging: The Complex Effect of Education in. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2000;15:495-513.
⁹
Salthouse T. Theoretical Perspectives on Cognitive aging. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.; 1991.
¹⁰
Stern Y. Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 2012;11:1006-1012.
¹¹
Stern Y. What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. J Int Neuropsychol Assoc 2002;8:448-460.
¹²
Stern Y. Cognitive Reserve: reviews and Perspectives. Neuropsychologia 2009;47:2015-2028.
¹³
Nithianantharajah J, Hannan A. The neurobiology of brain and cognitive reserve: Mental and physical activity as modulators of brain disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2009;89:369-382.
¹⁴
Zahodne L, Glymour M, Sparks C, et al. Education Does Not Slow Cognitive Decline with Aging:12 Year Evidence from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2011;17:1-8.
¹⁵
Kramer AF, Bherer L, Colcombe SJ, Dong W, Greenough WT. Environmental Influences on Cognitive and Brain Plasticity During Aging. J Gerontol Med Sci 2004;59:940-957.
¹⁶
Ardilla A. Normal Aging increases Cognitive Heterogeneity. Analysis of Dispersion in WAIS-III Scores Across Age. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2007;22:1003-1011.
¹⁷
Lachman M, Agrigororaei S, Murphy C, Tun PA. Frequent Cognitive Activity Compensates for Education Differences in Episodic Memory. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010;18:4-10.
¹⁸
Vieira A. Esta Lisboa, Lisboa., Editorial Caminho; 1997.
¹⁹
Wilson B. Towards a comprehensive Model of Cognitive Rehabilitation. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2002;12:97-110.
²⁰
Orrell M, Spector A, Thorgrimsen L, Woods B. A pilot study examining the effectiveness of maintenance Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (MCST) for people with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005;20:446-451.
²¹
Clare L, Woods RT. Cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation for people with early-stage Alzheimer's disease: a review. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2004;14:385-401.
²²
Woods B, Aguirre E, Spector A, Orrell M. Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;15:CD005562.
²³
Guerreiro M, Silva AP, Botelho M, Leitão O, Castro-Caldas A, Garcia C. Adaptação à população portuguesa da tradução do Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Rev Portug Neurol 1994;1:9-10.
²⁴
Yishay B, Daniels-Zide. Examined Lives: Outcomes After Holistic Rehabilitation. Rehabil Psychol 2000;45:112-129.
²⁵
Dixon R. Concepts and mechanisms of gains in cognitive aging. In: Park D & Schawrz N. Cognitive Aging: A primer. Philadelphia: Psychology Press; 2000.
²⁶
Leibovici D, Ritchie K, Ledésert B, Touchon J. Does Education Level Determine the course of Cognitive Decline? Age Ageing 1996;25:392-397.
²⁷
Morris MC, Evans DA, Herebert LE, BIenias JL. Methodological issues in the study of cognitive decline. Am J Epidemiol 1999;149:789-793.
²⁸
Fratiglioni L, Paillard-Borg S, Winblad B. An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia. Lancet Neurol 2004;3:343-353.
²⁹
Le Carret N, Lafont S, Letenneur L, Dartigues JF, Mayo W, Fabrigoule C. The Effect of Education on Cognitive Performances and Its Implication for the Constitution of the Cognitive Reserve. Develop Neuropsychol 2003;23:317-337.
³⁰
Scarmeas N, Stern Y. Cognitive Reserve and Lifestyle. Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2003;25:625-633.
³¹
Richards M, Hardy R, Wadsworth MEJ. Does Active Leisure protect cognition? Evidence from a national birth cohort. Soc Sci Med 2003; 56:785-792.
³²
Von Humbolt S, Leal I. Person-Centered Therapy and Older Adults' Self-Esteem: A Pilot Study with Follow- up. Studies in Sociology of Science 2012;3:1-10.
³³
Bosma H, van Boxtel MP, Ponds RW, et al. Engaged lifestyle and cognitive function in middle and old-aged, non-demented persons: a reciprocal association. Z Gerontol Geriat 2002;35:575-581.
³⁴
Prince M, Bryce R, Albanese E, Wimo A, Ribeiro W, Ferri CP. The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimers Dement 2013;9:63-75.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
Apr-Jun 2014

History

Received
20 Feb 2014
Accepted
28 Apr 2014

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

[1] ¹
Valente Rosa MJ. O Envelhecimento da Sociedade Portuguesa. Ed. Ensaios da Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos; 2012.

[2] ²
Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos- Base de dados Portugal Contemporâneo (PORDATA) www.pordata.pt/
» www.pordata.pt/

[3] ³
Direcção Geral de Saúde (2012), National Health Plan 2012-2106 (http://pns.dgs.pt/nhp-in-english/)
» http://pns.dgs.pt/nhp-in-english/

[4] ⁴
UNESCO, 2º Global Report on Adult Learning and Education: Rethinking Literacy, Hamburg, UIL.

[5] ⁵
Bonfim C, Saraiva M. Centro de Dia: Condições de Instalação e Funcionamento. Guiões Técnicos nº8 1996. Ed. Direcção Geral da Acção Social, Núcleo de Documentação Técnica e Divulgação.

[6] ⁶
Nogueira JA, Gonçalves J (editores). Dependência: o apoio informal, a rede de serviços e equipamentos e os cuidados continuados Integrados. PORTUGAL. Ed. GEP-CID , Ministério do Trabalho e da Solidariedade Social. Gabinete de Estratégia e Planejamento; 2009.

[7] ⁷
Ardilla A. A Note of Caution: Normative Neuropsychological Test Performance: Effects of Age, Education, Gender and Ethnicity: A Comment on Saykin et al. (1995). Appl Neuropsychol 1998;5:51-53.

[8] ⁸
Ardilla A, Ostroky-Solis F, Rosseli M, Gómez C. Age-Related Cognitive Decline During Normal Aging: The Complex Effect of Education in. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2000;15:495-513.

[9] ⁹
Salthouse T. Theoretical Perspectives on Cognitive aging. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.; 1991.

[10] ¹⁰
Stern Y. Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 2012;11:1006-1012.

[11] ¹¹
Stern Y. What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. J Int Neuropsychol Assoc 2002;8:448-460.

[12] ¹²
Stern Y. Cognitive Reserve: reviews and Perspectives. Neuropsychologia 2009;47:2015-2028.

[13] ¹³
Nithianantharajah J, Hannan A. The neurobiology of brain and cognitive reserve: Mental and physical activity as modulators of brain disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2009;89:369-382.

[14] ¹⁴
Zahodne L, Glymour M, Sparks C, et al. Education Does Not Slow Cognitive Decline with Aging:12 Year Evidence from the Victoria Longitudinal Study. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2011;17:1-8.

[15] ¹⁵
Kramer AF, Bherer L, Colcombe SJ, Dong W, Greenough WT. Environmental Influences on Cognitive and Brain Plasticity During Aging. J Gerontol Med Sci 2004;59:940-957.

[16] ¹⁶
Ardilla A. Normal Aging increases Cognitive Heterogeneity. Analysis of Dispersion in WAIS-III Scores Across Age. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2007;22:1003-1011.

[17] ¹⁷
Lachman M, Agrigororaei S, Murphy C, Tun PA. Frequent Cognitive Activity Compensates for Education Differences in Episodic Memory. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010;18:4-10.

[18] ¹⁸
Vieira A. Esta Lisboa, Lisboa., Editorial Caminho; 1997.

[19] ¹⁹
Wilson B. Towards a comprehensive Model of Cognitive Rehabilitation. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2002;12:97-110.

[20] ²⁰
Orrell M, Spector A, Thorgrimsen L, Woods B. A pilot study examining the effectiveness of maintenance Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (MCST) for people with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005;20:446-451.

[21] ²¹
Clare L, Woods RT. Cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation for people with early-stage Alzheimer's disease: a review. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2004;14:385-401.

[22] ²²
Woods B, Aguirre E, Spector A, Orrell M. Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;15:CD005562.

[23] ²³
Guerreiro M, Silva AP, Botelho M, Leitão O, Castro-Caldas A, Garcia C. Adaptação à população portuguesa da tradução do Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Rev Portug Neurol 1994;1:9-10.

[24] ²⁴
Yishay B, Daniels-Zide. Examined Lives: Outcomes After Holistic Rehabilitation. Rehabil Psychol 2000;45:112-129.

[25] ²⁵
Dixon R. Concepts and mechanisms of gains in cognitive aging. In: Park D & Schawrz N. Cognitive Aging: A primer. Philadelphia: Psychology Press; 2000.

[26] ²⁶
Leibovici D, Ritchie K, Ledésert B, Touchon J. Does Education Level Determine the course of Cognitive Decline? Age Ageing 1996;25:392-397.

[27] ²⁷
Morris MC, Evans DA, Herebert LE, BIenias JL. Methodological issues in the study of cognitive decline. Am J Epidemiol 1999;149:789-793.

[28] ²⁸
Fratiglioni L, Paillard-Borg S, Winblad B. An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia. Lancet Neurol 2004;3:343-353.

[29] ²⁹
Le Carret N, Lafont S, Letenneur L, Dartigues JF, Mayo W, Fabrigoule C. The Effect of Education on Cognitive Performances and Its Implication for the Constitution of the Cognitive Reserve. Develop Neuropsychol 2003;23:317-337.

[30] ³⁰
Scarmeas N, Stern Y. Cognitive Reserve and Lifestyle. Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2003;25:625-633.

[31] ³¹
Richards M, Hardy R, Wadsworth MEJ. Does Active Leisure protect cognition? Evidence from a national birth cohort. Soc Sci Med 2003; 56:785-792.

[32] ³²
Von Humbolt S, Leal I. Person-Centered Therapy and Older Adults' Self-Esteem: A Pilot Study with Follow- up. Studies in Sociology of Science 2012;3:1-10.

[33] ³³
Bosma H, van Boxtel MP, Ponds RW, et al. Engaged lifestyle and cognitive function in middle and old-aged, non-demented persons: a reciprocal association. Z Gerontol Geriat 2002;35:575-581.

[34] ³⁴
Prince M, Bryce R, Albanese E, Wimo A, Ribeiro W, Ferri CP. The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimers Dement 2013;9:63-75.

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