Physicochemical and sensory characterization of three different portions from commercial pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) fillets

Caracterização físico-química e sensorial de três diferentes porções de filés comerciais de pirarucu ( Arapaima gigas)

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to investigate the relevant physicochemical and sensory parameters of three different Arapaima gigas muscle portions. Cranial, medial and caudal portions were analysed regarding their proximate compositions, instrumental colour and texture parameters, and sensory evaluations. The medial and caudal portions exhibited the greatest (P < 0.05) lipid contents and energy values and the lowest (P < 0.05) moisture and carbohydrate levels. The protein contents were similar (P > 0.05) for the different muscle portions. Before cooking, the medial and caudal portions displayed the greatest (P < 0.05) values for lightness, redness, hardness and chewiness. After cooking, no differences ( P > 0.05) were observed between the different muscle portions for the instrumental colour parameters, while the medial portion exhibited lower (P < 0.05) values for hardness and chewiness as compared to the caudal portion. The cranial portion received the lowest (P < 0.05) scores for flavour and overall liking. Thus the Arapaima gigas medial and caudal muscle portions presented the greatest potentials to satisfy the consumer requirements.

Keywords:
Freshwater fish; Proximate composition; Instrumental analyses; Colour; Texture; Acceptability

Resumo

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar relevantes parâmetros físico-químicos e sensoriais de três diferentes porções musculares da espécie Arapaima gigas. Porções cranial, medial e caudal foram analisadas em relação a composição centesimal, parâmetros instrumentais de cor e textura e atributos sensoriais. As porções medial e caudal apresentaram o maior conteúdo de lipídeos e valor energético (P < 0,05); no entanto, os menores teores de umidade e carboidrato ( P < 0,05). O conteúdo de proteína foi similar ( P > 0,05) entre as diferentes porções musculares. Antes do cozimento, as porções medial e caudal demonstraram os maiores valores de L* , a*, dureza e mastigabilidade (P < 0,05). Após o cozimento, não se observou diferença (P > 0,05) nos parâmetros instrumentais de cor entre as diferentes porções musculares. A porção medial apresentou menor dureza e mastigabilidade ( P < 0,05), quando comparada à porção caudal. A porção cranial apresentou o menor escore de sabor e impressão global (P < 0,05). Portanto, as porções musculares medial e caudal de Arapaima gigas demonstraram potencial superior para satisfazer as exigências dos consumidores.

Palavras-chave:
Peixe dulcícola; Composição centesimal; Análises instrumentais; Cor; Textura; Aceitabilidade

1 Introduction

The global demand for fresh and chilled fish has increased in recent years ( FAO, 2016 ). Amongst freshwater fish species, the pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) has received great attention due to its high weight gain and carcass yield, representing an excellent potential for global aquaculture production. However, the high carcass yield generates a large fillet, diverging from current consumer patterns and impairing retail displays. Nevertheless, Arapaima gigas presents adequate sensorial qualities ( FOGAÇA et al., 2011 ).

Amongst the determinant sensory parameters for food acceptance, colour and texture are the most important ( COPPES et al., 2002 ; FAUSTMAN et al., 2010 ; MANCINI; HUNT, 2005 ), indicating freshness and wholesomeness, with a significant effect on product acceptability and consumer purchase decisions ( RINCÓN et al., 2016 ).

Both the colour and texture properties can be evaluated more accurately by instrumental methods ( BREWER et al., 2001 ; VÁCHA et al., 2013 ). The texture profile analysis (TPA) is determined by a force-time curve resulting from compression forces, simulating mouth biting and chewing, presenting adequate correlations with sensory evaluations ( CARDOSO et al., 2009 ; XIONG et al., 2006 ). The instrumental colour analysis can be carried out by colorimetric or spectrophotometric techniques, which are based on the capture of light reflected from the sample surface by a detector, which is interpreted by a microprocessor, simulating the interaction between eye and brain with respect to colour perception ( AMSA, 2012 ). Both instrumental colour and texture methods are simple and useful techniques to determine product quality, and are usually evaluated in association with sensory assays ( CARDOSO et al., 2009 ; LIU et al., 2003 ).

The sensory attributes, instrumental colour and texture parameters of fish species are well documented in the literature ( CHEN et al., 2015 ; KULAWIK et al., 2016 ; MOLINA et al., 2014 ; RINCÓN et al., 2016 ). However, no such studies are available for these parameters in pirarucu fillets. Therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate the relevant physicochemical and sensory parameters of three different pirarucu muscle portions (cranial, medial and caudal), in order to add value to these products as a strategic alternative to meet consumer demands for the commercialization of pirarucu.

2 Material and methods

2.1 Experimental design and sample preparation

A. gigas fillets (2.72 kg ± 0.46 g in weight and 70.7 cm ± 7.07 cm in length) were obtained from a fishery located in Bonfinópolis, Goiás, Brazil (16°36’52.2” S 048°59’58.1” W). The fish were randomly selected from the same batch at a fish farm in São Luis de Montes Belos, Goiás, Brazil (16°31’37.6” S 050°24’28.5” W), slaughtered, and transported on ice (0 ± 1 °C) to the fishery, where the heads, viscera and fillets were removed. The fillets were then frozen (-20 °C), packed in a polystyrene box containing ice (0 ± 1 °C), and transported to the laboratory, where the samples were thawed overnight (4 ± 1 °C), weighed, measured and divided into three equal portions based on the total length, as follows: cranial, medial and caudal. Each muscle portion measured 23.5 ± 2.33 cm and weighed 970 g ± 0.03 g, 990 g ± 0.01 g and 760 g ± 0.47 g, respectively. The different muscle portions were analysed for their proximate compositions, instrumental colour parameters (L* , a* and b* values), instrumental texture attributes (hardness, chewiness, springiness and cohesiveness), acceptance test and purchase intention.

Prior to the analyses, each muscle portion was recut into cubic samples (2 × 2 × 2 cm), which were randomly selected to determine the proximate composition, L* , a* and b* values, hardness, chewiness, springiness and cohesiveness. The remainder of each muscle portion was then steamed until the internal product temperature reached 72 °C, and maintained there for 1 min, according to FDA specifications for fish and fishery products, based on the effective reduction of Listeria monocytogenes ( FDA, 2011 ). In addition, temperatures above 70 °C are considered safe for the human consumption of fish and fish products (LATIMER JUNIOR, 2012). After cooking, the different muscle portions were recut as aforementioned and randomly distributed for the sensory evaluation and the instrumental colour and texture analyses.

The whole experiment was repeated twice (n = 2) and the analyses were carried out in triplicate, except for the L*, a* and b* values, which were measured in sextuplicate.

2.2 Proximate composition

The moisture, protein, lipid and ash contents were determined according to Latimer Junior (2012). The total carbohydrate levels and energy values were calculated using the formula proposed by Merrill and Watt (1973) .

2.3 Instrumental colour evaluation

The instrumental colour parameters were determined for both the raw and cooked muscle portions, following the same procedure. CIE L* (lightness), a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values were measured on both surfaces (one measurement on each side) of three cubic samples per muscle portion, using a Minolta CM-600D Spectrophotometer (Minolta Camera Co., Osaka, Japan) with illuminant A, 8 mm aperture and 10° observer at 25 °C ( AMSA, 2012 ).

2.4 Instrumental texture evaluation

Hardness, chewiness, springiness and cohesiveness were measured using a TA.XT plus texture analyser (Stable Micro System, Surrey, UK) and analysed by the Texture Expert software package for Windows (R, Stable Micro System). Three cubic samples of each muscle portion were placed into the sample container and analysed with a P/36 probe. The test was carried out following the conditions proposed by Sun et al. (2015) .

2.5 Sensory consumer testing

One hundred and twenty-four participants (44 men and 80 women) ranging from 19 to 64 years old with a mean age of 41.5 ± 31.8 were randomly recruited. The sensory analyses were carried out in individual booths following a monadic sequential order and using a balanced block design. All participants provided a written informed consent before taking part, thus conforming with that established and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee (45484315.0.0000.5243). The cooked samples (2 × 2 × 2 cm each) from each muscle portion (cranial, medial and caudal) were served at 25 °C on white plastic plates, coded with random 3 digit codes. Cream crackers without salt and filtered water at room temperature (23 °C to 25 °C) were used to cleanse the palate between samples. The participants evaluated the appearance, colour, aroma, flavour, texture and overall liking using a nine-point hedonic scale (1- disliked extremely to 9- liked extremely) ( DORNELLES et al., 2009 ; STONE; SIDEL, 1998 ). In addition, the participants also indicated their purchase intention with a five-point scale, ranging from 1 = would certainly not buy to 5 = would certainly buy.

2.6 Statistical analyses

The differences between the means obtained for the physicochemical and sensory parameters of the different muscle portions (cranial, medial and caudal) were detected by a one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test. Pearson’s correlation was applied to evaluate potential correlations between the proximate composition, sensory evaluation and instrumental colour and texture data of the cooked samples. In addition, a partial least squares regression (PLSR) was carried out to verify whether the determinant parameters contributed positively or negatively to the overall liking of the different muscle portions. All statistical analyses were carried out at a 95% confidence level using the XLSTAT software (Addinsoft, Paris, France).

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Proximate composition

The cranial portion displayed higher (P < 0.05) moisture and carbohydrate levels, but lower (P < 0.05) lipid content and energy values than the other muscle portions ( Table 1 ). Regarding the moisture, carbohydrate, lipid and energy values, no differences ( P > 0.05) were observed between the medial and caudal portions. The cranial portion showed a higher (P < 0.05) ash content than the medial portion, followed by the caudal portion, with no differences (P > 0.05) observed between the protein levels of the different muscle portions. The great variability of the proximate composition of pirarucu fish flesh is well known, due to factors such as seasonal conditions, diet, age, sex and habitat ( MARTINS et al., 2015 ). However, based on the results of the present study and on previous reports found in the literature, this variation is also detected in different body regions within the same fish ( FOGAÇA et al., 2011 ; OLIVEIRA et al., 2014 ; SHAMIM et al., 2011 ).

Table 1
Proximate compositions and energy values of three different muscle portions of Arapaima gigas.

Parameters	Muscle portions
	Cranial	Medial	Caudal
Protein (%)	16.52 ± 0.19a	16.71 ± 0.01a	16.60 ± 0.18a
Lipid (%)	2.56 ± 0.19b	5.61 ± 0.29a	5.47 ± 0.19a
Ash (%)	1.11 ± 0.03a	1.07 ± 0.01b	0.95 ± 0.02c
Moisture (%)	78.26 ± 0.20a	76.19 ± 0.33b	76.52 ± 0.20b
Carbohydrate (%)	1.55 ± 0.11a	0.42 ± 0.12b	0.46 ± 0.06b
Energy value (kcal/100g)	95.32 ± 1.1 b	119.01 ± 0.57a	117.47 ± 1.65a

• Different letters in the same line indicate significant differences (P < 0.05). Results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 2).

In general, white muscle contains glycolytic fibres (white fibres), associated with fast movements, displaying low lipid contents and oxygen demands ( LEE et al., 2010 ), whereas dark muscle comprises oxidative fibres (red fibres) related to constant slow swimming speeds, thus exhibiting high lipid contents and oxygen consumption rates ( BERNAL et al., 2010 ; FAUSTMAN et al., 2010 ). Roy et al. (2012) reported that lipid accumulation in the muscle is related to the type of fibre, where slow-twitch oxidative (red) fibres contain higher lipid contents than fast-twitch glycolytic (white) fibres. This may explain the lower lipid content observed in the cranial muscle portion, suggesting that the A. gigas medial and caudal muscle portions are composed mainly of red fibres.

Scarce data on the proximate compositions of the cranial, medial and caudal portions of Arapaima gigas are available, but the results presented herein agree with previous studies found in the literature ( FOGAÇA et al., 2011 ; OLIVEIRA et al., 2014 ). In addition, Guo et al. (2015) reported that the moisture and lipid levels are inversely related to each other, agreeing with the present findings.

3.2 Instrumental colour evaluation

Raw cranial muscle showed lower (P < 0.05) L* and a* values as compared to the medial and caudal muscle portions, and the caudal portion exhibited the highest (P < 0.05) b * values ( Table 2 ). These differences in the instrumental colour parameters may potentially be associated with the different fibre type composition of each muscle portion ( BEKHIT; FAUSTMAN, 2005 ). Oxidative fibres, red and with a greater content of monounsaturated fatty acids ( UTRERA et al., 2014 ) than glycolytic fibres, favour lipid oxidation, thereby increasing the b* values ( MASNIYOM et al., 2013 ). Therefore, it is suggested that the medial and caudal muscle portions of A. gigas are mainly constituted of red fibres. To the best of our knowledge no studies involving the instrumental colour evaluation of the cranial, medial and caudal muscle portions of this fish species are available. However, red fibres obviously present a redder colour than white fibres, and the relationship between enhanced lipid oxidation and increased b* values in fish and fish products has been described previously ( ERDMANN et al., 2017 ; HASSOUN; KAROUI, 2016 ; SÁEZ et al., 2015 ).

Table 2
Instrumental parameters of the three different muscle portions of Arapaima gigas.

Parameters	Muscle portions
	Cranial	Medial	Caudal
Raw muscle
L*	64.24 ± 1.87b	68.42 ± 3.75a	68.44 ± 4.00a
a*	3.66 ± 0.20b	5.56 ± 0.52a	6.10 ± 0.56a
b*	8.62 ± 0.66b	9.37 ± 0.93b	11.85 ± 1.13a
Cooked muscle
L*	77.39 ± 3.86a	76.80 ± 3.37a	73.51 ± 5.83a
a*	2.87 ± 0.29a	2.70 ± 0.36a	2.75 ± 0.29a
b*	12.66 ± 1.25a	13.09 ± 1.30a	13.07 ± 1.32a
Raw muscle
Hardness (N)	24242.25 ± 3027.52b	66040.60 ± 7405.37a	62563.67 ± 2859.02a
Chewiness (g × mm)	406.76 ± 29.22b	1381.40 ± 164.43a	1169.73 ± 146.90a
Cohesiveness (g)	0.48 ± 0.04a	0.43 ± 0.04a	0.47 ± 0.04a
Springiness (mm)	0.34 ± 0.02b	0.48 ± 0.03a	0.34 ± 0.01b
Cooked muscle
Hardness (N)	13855.63 ± 776.32a	8788.75 ± 536.97b	12841.94 ± 850.09a
Chewiness (g × mm)	381.47 ± 26.15b	209.40 ± 19.14c	464.17 ± 33.25a
Cohesiveness (g)	0.44 ± 0.02a	0.41 ± 0.01a	0.47 ± 0.05a
Springiness (mm)	0.76 ± 0.07a	0.70 ± 0.04a	0.80 ± 0.07a

• Different letters in the same line indicate significant differences (P < 0.05). Results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 2). L* - lightness; a* - redness; b* - yellowness; N - Newton; g - grams.

No differences (P > 0.05) were observed regarding the L* , a* and b* values of the different cooked muscle portions, possibly due to colour changes after the cooking process ( Table 2 ). Heat treatment causes protein aggregation and increases opacity, leading to decreasing optical path lengths in the fish flesh, and consequently the light introduced onto the surface presents a smaller chance of selective absorption ( LARSEN et al., 2011 ). In the present study, all the cooked samples presented greater L* and b* values, but lower a* values as compared to the raw muscle portions. Similarly, Cofrades et al. (2011) reported that the cooking process decreased redness and increased lightness and yellowness in restructured poultry meat, resulting in a whiter coloration. Monteiro et al. (2015a) also observed that the cooking procedure increased the lightness and yellowness values, while decreasing the redness of restructured tilapia steaks, in agreement with the present findings.

3.3 Instrumental texture evaluation

Raw cranial muscle presented lower (P < 0.05) hardness and chewiness as compared to the other muscle portions, whereas raw medial muscle showed the greatest ( P < 0.05) springiness ( Table 2 ). No difference (P > 0.05) was observed between the medial and caudal portions regarding hardness and chewiness, or in springiness between the cranial and caudal raw muscle portions. Cohesiveness was similar (P > 0.05) for the three different muscle portions. Muscle fibre size and number, as well as their composition and distribution, directly influence the meat texture parameters ( LISTRAT et al., 2016 ). Ayala et al. (2005) reported that small fibres lead to a firmer texture in fish, while Hatae et al. (1990) observed a negative correlation between muscle fibre size and texture. Oxidative fibres usually contain smaller fibres than glycolytic fibres ( LISTRAT et al., 2016 ), justifying the results here presented. Again, no reports regarding the instrumental texture of the cranial, medial and caudal muscle portions of fish are available, although controversial differences in this parameter between other muscle regions have been described ( CHAIJAN et al., 2010 ; RAWDKUEN et al., 2010 ). In partial agreement with the present results, Chaijan et al. (2010) observed that the dorsal portion of farmed giant catfish was harder than the ventral portion (Pangasianodon gigas). On the other hand, Rawdkuen et al. (2010) showed greater hardness for the ventral portion as compared to the dorsal muscle portion of this same species.

After the cooking procedure, the medial muscle demonstrated the lowest (P < 0.05) levels of hardness and chewiness ( Table 2 ). The caudal portion exhibited the greatest (P < 0.05) chewiness, followed by the cranial muscle portion. No difference (P > 0.05) was observed in hardness between the cranial and caudal portions, or between the different cooked muscle portions with respect to cohesiveness and springiness. There is a lack of information regarding hardness, chewiness, cohesiveness and springiness of the different cooked muscle portions of this fish species. Nevertheless, the present results can potentially be attributed to the heat treatment applied ( DUNAJSKI, 1980 ) in association with some muscle fibre characteristics such as size, amount, composition and distribution ( LISTRAT et al., 2016 ). During cooking processes above 60 °C, a condition applied in the present study, myofibrillar proteins are denatured, leading to textural changes mainly linked to meat tenderness ( DUNAJSKI, 1980 ). When compared to mammalian collagen, fish collagen is less thermally stable and more soluble, due to the presence of proline and hydroxyproline, which play an important role in protein structure ( HARRINGTON; VON HIPPEL, 1961 ). In addition, fish contain little connective tissue, and therefore fish textural properties depend predominantly on the myofibrillar protein arrangement ( DUNAJSKI, 1980 ). After heating at 72 °C, the cooked muscle portions demonstrated lower hardness and chewiness values than their raw counterparts. The same pattern was also observed by Aussanasuwannakul et al. (2012) and Monteiro et al. (2015b) .

3.4 Consumer testing evaluation

All samples were highly acceptable regarding all the attributes evaluated in the acceptance test and for purchase intention, with scores above 7.0 and 4.0, respectively ( Table 3 ). No differences (P > 0.05) were observed regarding appearance, colour, aroma and texture attributes amongst the different muscle portions. Therefore the present results indicate that the sensory colour evaluation by consumers was in agreement with the instrumental colour data of the cooked muscle portions. On the other hand, the lower ( P < 0.05) hardness and chewiness of the medial cooked muscle detected by the instrumental texture evaluation was not perceived by the consumers. Despite high correlations previously reported in the literature between the TPA and sensory evaluations ( LARSEN et al., 2011 ; SHAVIKLO; FAHIM, 2014 ), no confirmatory studies on the relationship between instrumental and sensory analysis in texture measurements of different fish muscle portions are available. The medial and caudal muscle portions received higher (P < 0.05) scores for the flavour and overall liking attributes as compared to the cranial muscle portion. The high scores awarded for the flavour and overall liking of the medial and caudal muscle portions can be attributed to the correlation between lipid content and flavour (r = 0.9750) and between flavour and overall liking (r = 0.9720) observed in the present study. This fact indicates that the higher ( P < 0.05) lipid content of the medial and caudal muscle portions strongly contributed to the high flavour scores, and consequently the greater acceptability of these muscle portions than of the cranial muscle portion. This was also observed by Tobin et al. (2013) , who noted lower acceptability scores for foods with reduced fat contents when compared to conventional fat content products, and by Vital et al. (2016) , who observed good correlation between beef flavour (r = 0.882) and overall acceptability. Reinforcing these results, the PLSR demonstrated that the sensory parameters of appearance, colour and aroma were determinants for acceptability, although flavour was the main attribute positively contributing to overall liking ( Figure 1 ). The PLSR model explained 97.7% of consumer acceptance (Y-axis) and 95.9% of the sensory and instrumental parameters (X-axis), yielding an accumulated Q² of 0.973. The nutritional, sensory and instrumental attributes were considered relevant when their respective variable importance in the projection was > 1.0 ( WOLD et al., 2001 ).

Table 3
Sensory attributes of the three different muscle portions of Arapaima gigas .

Attributes	Muscle portions
	Cranial	Medial	Caudal
Appearance	7.36 ± 1.28a	7.34 ± 1.12a	7.17 ± 1.27a
Colour	7.36 ± 1.25a	7.44 ± 1.20a	7.16 ± 1.30a
Aroma	7.36 ± 1.35a	7.36 ± 1.30a	7.04 ± 1.39a
Flavour	7.11 ± 0.77b	8.00 ± 0.79a	8.14 ± 0.78a
Texture	7.38 ± 1.44a	7.56 ± 1.27a	7.62 ± 1.29a
Overall liking	7.02 ± 0.95b	7.89 ± 0.71a	7.87 ± 0.78a
Purchase intention¥	4.08 ± 0.80a	4.10 ± 0.75a	4.05 ± 0.76a

• Different letters in the same line indicate significant differences (P < 0.05);
• ^¥
  Purchase intention was evaluated using a structured 5-point hedonic scale whereas the other attributes were evaluated using a 9-point hedonic scale.

Figure 1
Weighted regression coefficients for the sensory attributes and instrumental parameters of consumer acceptance by partial least squares regression.

The sensory texture, L* values and cohesiveness of the cooked muscle portions were detrimental for overall liking, however no difference (P > 0.05) was observed amongst the different muscle portions for these attributes. Although no difference (P > 0.05) was observed with regard to the purchase intention of the three different muscle portions, the medial and caudal muscle portions presented higher (P < 0.05) scores for flavour and overall liking. This fact may be explained by the influence of factors related to the purchase intention of foods. Despite the fact that overall liking is an important driving factor for purchase intention, the price and nutritional information also strongly contribute to consumer purchase intention ( SOLHEIM; LAWLESS, 1996 ).

4 Conclusions

Although no correlation was observed between the instrumental and sensory parameters regarding texture, based on the findings of the present study, the medial and caudal muscle portions exhibited the highest lipid contents, which was determinant for high flavour and overall liking scores. Thus the authors suggest that the medial and caudal muscle portions are value added products for pirarucu, and may represent a strategic solution to encourage the commercialization of this important fish species.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for the financial support provided by FAPERJ (grant numbers E-26/010.001954/2014, E-26/201.185/2014, E-26/110.094/2014, E-26/010.001961/2014, E-26/010.001911/2014, E-26/101.403/2014, E-26/202.305/2017, and E-26/202.306/2017); CNPq (grant numbers 311361/2013-7, 401922/2013-8, 313917/2013-2, 442102/2014-3, 441987/2014-1, and 150696/2017-5); and CAPES (grant number E-26/101.403/2014 - CAPES/FAPERJ E-45 - PAPDRJ/2013).

• Cite as: Physicochemical and sensory characterization of three different portions from commercial pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) fillets. Braz. J. Food Technol., v. 21, e2017178, 2018.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  26 July 2018
• Date of issue
  2018

History

• Received
  16 Nov 2017
• Accepted
  08 Mar 2018