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Flukicide efficacy against Fasciola hepatica of Triclabendazole and Nitroxynil in cattle of the central valley of Chile

Avaliação da eficácia de triclabendazol e nitroxinil para o tratamento da infeção por Fasciola hepatica em bovinos do Vale Central do Chile

Abstract

On a farm with permanent history of fasciolasis a study was performed aimed to know the efficacy of triclabendazole (TCBZ) and then to contrast with that of nitroxynil. Thirty-nine cattle naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica were randomly allocated into 4 experimental groups: Group 1 (control) was left untreated. Group 2 was treated with of 12 mg/kg body weight (bw) of TCBZ by oral route. Group 3 treated with 24 mg/kg bw TCBZ orally. Group 4 was treated with 10 mg/kg bw of nitroxynil subcutaneously. The anthelmintic efficacy was calculated as the percentage of reduction in faecal egg count (FEC) at 14 and 28 d post-treatment. Results indicated that there were no significant differences in the percentage of FEC reduction between control group and the groups treated with 12 or 24 mg/kg of TCBZ. On the contrary, the treatment with nitroxinyl significantly reduced the FEC and decreased the percentage of positive animals. In conclusion, Fasciola hepatica is reported for first time as resistant to TCBZ in Chile, which highlights the need of rotating drugs and assessing the efficacy of the administered drug in order to avoid the selection of resistant worms.

Keywords:
Anthelmintic; fasciolosis; liver fluke; resistance; flukicide

Resumo

Em uma fazenda com histórico de fasciolose permanente, foi realizado um estudo com o objetivo de conhecer a eficácia do triclabendazol (TCBZ) e depois contrastar com o do nitroxinil. Trinta e nove bovinos naturalmente infectados com Fasciola hepatica foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos experimentais: Grupo 1 (controle), sem tratamento. O grupo 2 foi tratado com 12 mg/kg de peso vivo (PV) do TCBZ por via oral (VO). Grupo 3 tratado com 24 mg/kg de PV TCBZ por VO. O grupo 4 foi tratado com 10 mg /kg de PV Nitroxinil via subcutânea. A eficácia anti-helmíntica foi calculada comparando a percentagem de redução na contagem de ovos fecais (FEC) 14 e 28 dias pós tratamento. Não houve diferença significativa na porcentagem de redução FEC entre o grupo controle e os grupos tratados com 12 ou 24 mg/kg de TCBZ. Entretanto, o tratamento com nitroxinil reduziu significativamente o FEC e diminuiu a porcentagem de animais positivos. Em conclusão, a Fasciola hepatica é relatada pela primeira vez como resistente ao TCBZ no Chile, o que destaca a necessidade de realizar uma rotação em relação aos medicamentos anti-helmínticos e avaliar a eficácia do mesmo, a fim de evitar a seleção de vermes resistentes.

Palavras chave:
Antihelmintico; fasciolose; resistência; fasciolicida

Fasciolosis is an important parasitic disease that significantly affects the ruminant production by reducing growth, conversion rate, milk production, quality and quantity of meat, as well as reproduction ( MARTÍNEZ-VALLADARES et al., 2010 Martínez-Valladares M, del Rosario Famularo M, Fernández-Pato N, Castañón-Ordóñez L, Cordero-Pérez C, Rojo-Vázquez FA. Efficacy of nitroxynil against Fasciola hepatica resistant to triclabendazole in a naturally infected sheep flock. Parasitol Res 2010; 107(5): 1205-1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-1989-5. PMid:20680341.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-19...
).

For several years, fasciolosis has been considered a major problem in ruminant livestock production, but recently largely due to climate change, there has been a worrying upsurge in the incidence and spread of the disease ( HALFERTY et al., 2008 Halferty L, Brennan GP, Hanna REB, Edgar HW, Meaney MM, McConville M, et al. Tegumental surface changes in juvenile Fasciola hepatica in response to treatment in vivo with triclabendazole. Vet Parasitol 2008; 155(1-2): 49-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.04.011. PMid:18511199.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2008...
). Considered as a secondary zoonotic disease until mid-1990s, human fasciolosis is at present emerging and re-emerging in many countries, including increases of prevalence and intensity and geographical expansion. Research in recent years has justified the inclusion of fasciolosis in the list of the significant human parasitic diseases ( MAS-COMA, 2005 Mas-Coma S. Epidemiology of fascioliasis in human endemic areas. J Helminthol 2005; 79(3): 207-216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/JOH2005296. PMid:16153314.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/JOH2005296 ...
).

Fasciolosis is endemic in areas dedicated to breeding cattle and sheep in most South American countries ( CARMONA & TORT, 2017 Carmona C, Tort JF. Fasciolosis in South America: epidemiology and control challenges. J Helminthol 2017; 91(2): 99-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X16000560. PMid:27608827.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X1600...
). In Chile, the disease is widely distributed throughout the country, exception made to the Magallanes Region ( ALCAINO & APT, 1989 Alcaino CH, Apt BW. Algunos antecedentes sobre fascioliasis animal y humana. Monografías Med Vet 1989; 11(1): 14-19. ). Although there are no epidemiological studies about the prevalence of the disease in the country, it is known that at slaughterhouse level the disease produces a high rate of discard of livers infected with F. hepatica ( MORALES et al., 2000 Morales MA, Luengo J, Vasquez J. Distribución y tendencia de la fasciolosis en ganado de abasto en Chile, 1989-1995. Parasitol Día 2000; 24(3-4): 115-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-07202000000300009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-0720200...
). According to that study, more than 32% of the total cattle slaughtered in the country is positive to liver flukes. On the other hand, in the regions of Central Valley of the country more than 80% of liver infected with F. hepatica are discarded ( MORALES et al., 2000 Morales MA, Luengo J, Vasquez J. Distribución y tendencia de la fasciolosis en ganado de abasto en Chile, 1989-1995. Parasitol Día 2000; 24(3-4): 115-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-07202000000300009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-0720200...
).

Triclabendazole (TCBZ), a benzimidazole derivative, is one of the most widely used drugs to control fasciolosis worldwide due to its high activity against both adult and immature flukes ( BORAY et al., 1983 Boray JC, Crowfoot PD, Strong MB, Allison JR, Schellenbaum M, Von Orelli M, et al. Treatment of immature and mature Fasciola hepatica infections in sheep with triclabendazole. Vet Rec 1983; 113(14): 315-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.113.14.315. PMid:6649348.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.113.14.315...
). This high activity against immature flukes is significant because this is the most damaging stage of infection since this is when the flukes are in migratory and tissue invasion stage. However, resistance of F. hepatica to TCBZ has already been reported in a number of countries indicating that resistance exists ( MOONEY et al., 2009 Mooney L, Good B, Hanrahan JP, Mulcahy G, de Waal T. The comparative efficacy of four anthelmintics against a natural acquired Fasciola hepatica infection in hill sheep flock in the west of Ireland. Vet Parasitol 2009; 164(2-4): 201-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.05.017. PMid:19556063.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009...
; MEHMOOD et al., 2017 Mehmood K, Zhang H, Sabir AJ, Abbas RZ, Ijaz M, Durrani AZ, et al. A review on epidemiology, global prevalence and economical losses of fasciolosis in ruminants. Microb Pathog 2017; 109: 253-262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.006. PMid:28602837.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.201...
). Because of the absence of new drugs against fluke infections, it is necessary to prove and compare the efficacy of the anthelmintics in order to prevent resistance development ( MARTÍNEZ-VALLADARES et al., 2010 Martínez-Valladares M, del Rosario Famularo M, Fernández-Pato N, Castañón-Ordóñez L, Cordero-Pérez C, Rojo-Vázquez FA. Efficacy of nitroxynil against Fasciola hepatica resistant to triclabendazole in a naturally infected sheep flock. Parasitol Res 2010; 107(5): 1205-1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-1989-5. PMid:20680341.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-19...
). This study was aimed to know the efficacy of TCBZ at two levels of doses and then, to contrast it with the efficacy of nitroxynil.

The study was conducted between August and September 2015 on a milk farm located in the province of Ñuble, Bío Bío Region, Chile, area in which the infection with F. hepatica is endemic. The farm had a history of permanent fasciolosis and the farmer had relied solely on regular treatments with TCBZ to the whole stock.

A total of thirty-nine naturally infected non-lactating cattle, between 1 and 6 years old, with faecal egg counts positive to F. hepatica were selected for the study. Individual faecal samples were collected per rectum from all animals 7 days before treatment (T0) and then after 14 and 28 days’ post-treatment. Each individual faecal sample was submitted to a modified sedimentation AMSIII method. In short: 1.0 g of fecal sample was filtered (60 mesh filter) with 15 ml of water, centrifuged at 2,000 rpm during one minute and the supernatant was discarded. Then, 14 ml of AMS medium (water solution of HCl 6,3% v/v, Na2SO 4 4,8% w/v), four drops of Tween 80®, and 6 ml of ether were added to the sediment, and vigorously mixed. After that, the mixture was centrifuged at 2000 g during 2 minutes and then an aliquot of sediment was examined in a slide under binocular microscope.

The animals were randomly allocated into 3 experimental groups: Group 1 (control, n = 10) was left untreated and no fasciolicide drug was administered, Group 2 (n = 14) was treated with an oral dose of 12 mg/kg body weight (bw) of TCBZ (Faxicur®, solution 10%, Intervet, Chile) and Group 3 (n = 15) was treated with 24 mg/kg bw of TCBZ orally ( OLAECHEA et al., 2011 Olaechea F, Lovera V, Larroza M, Raffo F, Cabrera R. Resistance of Fasciola hepatica against triclabendazole in cattle in Patagonia (Argentina). Vet Parasitol 2011; 178(3-4): 364-366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.047. PMid:21277090.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010...
). Taking into account that 28 days after treatment, all animals treated with TCBZ remained with high faecal egg counts of F. hepatica. A fourth experimental group of 15 cows (composed by 5 animals from the initial control group more 10 positives to F. hepatica previously treated with TCBZ) was treated with a subcutaneous dose of 10 mg/kg bw of Nitroxynil (Dovenix ®, Merial, Chile), as a positive control (Group IV).

The percentages of efficacies, in terms of faecal egg counts reduction test (FECRT) were determined using the formula:

F E C R T = 100 x 1 T x / T 0

where: T0. = arithmetic mean epg on day 0;

Tx = arithmetic mean epg on 14 or 28 days.

The individual faecal counts eggs were transformed to natural logarithms and compared by analysis of variance associated to a multiple comparisons test of Student-Newman-Keuls.

The mean values of faecal egg count and the percentage of cow positives to F. hepatica before and after treatment with TCBZ or Nitroxynil are presented in Table 1 . As shown, there were no significant differences between the control group and the cows treated with 12 or 24 mg/kg of TCBZ. Moreover, both groups of TCBZ treated cows remained 100% positives to the F. hepatica faecal egg count. On the contrary, the treatment with nitroxinyl significantly reduced the faecal egg count and decreased the number of positive animals to values of 1/15 (6.66%) at 14 days and 2/15 (13.3%) at 28 days after treatment.

Table 1
Mean values of faecal egg counts of and percentage of cow positives to F. hepatica before and after treatment with TCBZ or nitroxinil.

Low levels of efficacy were observed after treatment with a therapeutic dose of TCBZ and remained low after the double dose of the anthelmintic was administered ( Table 2 ). On the other hand, the treatment with nitroxinyl significantly increased the efficacy, indicating values of 99.9 and 99.8% at 14 and 28 days’ post-treatment, respectively ( Table 2 ).

Table 2
Efficacy of triclabendazole (TCBZ) at the recommended dose (Group 2, 12 mg/kg) double the recommended dose (Group 3, 24 mg/kg) and nitroxynil (Group 4, 10 mg/kg) on the egg output of natural infections with F. hepatica.

Resistance is usually defined in vivo by a reduction in the expected efficacy of an anthelmintic ( MOONEY et al., 2009 Mooney L, Good B, Hanrahan JP, Mulcahy G, de Waal T. The comparative efficacy of four anthelmintics against a natural acquired Fasciola hepatica infection in hill sheep flock in the west of Ireland. Vet Parasitol 2009; 164(2-4): 201-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.05.017. PMid:19556063.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009...
). The main method used to identify resistance in the field has been the FECRT with the recommended post-treatment sample collection time point at 21 days ( DANIEL et al., 2012 Daniel R, van Dijk J, Jenkins T, Akca A, Mearns R, Williams DJL. A composite faecal egg count reduction test to detect resistance to triclabendazole in Fasciola hepatica. Vet Rec 2012; 171(6): 153-158, 1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.100588. PMid:22791519.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.100588 ...
; KELLEY et al., 2016 Kelley JM, Elliott TP, Beddoe T, Anderson G, Skuce P, Spithill TW. Current Threat of Triclabendazole Resistance in Fasciola hepatica. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32(6): 458-469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2016.03.002. PMid:27049013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2016.03....
). The 21-day period between pre and post-treatment testing is used to avoid the problem associated with retention of fluke eggs in the bile ducts even after the adult flukes has been killed ( FLANAGAN et al., 2011 Flanagan A, Edgar HWJ, Gordon A, Hanna REB, Brennan GP, Fairweather I. Comparison of two assays, a faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and a coproantigen reduction test (CRT), for the diagnosis of resistance to triclabendazole in Fasciola hepatica in sheep. Vet Parasitol 2011; 176(2-3): 170-176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.057. PMid:21112153.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010...
). In the current research the efficacy of TCBZ was equal or lower than 50% ( Table 2 ) in both 14 and 28 days sampling periods.

Confirmation of the diagnosis of fasciolicide anthelmintic resistance is not straightforward. Furthermore, lack of anthelmintic efficacy is not necessarily synonymous with anthelmintic resistance and might arise following under dosing, brought about by: underestimation of animals’ body weight, failure to administer the correct dose rate, poor product storage, host pharmacokinetic effects, or the use of poor quality products ( FAIRWEATHER, 2011 Fairweather I. Raising the bar on reporting ‘triclabendazole resistance’. Vet Rec 2011; 168(19): 514-515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.d2867. PMid:21571852.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.d2867 ...
; SARGISON,2012 Sargison N. Diagnosis of triclabendazole resistance in Fasciola hepatica. Vet Rec 2012; 171(6): 151-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.e5357. PMid:22890399.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.e5357 ...
). In order to avoid the effect of underdosing over the rate of efficacy, a double dose of an internationally well-known trade mark of TCBZ was used. Thus, our results show that a strong resistance of F. hepatica against TCBZ is present in this farm.

When TCBZ was launched, the efficacy (98%) was achieved even at doses of 2.5 mg/kg against adult F. hepatica ( BORAY et al., 1983 Boray JC, Crowfoot PD, Strong MB, Allison JR, Schellenbaum M, Von Orelli M, et al. Treatment of immature and mature Fasciola hepatica infections in sheep with triclabendazole. Vet Rec 1983; 113(14): 315-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.113.14.315. PMid:6649348.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.113.14.315...
). The resistance of F. hepatica to TCBZ in the field was first reported in Australia by Overend & Bowen (1995) Overend DJ, Bowen FL. Resistance of Fasciola hepatica to triclabendazole. Aust Vet J 1995; 72(7): 275-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1995.tb03546.x. PMid:8534235.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1...
. After that, resistance has been studied and reported in other places around the world, as in Europe, America, Asia and Oceania ( KELLEY et al., 2016 Kelley JM, Elliott TP, Beddoe T, Anderson G, Skuce P, Spithill TW. Current Threat of Triclabendazole Resistance in Fasciola hepatica. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32(6): 458-469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2016.03.002. PMid:27049013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2016.03....
; MEHMOOD et al., 2017 Mehmood K, Zhang H, Sabir AJ, Abbas RZ, Ijaz M, Durrani AZ, et al. A review on epidemiology, global prevalence and economical losses of fasciolosis in ruminants. Microb Pathog 2017; 109: 253-262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.006. PMid:28602837.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.201...
). In Chile, resistance to TCBZ has been reported only in four humans ( GIL et al., 2014 Gil LC, Díaz A, Rueda C, Martínez C, Castillo D, Apt W. Fascioliasis hepática humana: resistencia al tratamiento con triclabendazol. Rev Med Chil 2014; 142(10): 1330-1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872014001000014. PMid:25601119.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0034-9887201...
).

In the studied farm, there are antecedents of a long usage of TCBZ twice a year without parasitic studies, which has been described as causes of resistance to antiparasitic drugs. This activates the need of assessing the efficacy of drugs after treatments in order to decide whether it is necessary to change the drug to be used. The appearance of the resistance to TCBZ means an important issue since TCBZ-resistance of F. hepatica seems not to be reversible ( BORGSTEEDE et al., 2005 Borgsteede FHM, Moll L, Vellema P, Gaasenbeek CPH. Lack of reversion in triclabendazole resistant Fasciola hepatica. Vet Rec 2005; 156(11): 350-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.156.11.350. PMid:15789649.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.156.11.350...
). Thus, resistance of F. hepatica to TCBZ means a loss of a drug in the therapeutic arsenal against this parasite.

On the other hand, there is no antecedent of Nitroxynil usage in the farm, which explains the high susceptibility of F. hepatica to this drug. This result is similar to that observed in Northern Ireland where F. hepatica was resistant to TCBZ and sensible to Nitroxynil and Closantel ( HANNA et al., 2015 Hanna REB, McMahon C, Ellison S, Edgar HW, Kajugu PE, Gordon A, et al. Fasciola hepatica: A comparative survey of adult fluke resistance to triclabendazole, nitroxynil and closantel on selected upland and lowland sheep farms in Northern Ireland using faecal egg counting, coproantigen ELISA testing and fluke histology. Vet Parasitol 2015; 207(1-2): 34-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.11.016. PMid:25529143.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014...
). In Spain, a higher resistance to TCBZ than to Nitroxynil was also observed ( MARTÍNEZ-VALLADARES et al., 2010 Martínez-Valladares M, del Rosario Famularo M, Fernández-Pato N, Castañón-Ordóñez L, Cordero-Pérez C, Rojo-Vázquez FA. Efficacy of nitroxynil against Fasciola hepatica resistant to triclabendazole in a naturally infected sheep flock. Parasitol Res 2010; 107(5): 1205-1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-1989-5. PMid:20680341.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-19...
).

Considering previously published literature reporting resistance of F. hepatica to other drugs has included resistance to Albendazole ( NOVOBILSKÝ et al., 2016 Novobilský A, Amaya-Solis N, Skarin M, Höglund J. Assessment of flukicide efficacy against Fasciola hepatica in sheep in Sweden in the absence of a standardised test. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2016; 6(3): 141-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2016.06.004. PMid:27380550.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2016...
). In addition, isolates resistant to Albendazole and sensible to TCBZ have also been described ( SANABRIA et al., 2013 Sanabria R, Ceballos L, Moreno L, Romero J, Lanusse C, Alvarez L. Identification of a field isolate of Fasciola hepatica resistant to albendazole and susceptible to triclabendazole. Vet Parasitol 2013; 193(1-3): 105-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.033. PMid:23273779.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012...
). A third drug considered here is Closantel, which has been reported with both resistance and sensibility to Fasciola hepatica isolates ( HANNA et al., 2015 Hanna REB, McMahon C, Ellison S, Edgar HW, Kajugu PE, Gordon A, et al. Fasciola hepatica: A comparative survey of adult fluke resistance to triclabendazole, nitroxynil and closantel on selected upland and lowland sheep farms in Northern Ireland using faecal egg counting, coproantigen ELISA testing and fluke histology. Vet Parasitol 2015; 207(1-2): 34-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.11.016. PMid:25529143.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014...
; NOVOBILSKÝ & HÖGLUND, 2015 Novobilský A, Höglund J. First report of closantel treatment failure against Fasciola hepatica in cattle. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2015; 5(3): 172-177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2015.07.003. PMid:26448903.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2015...
). All of the above underlines the need to study in each location the sensibility of the parasites to drugs administered in order to stop or at least slow down the process of resistance selection.

The resistance to TCBZ by F. hepatica is also important from the public health point of view since TCBZ is one of the most widely used drug for the human infection, and given that resistance to this drug has also been observed in human infection ( WINKELHAGEN et al., 2012 Winkelhagen AJS, Mank T, de Vries PJ, Soetekouw R. Apparent Triclabendazole-Resistant Human Fasciola hepatica Infection, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18(6): 1028-1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1806.120302. PMid:22607719.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1806.12030...
; GIL et al., 2014 Gil LC, Díaz A, Rueda C, Martínez C, Castillo D, Apt W. Fascioliasis hepática humana: resistencia al tratamiento con triclabendazol. Rev Med Chil 2014; 142(10): 1330-1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872014001000014. PMid:25601119.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0034-9887201...
).

New combinations of drugs have been tested in order to potentiate the action of TCBZ against F. hepatica. For instance, the co-administration of Ketoconazole seems to be a good alternative ( DEVINE et al., 2012 Devine C, Brennan GP, Lanusse CE, Alvarez LI, Trudgett A, Hoey E, et al. Potentiation of triclabendazole action in vivo against a triclabendazole-resistant isolate of Fasciola hepatica following its co-administration with the metabolic inhibitor, ketoconazole. Vet Parasitol 2012; 184(1): 37-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.08.006. PMid:21872399.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011...
), although a failure in a human patient ( WINKELHAGEN et al., 2012 Winkelhagen AJS, Mank T, de Vries PJ, Soetekouw R. Apparent Triclabendazole-Resistant Human Fasciola hepatica Infection, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18(6): 1028-1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1806.120302. PMid:22607719.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1806.12030...
) suggests to be aware of the efficacy in each case.

It is concluded that F. hepatica is reported for first time as resistant to TCBZ in Chile, which highlights the need of rotating drugs and assessing the efficacy of the administered drug in order to avoid the selection of resistant worms and the emerging of the resistance to other drugs.

Acknowledgements

To Professor Jorge Trucco Director of Liceo Agricola de Chillán, by the facilities given to use the experimental animals. Supported by Research Grant FONDECYT 1130473.

References

  • Alcaino CH, Apt BW. Algunos antecedentes sobre fascioliasis animal y humana. Monografías Med Vet 1989; 11(1): 14-19.
  • Boray JC, Crowfoot PD, Strong MB, Allison JR, Schellenbaum M, Von Orelli M, et al. Treatment of immature and mature Fasciola hepatica infections in sheep with triclabendazole. Vet Rec 1983; 113(14): 315-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.113.14.315. PMid:6649348.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.113.14.315
  • Borgsteede FHM, Moll L, Vellema P, Gaasenbeek CPH. Lack of reversion in triclabendazole resistant Fasciola hepatica. Vet Rec 2005; 156(11): 350-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.156.11.350. PMid:15789649.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.156.11.350
  • Carmona C, Tort JF. Fasciolosis in South America: epidemiology and control challenges. J Helminthol 2017; 91(2): 99-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X16000560. PMid:27608827.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X16000560
  • Daniel R, van Dijk J, Jenkins T, Akca A, Mearns R, Williams DJL. A composite faecal egg count reduction test to detect resistance to triclabendazole in Fasciola hepatica. Vet Rec 2012; 171(6): 153-158, 1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.100588. PMid:22791519.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.100588
  • Devine C, Brennan GP, Lanusse CE, Alvarez LI, Trudgett A, Hoey E, et al. Potentiation of triclabendazole action in vivo against a triclabendazole-resistant isolate of Fasciola hepatica following its co-administration with the metabolic inhibitor, ketoconazole. Vet Parasitol 2012; 184(1): 37-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.08.006. PMid:21872399.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.08.006
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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    11 Mar 2019
  • Date of issue
    Jan-Mar 2019

History

  • Received
    30 July 2018
  • Accepted
    27 Sept 2018
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