Physico-Mechanical Properties of Wood-Plastic Produced with Forest Species and Thermoplastic Materials

Abstract

This research aims to evaluate the physico-mechanical properties of wood-plastic composites produced with recycled polyethylene terephthalate, high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene and polypropylene, and sawdust from the following species: Pinus caribaea, Pinus cubensis, Cedrela odorata, Talipariti elatum and Eucalyptus sp. Composites were obtained by extrusion with dimension of 1,000 × 250 × 16 mm (length × width × thickness), through six treatments. The following physico-mechanical properties were evaluated: density, moisture content, water absorption and thickness swelling, compression, static bending and traction. Treatment 6 obtained the best results, with 1,060 kg m^-3 density, 5.23% moisture content, 0.32% water absorption, and 0.18% thickness swelling. Compressive strength was 138.10 MPa, static bending 18.53 MPa, and traction 29.4 MPa. The technology developed has prospects for large-scale production.

Keywords:
forestry industry; recycling; wastes

1. INTRODUCTION

Wood-plastic composites (WPC) are produced by mixing plastic waste and vegetable fibers and have become of great interest to science, engineering and civil construction. This panel type generally achieves both good physical and mechanical properties, and its technical information favors decisions on its use (García-Velázquez et al., 2013).

Waste accumulation is related to the evolution in wood- and plastic-processing technologies, which has increased waste production. Technological improvements have reduced pollution and scarcity of natural resources. Yet, wood products are underused, as well as other industries. Sawdust and plastics, for example, without higher added value, are stored in large areas and burnt in boilers or open spaces, causing environmental damage (Canastero, 2014).

Wood residues can be used in pulp and paper production, and the sawdust from some species of hardwood, when decomposed, can be used as an organic compound. Although these wastes have good prospects as a raw material for the panel industry, they are used solely as fuel in some countries (Martínez-López et al., 2012).

Another good-prospect raw material for panel industry are recycled plastic materials, a real and advantageous alternative that creates new opportunities and possibilities for their use as they provide good properties to the panels when used with other lignocellulosic materials (Rafighi et al., 2014).

The use of this waste strengthens the forest industry by increasing the value of wood products and diversifying higher quality products. Meanwhile, a research on the use of different forest species and their blending with the properties of panels has been conducted. The quality of this forest product competes with other materials in construction and applications on inner and outer packaging, replacing conventional types (Arnandha et al., 2017).

Thus, this research was conducted to evaluate physico-mechanical properties of wood-plastic composites, produced with recycled thermoplastics and sawdust from coniferous and hardwood forest species. The use of these species provides information on new sources of raw material, as well as their effect on the panel properties.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1. Definition of moisture content and sawdust particle size

Wood residues were obtained from sawmills that process coniferous and hardwood forest species. Then they were shredded in a Wiley mill and classified in suitable dimensions (40-60 mesh) for chemical analysis. For this analysis, 2 g of sawdust of each species were used in duplicate and oven-dried at 103 ± 2 °C until constant mass (approximately 4 hours). Analysis was conducted according to the standards of Technical Association for the Pulp and Paper Industries (TAPPI, 2007) T 264 cm-07. Next, moisture content of the materials was calculated on a dry basis.

To determine the size of sawdust particle to be used in the panels, homogenization and scaling were carried out using a 100 g sample. It was submitted to a vibrating screen for 30 minutes, and then particles with dimensions between 0.25-5.0 mm were used to produce the panels, as recommended by Zhang et al. (2012). Figure 1 shows the equipment used in the grinding of particles (hammer mill) and the granulometry used in the technological process.

Figure 1
Hammer mill and particle size used.

2.2. Composition for wood-plastic composites (WPC) production

WPC were obtained by thermoplastic-wood-additives extrusion in 50-40-10 proportions. A total of six treatments were evaluated and compared to a commercial panel obtained by industry. Dosage is shown in Table 1.

Table 1
Composition of treatments.

Treatments	Thermoplastics (%)				Additive (%)	Wood (%)
	PET	HDPE	LDPE	PP
Control	10	10	10	10	10	50
T1	-	13.33	13.33	13.34	10	50
T2	13.33	-	13.34	13.33	10	50
T3	13.33	13.34	-	13.33	10	50
T4	13.34	13.33	13.33	-	10	50
T5	10	10	10	10	10	50
T6	10	10	10	10	10	50

• Control: commercial wood-plastic composite; T1: wood-plastic composite (WPC) produced with sawdust from Pinus caribaea; T2: WPC produced with sawdust from Pinus cubensis; T3: WPC produced with sawdust from Cedrela odorata; T4: WPC produced with sawdust from Talipariti elatum; T5: WPC produced with sawdust from Eucalyptus sp. with all thermoplastics; T6: WPC produced with sawdust from the blending of aforementioned species and thermoplastics; PET: polyethylene terephthalate; HDPE: high-density polyethylene; LDPE: low-density polyethylene; PP: polypropylene.

Calcium carbonate, stearic acid, calcium stearate, zinc stearate and silane (SiH₄) coupling agent were used in equal proportions up to 10% as additives. Thermoplastic matrix, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP) were used in a 3-6 mm particle size, mixed in equal proportions until reaching 40% of material proportion for panel production.

Six composites with dimensions of 1,000 × 250 × 16 mm (length × width × thickness) were produced for each treatment. Five replicates were evaluated for each of the considered properties, which were seven. Each property had 180 samples, totaling 1,260 samples, plus 35 control samples. Physico-mechanical properties were evaluated according to technical norms mentioned in Table 2.

Table 2
Technical standards used for physico-mechanical tests of the panels obtained.

Standards	Physico-mechanical tests
BS EN 317 (1993b)	Samples preparation
BS EM 322 (1993d)	Moisture content
BS EN 323 (1993e)	Apparent density
BS EN 317 (1993b)	Water absorption at 72 h and thickness swelling
BS EN 310 (1993a)	Static bending
BS EN 319 (1993c)	Traction parallel to faces
ASTM D-1037 (2005)	Compression strength

• BS EN: British Standards European Norm; ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials.

Mechanical tests were performed in a universal testing machine of 10-ton load capacity coupled to a microcomputer equipped with a specific software program to acquire data from each specimen (Figure 2).

Figure 2
Universal testing machine used to evaluate mechanical resistance of the panels.

2.3. Statistical evaluation of the results

As data distribution did not meet normality (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) and homogeneity of variances (Cochran), the statistical difference between each treatment was analyzed by a non-parametric test (Kruskal-Wallis, p ≤ 0.05), and correlation intervals by the Spearman’s test.

The detection of each variable influence on the panel properties was performed by multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis and F-test on partial regression coefficients associated with each independent variable. Then the Stepwise (SWM) method was used to reject independent variables that did not affect the dependent variable, considering interactive effects of independent variables.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Sawdust moisture content

Sawdust initial moisture content of studied species were 25% (Pinus caribaea), 30% (Pinus cubensis), 35% (Cedrela odorata), 30% (Talipariti elatum) and 40% (Eucalyptus sp.). To reach process suitability, values were reduced to 3-5%.

Similar moisture contents were used by several authors, such as El-Haggar & Kamel (2011), on composites of Pinus sp. wood sawdust with 3%, and thermoplastics with injection molding. Besides composite moisture content influence, thermoplastic matrix, when forming panels, can produce and encapsulate gases and water (Bouafif et al., 2009; Shebani et al., 2009), generating fault zones within them.

3.2. Evaluation of the sawdust particle size distribution

The process of grinding the particles within the hammer mill indicated that for every 1 m³ of sawdust, 88.3% can be used as a raw material for WPC production, considering that appropriate particle size for this type of panel is between 0.5 and 4 mm (Martínez-López & García-González, 2012).

According to Liu et al. (2010), particles bigger than 5 mm result in low resistance compounds, what may cause irregular concentrations and fault zones, due to low-dispersibility in matrix produced during panel production (Ashori & Nourbakhsh, 2010; Renner et al., 2009).

3.3. Physical properties of composites

Table 3 shows similar behavior among treatments regarding moisture content of the material. For different treatments development, it is important that sawdust has initial moisture content of ± 3.5%, as the addition of thermoplastics and chemical additives increased moisture, ranging from 5.23 to 5.63%.

Table 3
Evaluation of physical properties of panels obtained.

Treatment	Physical properties of wood-plastic composites
	Moisture content (%)*	Apparent density (kg m-3)*	Water absorption 72 h*	Swelling (%)*
Control	5.63 (0.82)	1,020 (1.53)	0.61 (1.15)	0.31 (0.58)
T1	5.40 (0.84)	1,032 (2.08)	0.50 (0.96)	0.30 (0.71)
T2	5.42 (1.15)	1,035 (1.71)	0.50 (0.71)	0.30 (1.41)
T3	5.34 (0.71)	1,037 (1.58)	0.40 (0.58)	0.28 (0.96)
T4	5.34 (0.71)	1,031 (2.12)	0.44 (0.72)	0.25 (0.84)
T5	5.35 (0.58)	1,035 (1.41)	0.41 (0.76)	0.23 (1.15)
T6	5.23 (0.48)	1,060 (0.70)	0.32 (0.46)	0.18 (0.41)

• Control: commercial wood-plastic composite; T1: wood-plastic composite (WPC) produced with sawdust from Pinus caribaea; T2: WPC produced with sawdust from Pinus cubensis; T3: WPC produced with sawdust from Cedrela odorata; T4: WPC produced with sawdust from Talipariti elatum; T5: WPC produced with sawdust from Eucalyptus sp. with all thermoplastics; T6: WPC produced with sawdust from the blending of aforementioned species and thermoplastics. * Not significant by Kruskal-Wallis test (p > 0.05). Values in brackets are standard deviations.

Results obtained by Moya Villablanca et al. (2012) show that the moisture content variation for this kind of panel depends on the amount of sawdust used, considering they may vary from 20 to 60%, and 40 to 60% of the stability of compounds is due to sawdust. However, moisture content values vary from 3.47-6.78%. Other studies reported similar moisture content for composites made from pinus sawdust and thermoplastics produced by injection molding (El-Haggar & Kamel, 2011).

Wood particles encapsulation by thermoplastics plays an important role in WPC physico-mechanical properties, as it is a considerable factor for physical properties improvement. This effect can be achieved by thermoplastic matrix within the compound and some additives such as the coupling agent and polyethylene wax, which facilitate the bond between wood particles and thermoplastic matrix and provides impact strength to panels (Garay & Silva, 2011).

According to studies conducted by Tenorio et al. (2012), the density of the panels may influence physico-mechanical properties. Results presented in Table 3 show a similar behavior in panels density (which ranged from 1,020 to 1,060 kg m^-3). Comparable values were obtained by Ngueho et al. (2010) for thermoplastic compounds with sawdust from different species produced by injection molding, extrusion and compression.

Density values of 1,100 kg m^-3 were obtained by Beg & Pickering (2008), using polypropylene (PP) plus 50% coniferous wood fibers and 4% chemical additives by injection molding. Adhikary et al. (2008) obtained density values of 1,029 kg m^-3 using high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plus 50% Pinus radiata sawdust and 5% chemical additives by compression molding. Ngueho et al. (2010) obtained density values of 1,080 kg m^-3 using high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plus 50% conifer sawdust without additives in extrusion molding.

These results were similar to those obtained in this research, indicating that 50% sawdust is the most adequate proportion, regardless of the technology used being either extrusion or injection. The difference in this research is that several types of recycled thermoplastics were tested, as PET, HDPE, LDPE, PP, and their blends thereof, whose densities may vary from 900 to 1,300 kg m^-3, especially for HDPE, LDPE and PP which, in addition to wood, increase compounds density (Moya, 2011).

Through studies performed by Poblete & Vargas (2006) on the relation of physico-mechanical properties to compounds density, and considering results obtained in this research, it can be affirmed that there is a directly proportional relation regarding mechanical properties, and inversely regarding physical properties, as density increase resulted in lower water absorption and swelling, and therefore a lower moisture content caused by thermoplastic matrix effect inside the panel.

Water absorption and swelling percentage (Table 3) is one of WPC advantages, guaranteeing their outdoors usage. According to Deutsches Institut für Normung (1958) criteria - DIN 68750, for particles with density higher than 940 kg m^-3, absorption after 24 h water immersion must not exceed 30%. In this sense, when comparing the behavior of the WPC obtained in this research, it was observed that density increase for 72 h water immersion caused a decrease in water absorption, ranging from 0.32 to 0.61%.

Similar results were obtained by Kuo et al. (2009), with values of 2.96% in composites made with low-density polyethylene (LDPE), 47% conifer sawdust and 3% chemical additives produced by injection molding. However, in employing the same molding method, Zabihzadeh (2010) obtained similar values using 0.50% of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), 35% conifer wood sawdust and 2% chemical additives.

Values of 1.31% for high-density polyethylene (HDPE), 50% of conifer sawdust and 3% of chemical additives were obtained by Adhikary et al. (2008) for panels produced by compression. Ashori & Nourbakhsh (2010) obtained values of 1.66% for recycled thermoplastics plus 65% long fiber sawdust and 6% chemical additives for panels produced by extrusion molding. Moya (2011) found results of 0.15% for compounds made from HDPE and 40% of Pinus radiata sawdust without chemical additives, and values of 0.41% for HDPE compounds and 60% of sawdust from the same species and under the same experimental technological conditions.

These results indicate the thermoplastic matrix proportion within composites, in relation to water absorption properties, is improved, i.e. by the encapsulation capacity of the sawdust particles, reducing the possibility of water molecules to penetrate the panel. However, it is also important to note the effect of openings that may occur during panel processing.

Another aspect that can influence panel behavior is the type of technology used: injection, compression or extrusion. Thus, panels produced by injection or extrusion generally present better physical and mechanical properties, due to higher pressures used (El-Haggar & Kamel, 2011).

Swelling values obtained for each formulation ranged from 0.18 to 0.31%. Similar results were reported by Yadav & Yusoh (2015) for 2.65% polypropylene (PP), 60% sawdust and 1% chemical additives for composites produced by injection molding.

Adhikari et al. (2008) obtained values of 0.7% from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and 30% of Pinus radiata sawdust without additives for composites produced by compression, and values of 1.60% for compounds of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and 50% sawdust of the same species. Moya (2011) obtained a value of 0.18% for compounds produced with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and 40% Pinus radiata sawdust without chemical additives, and a value of 0.29% for compounds processed with HDPE and 60% sawdust of the same species without additives for panels produced by injection molding.

These interactions can influence the panel behavior towards water because they allow greater dispersion of wood particles or fibers capable of supporting thermoplastic matrix, generating more homogeneous compounds and better physical properties (Rafighi et al., 2014).

Moreover, a favorable WPC performance is the proportionality between wood panels density and swelling. This characteristic is not commonly found in this type of product (Moya Villablanca et al., 2012), as it presents a high density and water has little possibility of penetrating it, preventing any dimensional deformation.

3.4. Mechanical properties of composites

Table 4 shows tensile strength values in static bending varying from 15.20 to 18.53 MPa, given thermoplastic concentrations and densities of species used. There is an increase in panel density for each treatment (Table 3).

Table 4
Evaluation of mechanical properties of wood plastic composites.

Treatment	Mechanical properties of wood-plastic composites
	Static bending (MPa)*	Compression (MPa)*	Traction (MPa)*
Control	15.20 (0.78)	120.18 (1.14)	20.3 (0.81)
T1	15.35 (0.96)	120.20 (0.98)	22.4 (0.98)
T2	15.38 (0.94)	124.26 (0.95)	22.7 (0.76)
T3	15.38 (0.71)	126.26 (0.97)	23.7 (0.74)
T4	16.34 (0.73)	128.24 (1.15)	24.4 (0.90)
T5	16.43 (0.82)	130.31 (0.89)	26.2 (0.72)
T6	18.53 (0.58)	138.10 (0.74)	29.4 (0.52)

• Control: commercial wood plastic composite; T1: wood-plastic composite (WPC) produced with sawdust from Pinus caribaea; T2: WPC produced with sawdust from Pinus cubensis; T3: WPC produced with sawdust from Cedrela odorata; T4: WPC produced with sawdust from Talipariti elatum; T5: WPC produced with sawdust from Eucalyptus sp. with all thermoplastics; T6: WPC produced with sawdust from the blending of aforementioned species and thermoplastics. * Not significant by Kruskal-Wallis test (p > 0.05). Values in brackets are standard deviations.

By increasing the density, the tensile strength also increases (Poblete & Vargas, 2006), also enabled by using calcium carbonate chemical additive, providing better stability for the compound.

Similar results were reported by Moya (2011) using conifer-thermoplastic sawdust proportions of 60-40% and vice versa, without chemical additives, ranging from 13.20 to 18.56 MPa for injection molding panels. Wang et al. (2010) indicated that increasing wood proportion in panels decreased tensile strength properties. In the present study, 50% wood dosages were established, improving mechanical properties through the blending of all the studied species and chemical additives, which facilitate the connection among particles and improve compound properties.

Table 4 shows compressive strength values which ranged from 120.18 to 138.10 MPa. Moya Villablanca et al. (2012) reported similar results from compounds produced with different ratios of sawdust-plastic and additive, indicating that values may vary from 115 to 140 MPa, reinforcing that high wood proportions may cause negative effects on composite strength.

Material compatibility, determined by compression ratio (CR), is a very important factor in panels. This parameter must always be higher than 1 (the ideal value would be between 1.5 and 2.2). Compression ratio for the WPC obtained was approximately 1.73, considering an overall mean value of 1,035 kg m^-3 panel density and 600 kg m^-3 wood density. It reflects the raw material high compatibility, providing good mechanical properties in relation to compression and other properties.

Regarding the tensile strength values parallel to the faces (Table 4), the obtained results were similar for all panels, with variations between 20.3 and 29.4 MPa. Beg & Pickering (2008) obtained values of 26.3 MPa for composites produced from recycled polypropylene (PP), 50% coniferous wood fibers and 3% additives by injection molding. Rafighi et al. (2014) obtained a reduction of 26.2 MPa for compounds prepared under the same experimental conditions, with 40% sawdust of the same species, but without chemical additives use. Clemons (2010), however, obtained a value of 17 MPa for HDPE composites with 40% conifer sawdust and without additives, while Moya Villablanca et al. (2012) found values between 20.7 and 26.7 MPa for similar panels produced with HDPE in various wood proportions and without chemical additives.

These results indicate a positive effect for developed treatments, conferring the importance of using chemical additives. Low-rate of chemical additives will not affect composite properties. Rather, it plays an important role (Clemons, 2010) in favoring the interface between the matrix and the sawdust, by forming bonding esters between cell walls of OH⁻ groups and active groups of coupling agents (Zabihzadeh, 2010).

Studies performed by Ngueho et al. (2010) and Arnandha et al. (2017) showed the effect of the additives on panel mechanical properties. Tensile strength, for example, may decrease with the presence of higher wood proportions in the composite as thermoplastic matrix is reduced. Thus, 10% of chemical additives were used for treatments tested in this study, and although equal wood and thermoplastic dosages were used, it was found that the additives contributed to the good performance of the panel in terms of mechanical properties.

3.5. Effects of additives, thermoplastic matrix and sawdust on composites

Results obtained from Kruskal-Wallis test show no significant difference (p > 0.05) in physical and mechanical properties among the tested treatments. Although no statistical differences were found, the formulation with species blending (T6) promoted the best responses to all properties evaluated. Spearman’s correlation coefficient, used to evaluate the performance of the properties between the panels showed a 95% correlation, confirming that when physical properties are better mechanical properties tend to increase.

Multiple linear regression analysis (MRA), to evaluate the relationship between implemented dosages of sawdust-thermoplastics-additives and the physico-mechanical properties of composites, was determined by the Stepwise method (SWM) and is shown in Table 5.

Table 5
Multiple linear regression analysis determined by Stepwise method to physical and mechanical properties of wood-plastic composites.

Multiple linear regression analysis and Stepwise method
Properties	Parameter	B	EEB	t	P value	R2	SEE	Sd
D	(Const.)	516.90	2.226	356.03	0.000	0.998	6.653	0.985
	PS	10.68	0.051	210.08	0.000
	PP	−1.762	0.183	−9.635	0.001
	Deleted variable PA
MC	(Const.)	10.092	0.101	100.146	0.000	0.963	0.461	0.985
	PP	−0.088	0.013	−6.970	0.000
	PS	−0.031	0.010	−2.964	0.004
	Deleted variable PA
WA	(Const.)	13.246	0.101	131.242	0.000	0.994	0.463	0.993
	PS	−0.256	0.002	−105.93	0.000
	Deleted variable PA-PP
ST	(Const.)	13.198	0.278	47.546	0.000	0.957	1.272	0.993
	PS	−0.259	0.007	−39.010	0.000
	Deleted variable PA-PP
SB	(Const.)	11.590	0.226	51.397	0.000	0.789	1.054	0.993
	PP	0.108	0.007	16.075	0.000
	Deleted variable PA-PS
C	(Const.)	75.573	2.145	33.829	0.000	0.873	10.021	0.993
	PP	1.392	0.064	21.807	0.000
	Deleted variable PA-PS
T	(Const.)	16.406	0.239	68.771	0.000	0.929	1.093	0.985
	PP	0.453	0.030	15.059	0.000
	PS	−0.212	0.025	−8.616	0.000
	Deleted variable PA

• B: coefficient of parameter; R²: coefficient of determination; EEB: estimative errors; SEE: standard error of estimative; t: t-test design; Sd: standard deviation; MC: moisture content; C: compression; D: density; T: traction; WA: water absorption; ST: thickness swelling; SB: static bending; Const.: constant (property evaluated); PA: percentage of additives; PS: percentage of sawdust PP: percentage of plastic.

These results indicate that, besides density and moisture content, the variables that most influenced the quality of the composites were the sawdust and the plastic percentages, explaining their effects in 96% of cases in which additive percentage was excluded. Unlike water absorption (72 h), thickness swelling showed that the variable that most affected the panels behavior was sawdust percentage, affecting over 96% uninfluenced by plastic and additive percentages. This effect is caused by the wood hygroscopic nature and the presence of hydroxyl groups (OH⁻) and carbohydrates that form cell walls in wood, such as cellulose and hemicelluloses.

The behavior of the mechanical properties indicated that the most influential variable for static bending and compression was the thermoplastic percentage, affecting over 80%, as determined by its chemical nature and amorphous structural form, which reinforces wood-plastic composites mechanical properties (Arnandha et al., 2017).

An analysis of sawdust and additive percentages was excluded. However, for tensile strength parallel to the faces, variables that most influenced the panels behavior were thermoplastic and sawdust percentages, explaining their effects in over 92% (in which percentage of additives was excluded). As shown in each physical-mechanical property, and although additives effect is statistically excluded from the model, the determination that a parameter influences panel properties is supported by the idea expressed by Arnandha et al. (2017), which states that the application of additives is needed for a good panel performance.

Composite obtained in this investigation showed higher values than those obtained by Moya Villablanca et al. (2012). This indicates the positive effect of additives used, of the mixture of recycled thermoplastics tested, as well as of the different forest species in the proportions used in the panel. Furthermore, it showed that additives fulfill their assigned functions, resulting in good interactions between implemented raw materials.

4. CONCLUSIONS

Sawdust from different forest species has proven to be important sources of raw materials for wood-plastic composites production, contributing to obtain high-quality panels. As these species are widely used in forest industries, it enables the direct use of waste from the primary wood transformation process.

Wood-plastic composites development has great prospects for the panel industry. Its economic feasibility and value-added functions make it a competitive material in relation to other panels produced by industries in this sector.

The compatibility of the type of sawdust used and recycled thermoplastics was showed by compression ratio, which reached 1.73, providing adequate encapsulation of wood particles in thermoplastic matrix and enabling the production of good quality wood-plastic composites.

The best results were obtained for the panel produced by forest species blending. It provided a 1,060 kg m^-3 density; 5.23% moisture content; 0.32% water absorption; and 0.18% thickness swelling. Static bending was 18.53 MPa, compressive strength 138.10 MPa and tensile strength parallel to the faces 29.4 MPa. These values validate their use in different applications as an alternative to construction, conditioning their perspective for industrial diversification.

This study shows the benefits of replacing high-density virgin plastics with thermoplastic waste, such as blending polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP) in equal proportions. These residues can be incorporated into the production process after grinding (particle size up to 6 mm).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To Fundação Estadual de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Espírito Santo (Fapes) for supporting the research and granting the post-doctoral fellowship to the first author. To the company Emilio Barcenas Pier, Cuba, for the technical support and cession of its facilities for the development of the research.

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FINANCIAL SUPPORT

• Fundação Estadual de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Espírito Santo.

Edited by

Associate editor: Fernando José Borges Gomes 0000-0003-0363-4888

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  22 June 2020
• Date of issue
  2020

History

• Received
  19 May 2016
• Accepted
  13 Sept 2018