Most consumed foods in Brazil: National Dietary Survey 2008-2009

Abstracts

OBJECTIVE: To describe the most commonly consumed foods in Brazil. METHODS: This analysis is based on food intake data obtained on the first of two non-consecutive days' food records from 34,003 subjects aged 10 or over, resident in 13,569 households selected to participate in the National Dietary Survey 2008-2009 from the probabilistic sample defined for the Household Budget Survey 2008-2009. Consumption patterns were analyzed according to gender, age, regions and per capita family income. RESULTS: The most frequently recorded foods were rice (84.0%), coffee (79.0%), beans (72.8%), bread (63.0%), and red meat (48.7%). The intake of fruit juice (39.8%) and soft drinks (23.0%) is notable, as is the low intake of fruit (16.0%) and vegetables (16.0%). This scenario was similar across all age and sex groups; however, adolescents were the only age group which did not report any vegetables and included candies, sweetened dairy beverages and cookies among the most frequently recorded foods. Some foods are of markedly regional intake, such as manioc flour in the North and Northeast and tea in the South Region. Analysis according to income quartile revealed important differences between the highest and lowest income stratum. Subjects in the highest income quartile reported consuming sandwiches, tomatoes, and lettuce and those in the lowest income quartile cited manioc flour and fish and seafood among the most recorded foods. CONCLUSIONS: There is a basic food intake pattern in Brazil based on rice, beans, coffee, bread, and beef with small but consistent regional variation. The consumption of items rich in fat and sugar is also frequent, particularly among adolescents.

Food Habits; Food Preferences; Staple Food; Diet Surveys, utilization

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar o consumo alimentar mais frequente da população brasileira. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados dados referentes ao primeiro dia de registro alimentar de 34.003 indivíduos com dez anos ou mais de idade que responderam ao Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação, composto por amostra probabilística da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009. O padrão de consumo foi analisado segundo sexo, grupo etário, região e faixa de renda familiar per capita. RESULTADOS: Os alimentos mais frequentemente referidos pela população brasileira foram arroz (84,0%), café (79,0%), feijão (72,8%), pão de sal (63,0%) e carne bovina (48,7%), destacando-se também o consumo de sucos e refrescos (39,8%), refrigerantes (23,0%) e menor presença de frutas (16,0%) e hortaliças (16,0%). Essa configuração apresenta pouca variação quando se consideram os estratos de sexo e faixa etária; contudo, observa-se que os adolescentes foram o único grupo etário que deixou de citar qualquer hortaliça e que incluiu doces, bebida láctea e biscoitos doces entre os itens mais consumidos. Alimentos marcadamente de consumo regional incluem a farinha de mandioca no Norte e Nordeste e o chá na região Sul. Houve discrepâncias no consumo alimentar entre os estratos de menor e maior renda: indivíduos no quarto de renda mais elevada referiram sanduíches, tomate e alface e aqueles no primeiro quarto de renda citaram os peixes e preparações à base de peixe e farinha de mandioca entre os alimentos mais referidos. CONCLUSÕES: Existe um padrão básico do consumo alimentar no Brasil que inclui entre os alimentos mais consumidos arroz, café, feijão, pão de sal e carne bovina, associado ao consumo regional de alguns poucos itens. Particularmente entre os adolescentes, alimentos ricos em gordura e açúcar são também de consumo frequente.

Hábitos Alimentares; Preferências Alimentares; Alimentação Básica; Inquéritos sobre Dietas, utilização

ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Most consumed foods in Brazil: National Dietary Survey 2008-2009

Alimentos más consumidos en Brasil: Pesquisa Nacional de Alimentación 2008-2009

Amanda de M Souza^I; Rosangela A Pereira^II; Edna M Yokoo^III; Renata B Levy^IV; Rosely Sichieri^I

^IDepartamento de Epidemiologia. Instituto de Medicina Social. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

^IIDepartamento de Nutrição Social Aplicada. Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

^IIIDepartamento de Epidemiologia e Bioestatística. Instituto de Saúde da Comunidade. Universidade Federal Fluminense. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

^IVDepartamento de Medicina Preventiva. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil

^{Correspondence}

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To describe the most commonly consumed foods in Brazil.

METHOD: This analysis is based on food intake data obtained on the first of two non-consecutive days' food records from 34,003 subjects aged 10 or over, resident in 13,569 households selected to participate in the National Dietary Survey 2008-2009 from the probabilistic sample defined for the Household Budget Survey 2008-2009. Consumption patterns were analyzed according to gender, age, regions and per capita family income.

RESULTS: The most frequently recorded foods were rice (84.0%), coffee (79.0%), beans (72.8%), bread (63.0%), and red meat (48.7%). The intake of fruit juice (39.8%) and soft drinks (23.0%) is notable, as is the low intake of fruit (16.0%) and vegetables (16.0%). This scenario was similar across all age and sex groups; however, adolescents were the only age group which did not report any vegetables and included candies, sweetened dairy beverages and cookies among the most frequently recorded foods. Some foods are of markedly regional intake, such as manioc flour in the North and Northeast and tea in the South Region. Analysis according to income quartile revealed important differences between the highest and lowest income stratum. Subjects in the highest income quartile reported consuming sandwiches, tomatoes, and lettuce and those in the lowest income quartile cited manioc flour and fish and seafood among the most recorded foods.

CONCLUSIONS: There is a basic food intake pattern in Brazil based on rice, beans, coffee, bread, and beef with small but consistent regional variation. The consumption of items rich in fat and sugar is also frequent, particularly among adolescents.

Descriptors: Food Habits. Food Preferences. Staple Food. Diet Surveys, utilization.

RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar el consumo alimentario más frecuente de la población brasileña.

MÉTODOS: Se analizaron datos relacionados al primer día de registro alimentario de 34.003 individuos con diez años o más de edad que respondieron a la Pesquisa Nacional de Alimentación, compuesto por muestra probabilística de la Investigación de Presupuestos Familiares 2008-2009. El patrón de consumo fue analizado según sexo, grupo etario, región y rango de renta familiar per capita.

RESULTADOS: Los alimentos más frecuentemente referidos por la población brasileña fueron arroz (84,0%), café (79,0%), granos (72,8%), pan de sal (63,0%) y carne bovina (48,7%), destacándose también el consumo de jugos y refrescos (39,8%), gaseosas (23,0%) y menor presencia de frutas (16,0%) y hortalizas (16,0%). Esa configuración presenta poca variación cuando se considera los estratos de sexo y grupo etario, sin embargo, se observa que los adolescentes constituyeron el único grupo etario que dejó de citar cualquier hortaliza y que incluyó dulces, bebida láctea y biscochos dulces entre los itens más consumidos. Alimentos de marcado consumo regional incluyen la harina de yuca en el Norte y Noreste y el té en la Región Sur. Hubo discrepancias en el consumo alimentario entre los estratos de menor y mayor renta: individuos en el cuarto de renta más elevada refirieron sándwiches, tomate y lechuga y aquellos en el primer cuarto de renta citaron los pescados y preparaciones a base de pescado y harina de yuca entre los alimentos más referidos.

CONCLUSIONES: Existe un patrón básico de consumo alimenticio en Brasil que incluye entre los alimentos más consumidos arroz, café, granos, pan de sal y carne bovina, asociado al consumo regional de algunos pocos itens. Particularmente entre los adolescentes, alimentos ricos en grasa y azúcar son también de consumo frecuente.

Descriptors: Food Habits. Food Preferences. Staple Food. Diet Surveys, utilization.

INTRODUCTION

The profound social, economic and cultural changes which have taken place in the country in the last few decades have led to alterations in dietary habits and behavior; for example, the increase in away-from-home eating,⁴ increased consumption of processed food¹⁰ and the replacement of traditional meals and dishes with snacks which are high in calories, fat, added sugar and salt.⁵ Such dietary characteristic are associated with conditions related to nutrition and metabolism, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, diabetes and cancer,⁹ which are the main causes of death in Brazil.¹³

This situation leads to the need to diagnose and monitor patterns of food consumption at an individual level, as these trends can be predictors of the population's nutritional and health situation and act as an early warning system for creating health and nutrition policies and campaigns, impossible without the, nationwide dietary surveys regularly carried out.

The aim of this study was to characterize the foods most frequently consumed by the Brazilian population.

METHODS

Data were analyzed for Brazilian individuals of both sexes, aged over ten years old, selected to take part in the INA (National Dietary Survey) which is part of the 2008-2009 Household Budget Survey, carried out by the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics). Details on the sample and data collection can be found in IBGE publications.^a

The Household Budget Survey 2008-2009 (POF)^a used a two-stage cluster sample, after the geographical and statistical stratification of the primary sample units based on the 2000 Brazilian Demographic Census. In the first stage, primary sample units were selected with probability proportional to the number of residences in each sector, and a subsample of sectors was selected by simple random sampling in each strata. In the second stage, households were selected using simple random sampling without replacement in each of the primary sample units selected. The primary sample units were evaluated throughout the 12 months of the survey so that, in the four three-month-periods, all of the geographical and socio-economic strata were represented. A subsample of 25% of households from the original 2008-2009 Household Budget Survey sample was randomly selected for investigating individual food consumption. All inhabitants aged over ten resident in the subsample participated in the National Dietary Survey.^b From a total of 55,970 households selected for the 2008-2009 POF, 34,003 individuals aged over ten participated in the assessment of individual food consumption.

Food consumption was estimated using food records from two non-consecutive days, in which individuals reported all of the food and drink consumed on the days in question, the time, the quantities consumed according to portion sizes, cooking method as well as the source of the food (at home or away-from-home). Additional data on sugar and/or sweetener consumption was also collected. When the interviewee was unable to complete the food record, these were completed by another resident in the household, or someone indicated by the interviewee.

The food records were checked by the interviewers in the participants' home, at the same time as the data were stored in a program specially developed for this research. This program contained around 1,500 items (food and drink) from the 2002-2003 POF database. However, the interviewers were able to add other food and drink which did not appear in this database. The program also contained methods of preparation and pre-defined portion sizes.

Partial analyses were carried out during the data collection, to control the quality by verifying frequencies of response, mean of items consumes in the first and second days' food records, codifying items which were not registered and analyzing items incorrectly entered, among others.

Details on the pre-test, training, validation of the instrument and data input were published by the IBGE.^b

When verifying the reliability of the data, 29 individuals were excluded as their records were considered to be incomplete. In addition, quantities considered to be improbable were entered and the data entered registered in the database. This took into consideration mean portions estimated for each food according to previously defined statistical criteria, which included characteristics such as the gender and age group of the participant, the location and the measurement unit reported.^b

INA participants reported 1,971 food items, which were organized into 21 groups. Prevalence of consumption was estimated for the foods/groups reported on the first day's record, according to gender, age group (from ten to 19: adolescents; 20 to 59: adult; 60 and over: elderly), region (North, Northeast, Midwest, Southeast and South) and income quartiles.⁸ The first day's food records were as the quality of data on the first day was superior to that of subsequent days' food records.¹⁶ The 20 most prevalent foods/groups are described for each strata considered in the analysis.^b

Income was characterized by estimating total income and mean monthly household variation in assets per capita, which represents the sum of monthly monetary gross income, monthly non-monetary gross income and the variation in household assets, divided by the number of individuals in the household. The variable monthly household income per capita was analyzed per quarter.

All of the estimates were calculated usingthe Statistical Analysis System version 9.1 software, taking into account expansion factors of the POF and the complexity of the sample design.

The protocol of this research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Medicina Social of the Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (CAAE 0011.0.259.000-11), July 19^th, 2011.

RESULTS

Rice (84%), coffee (79%), beans (72.8%), bread (63%) and beef (48.7%) were the foods with the highest rates of prevalence on the first day's food record. Banana was the most cited fruit (16.0%) and salad (16%) the most frequently consumed vegetable dish among Brazilians. Prevalence rates for consuming juices (39.8%) and soft drinks (23%) occupied sixth and ninth place respectively. The prevalence rate of consuming whole milk was 12.4%, and cheese was 13.5%. Crackers (15.9%), cake (13.4%), fried and roasted snacks (12.5%) and sweets (11.7%) were also among the top 20 most commonly consumed foods in the country.

Analysis according to gender revealed that men and women had similar rates of prevalence or consumption. Men consumed higher levels of rice, beans, beef and soft drinks, whereas women had higher prevalence of consuming coffee, bread, juice and soft drinks, cake and oil and fat. Potatoes and fried and roasted snacks were among the most prevalent items for men, and soup and broth and sweets were among the most prevalent among women. However, neither potatoes nor soups and broths appeared among the 20 most prevalent items in Brazil (Figure 1).

Analysis stratified by region confirmed that across the entire country, rice, beans, coffee, bread and beef are the five most commonly consumed foods. Coffee was the most prevalent item in the North (82.8%) and Northeast (83.6%), and rice was the most prevalent in the Southeast, South and Midwest. Juice was also among the most commonly consumed items in all of the regions, varying between sixth (Northeast, South and Midwest) and seventh (North and Southeast) position. Soft drinks were the eighth most prevalent item in the Southeast, and tenth most prevalent in the South and Midwest; in these regions the prevalence of consumption of this item varied between 245 and 27%. In the North and Northeast, the prevalence rate of consuming soft drinks was 19.7% and 16.1%, corresponding to 11^th and 14^th position respectively.

Banana was the most prevalent fruit in all of the regions, and was also the only one to feature in the 20 most prevalent items, with rates of prevalence of consumption ranging between 13.9% (Midwest) and 17.5% (South). Vegetables were most commonly cited in the form of salad in the North (20^th position, 10.2%), Northeast (20^th position, 10.6%), Southeast (tenth position, 17.8%) and Midwest (eighth position, 27.4%). Tomato (Southeast and Midwest) and lettuce (South and Midwest) also appeared among the 20 most prevalent items.

Some items, which appeared among the most prevalent foods only in some regions, demonstrate local dietary habits: for example, manioc flour in the North (sixth position, 45.3%) and Northeast (13^th position, 18.2%). Fish and fish based dishes appeared among the most prevalent foods in the North (tenth position, 21.6%). Tea was among the most prevalent items in the South (15^th position, 16.7%). Sweets were among the most prevalent foods in the North, Northeast and South, with prevalence rates around 13%. Potatoes were among the most prevalent foods in the South (13.1%) and Southeast (17.2%) and cheese in the South, Southeast and Midwest, with rates of prevalence varying between 13% and 20%. Deep-fried and baked snacks were only not among the most prevalent foods in the Northeast. Crackers and eggs were among the most prevalent items in all of the regions except for the South, and milk was among the most prevalent items except in the North.

Analysis by age group also underscored the ubiquity of rice, beans, coffee, bread and beef as the five most commonly consumed items, coffee being the most prevalent item among the elderly. Juice was the sixth most commonly consumed item among adolescents (43.5%) and adults (40.3%), and seventh among the elderly (31.3%). Again, the banana was the most prevalent fruit in all age groups and it was only among the elderly that another fruit made it into the top 20 most prevalent items: the orange. Adolescents did not have any vegetables at all among the top 20 most commonly consumed foods; adults included salad; the elderly, however, reported lettuce in addition to salad. Whole milk was reported by 12.9% (18^th position) of adolescents, 11.6% of adults (19^th position) and 15.8% of the elderly (14^th position). Soft drinks and deep-fried and backed snacks was among the most commonly consumed items for adolescents and adults only, and salad and cheese were among the most prevalent only for adults and the elderly. Sweets, milk-based flavored drinks and cookies only appeared among the most commonly consumed foods for adolescents, occupying 11^th, 16^th and 19^th position in the ranking respectively (Figure 2).

Rice, beans, coffee, bread and beef were the five most commonly consumed food items observed in all household income quartiles. Coffee was the most prevalent item in the first quartile (83.4%) and rice was the most prevalent in the other income quartiles. Juice occupied sixth position in all income quartiles and soft drink consumption varied from 14.4% in the lowest income quartile (14^th position) to 31.1% in the group with the highest income (eighth position) (Figures 3A and 3B).

The only fruit included among the most prevalent foods for all income categories was the banana, with prevalence rates of consumption varying between 11.7% (lowest income group) and 22.7% (group with the highest income). The 25% with the lowest household income did not report any vegetables among the 20 most commonly consumed foods; in the second and third quartiles salad was reported with prevalence rates of 15.5% and 18.3% respectively. The 25% of the population with the highest levels of income included lettuce and tomato, as well as salad, among the 20 most commonly consumed foods (Figures 3A and 3B).

Prevalence of whole milk consumption varied from 10.9% in the first quartile to 14.1% in the third income quartile; however, milk was not included among the 20 most commonly consumed foods in the highest income group. The same was observed in the case of eggs and sweets. Corn and corn based dishes appeared among the most prevalent foods only in the first and second household income quartiles, whereas cheese and potatoes were among the most prevalent foods in the two higher income quartile (Figures 3A and 3B).

It was only in the first income quartile that the most commonly reported foods consumed included fresh fish, dishes made with fresh fish and manioc flour; whereas corn and corn based dishes only appeared among the most prevalent foods in the first and second income quartiles. Fried and roasted snacks did not appear among the most prevalent foods in the quartile with the lowest income, whereas sandwiches were only among the most prevalent in the quartile with the highest income (Figures 3A and 3B).

DISCUSSION

The basic Brazilian diet is characterized by the presence of fruit juices and soft drinks, as well as consumption of coffee and bread, rice, beans and beef, and low levels of fruit and vegetables. Although this configuration presents few variations when stratified by gender and age group, it was observed that adolescents were the only group which failed to report any vegetables and which included sweets, milk drinks and cookies among the most commonly consumed items. On the other hand, the elderly were the only group to include a greater number of fruit and vegetables among the most prevalent foods. However, it is possible that the prevalence of oil, fat and other ingredients used in food preparation was underestimated, as these items were not reported in isolation when they were part of a dish.

Some foods have a markedly regional character to their consumption, such as manioc flour in the North and Northeast and teas in the South. In the North, milk was not included among the most prevalent foods, and deep-fried and backed snacks did not appear in the most commonly consumed foods in the Northeast. When income categories are taken into consideration, important discrepancies can be observed between low and high income quartiles. Individuals in the highest income level reported consuming sandwiches, tomatoes and lettuce and those in the first quartile cited fish and manioc flour among the most prevalent foods, food types which were also reported with high prevalence in the North and Northeast regions. This similarity may be explained by the fact that 44% of individuals in the North and 52% in the Northeast are in the first income quartile, proportions which are much higher than those observed in the Southeast (17%), South (16%) and Midwest (23%) of the country.

It is difficult to compare data on individual food consumption obtained in the INA with data on the availability of foods in the home obtained from the same 2008-2009 POF, as it refers to food acquired for the household and does not include food consumed away-from- home. On the other hand, the INA did not obtain information on children aged under ten. However, we note that foods with the highest prevalence of consumption by individuals also represent an important part of the calories of food acquired for the household, especially rice and beans, which together represent 22% of the total calories available in the home. Beef, the most commonly consumed meat, contributed 4% to the total calories consumed in the home and represented a third of calories provided by meat in the assessment of food available in the home. As for bread, it was verified that its household availability corresponded to 6% of total calories. However, the items which present the highest prevalence rates of consumption: rice, beans, beef and bread, together correspond to approximately 32% of calories available in the home. At the other extreme of prevalence rates, it can be seen that fruit and vegetables contribute only 2.8% of total calories available in the home, which concords with the low prevalence of consumption found for these foods. However, discrepancies were also observed when trying to collate data on availability in the home with those of individual consumption, particularly with relation to soft drinks, which contribute around 2% of calories available in the home. The frequency presented in the Household Budget Survey 2008-2009 suggests that there is significant consumption of these products away-fom-home.^a

Regional characteristics highlighted in individual consumption confirm the differentiated profiles of availability of food which characterize the five main regions of the country. Thus, for example, the high prevalence of manioc flour consumption in the North and Northeast, the high rates of prevalence of fish and low rates of milk in the diet in the North, the high prevalence of rice in the Midwest and of soft drinks in the Southeast, found in both surveys. The effect of household income was similar for the two approaches, individual and household. Both in the availability of the foods in the home and in individual consumption, an increased presence of fruit and vegetables, soft drinks and an inverse tendency to consume beans and manioc flour was observed as income increased.^a

The results of this study corroborate findings of other localized studies, such as those observed by Andrade et al² (2009), which reported that rice, beans, coffee, beef and bread occupied first, second, fourth, seventh and 11^th positions, respectively among the most commonly consumed foods for women aged over 35 living in the city of Rio de Janeiro in 2004-2005. Other items most commonly consumed included juice (12^th position), milk (16^th position) and soft drinks (20^th position).

These data are in agreement with the findings of other population based studies investigating the prevalence rates of consumption of items in the Brazilian diet; for example, Neutzling et al¹¹ (2009) indicated that among adults in Pelotas, Southeastern Brazil, consumption was more frequent among women than among men (26.9% versus 12.9); moreover, the prevalence ratio of fruit and vegetable consumption among individuals aged over 60 compared with those under 30 was 2.30.

Considering the adolescent age group, the data in this study are related to the results of the National Pupils' Health Survey 2009,⁸ in which the majority of adolescents regularly consumed beans (62.6%), milk (53,6%) and candy (95.09%), with higher proportions of regular consumption of beans and milk reported in males, and of candies, cookies and sausages among females. Low levels of fruit and vegetable consumption were also reported, with more than 20% of adolescents reporting that they had not consumed these foods in the week prior to the study.⁸ In contrast to our results, which suggest higher levels of soft drink consumption according to income, the results of the National Pupils' Health Survey⁸ found an inverse relationship between soft drink consumption and socio-economic status (mother's level of schooling and range of goods and services) among adolescents.

Population based studies carried out with adolescents in other countries have also demonstrated high levels of fast food consumption and low levels of fruit and vegetable consumption. Bauer et al³ (2008) verified that on average, 31% of adolescents consume fast food at least three times a week. In Canada, Storey et al¹⁴ (2009), analyzed adolescents in public schools and observed that fewer than 50% met the recommendations for fruit and vegetable and dairy consumption.

It is possible that there is some degree of under reporting in the Household Budget Survey. However, the methods used in this survey were validated in a study which adopted the doubly labelled water method^c as the gold standard for estimating energy expenditure. In the validation study, 79 adults (31 men and 48 women) aged between 20 and 59 were investigated. These individuals constituted a subsample of a population based survey developed in Duque de Caxias, Southeastern Brazil. The results indicated that concordance of the reporting varied according to gender, age and nutritional state. Sub-estimation of calorie consumption was, on average, 17%; however, individuals whose weight was within the normal band presented underestimates of around 13% and those who were in the obese category presented underestimates of approximately 30%.^c These results were comparable to those obtained in other assessments of dietary records against the doubly labelled water method carried out in Brazil. Among elderly residents in urban areas, the percentage of under reporting of calorie consumption was 17.7%.⁶ In studies carried out with women from two universities in the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, underestimating calorie consumption varied between 26%, 28% and 32% when consumption was assessed by 24hr recall, food record and a food frequency questionnaire respectively were compared with the doubly labelled water method data.¹²

The results presented indicate that the Brazilian diet is becoming characterized by the introduction of processed food of high calorie content and drinks with added sugar, although the traditional dietary habits are still maintained. This pattern of consumption is compatible with the high levels of overweight individuals with metabolic disorders which has marked the epidemiological and nutritional scene in the country.

Our findings reaffirm the importance of dietary and nutritional policies which involve encouraging the consumption of healthy foods, such as fruit, vegetables and whole grains and maintaining consumption of traditional basic foods, such as rice and beans, while, at the same time, encouraging reduced consumption of processed foods high in sodium, saturated fat and sugar.

The development of proposals for interventions in dietary habits aimed at adolescents could be considered urgent and of top priority, as this age group presented consumption marked by low fruit and vegetable intake and high consumption of foods considered to be unhealthy, such as cookies and soft drinks.

REFERENCES

Received: 11/25/2011

Approved: 7/10/2012

The research was financed by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq - Processo nº 141066/2010-5). PhD grant awarded to Amanda de Moura Souza.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

This manuscript was submitted for publication and underwent a peer review process as any other manuscripts submitted to this publication, and anonymity was guaranteed for authors and reviewers. Editors and reviewers declare no conflicts of interest that may affect the peer-review process.

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• 16. Subar AF, Kipnis V, Troiano RP, Midthune D, Schoeller DA, Bingham S, et al. Using intake biomarkers to evaluate the extent of dietary misreporting in a large sample of adults: the OPEN study. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158(1):1-13. DOI:10.1093/aje/kwg09

per capita

a Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de orçamentos familiares, 2008-2009. Aquisição alimentar . Rio de Janeiro; 2010.

b

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de orçamentos familiares, 2008-2009. Análise do consumo alimentar pessoal no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro; 2010.

c

Lopes TS, Ferrioli E, Pfrimer K, Hoffman D, Sihieri R, Pereira RA. Validation of energy intake estimated by the food reord applied in a Brazilian national individual dietary survey by the double label water method. In: II World Congress of Publi Health Nutrition, 2010, Porto, Portugal. Publi Health Nutrition; 2010;13:326.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  20 May 2013
• Date of issue
  Feb 2013

History

• Received
  25 Nov 2011
• Accepted
  07 Oct 2012