New records of Sarcophagidae species (Diptera) with forensic potential in Rio de Janeiro

Dias, Guaraci dos Santos; Oliveira-Costa, Janyra; Mello-Patiu, Cátia Antunes de

doi:10.1016/j.rbe.2015.03.015

ABSTRACT

Sarcophagidae species are frequent and abundant in the decomposition process of corpses and, consequently, play an important role as a tool for the application of Forensic Entomology. Helicobia pilifera Lopes, 1939, Microcerella erythropyga (Lopes, 1936), Oxysarcodexia fringidea Curran & Walley, 1934 and Peckia (Peckia) pexata(Wulp, 1895) were recorded for the first time in a Forensic Entomology experiment in Rio de Janeiro, using domestic pig carcasses as substrate.

Keywords:
Distribution; Flesh flies; Forensic entomology; Muscoids; New records

Entomology has acquired great importance in elucidating various issues in forensic analysis, since the famous book "La faune des corpses”, published by Mégnin (1894), who announced the application of entomology to estimate postmortem interval (PMI) based on observation of the entomological succession pattern associated to corpses in France. After Mégnin (1894), several researchers have adapted the technique for different sites, confirming the importance of conducting regional surveys, since the pattern of succession is geographically specific (Oliveira-Costa, 2011). As insects are ectothermic organisms, the climatic variation has direct influence on the succession pattern (Smith, 1986).

The large Brazilian territory shows a great diversity of biomes, ecosystems and climates, and consequently a peculiar insect fauna in each different region (Carvalho and Linhares, 2001; Mise et al., 2013). Furthermore, the correlation of the fauna with each season and their climatic features are also important to record the differences along the regional succession patterns.

Diptera is considered as the largest insect group of forensic importance, especially the calyptratae muscoids, and Sarcophagidae is one of the most distinctive to the forensic application (Oliveira-Costa, 2011; de Carvalho and Mello-Patiu, 2008). Despite the forensic importance of Sarcophagidae, it is clear the small number of studies including data on this family. This group has been neglected in most Forensic Entomology papers, possibly because of the difficult identification, and especially for non-taxonomists (Carvalho et al., 2004; de Carvalho and Mello-Patiu, 2008). Identification of flesh flies species has been done mainly by morphological differences of the male genitalia, having no striking external features; their ovoviviparous females deposit first instar larvae and have more difficult segregation because the morphological uniformity (Mello-Patiu et al., 2009). Consequently, the knowledge of the flesh-fly bionomics is very poor as well as on the niche they occupy on carcasses and corpses. Thus, it is essential to survey the attracted species and how they succeed along the process of corpse decomposition in different climatic regions. Thus, we aim to furnish four new records of flesh-flies species attracted by decomposing carcasses in Rio de Janeiro, revealing their potential forensic importance for the southeast region of Brazil.

The experiment was conducted in the city of Rio de Janeiro, state of Rio de Janeiro, from June 21, 2006 to May 07, 2007, in an urban area in the neighborhood of Deodoro (S22°52'00" W43°23'00"), near a remaining riparian vegetation into a large area of a military airport. Carcasses of domestic pigs (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758) were used as a model, following the usual method of the forensic entomology experiments (Catts and Goff, 1992). Four pigs were exposed, one in each season, to the insect collection, following Oliveira-Costa et al. (2011) methodology. The collections were performed daily along throughout decomposition process and all the collected specimens were taken to the Laboratory of Forensic Entomology, Universidade Castelo Branco, for identification. Sarcophagidae males were sorted out and their terminalia were exposed to allowing the species identification, confirmed by comparison with the material of the Entomological Collection of Museu Nacional (MNRJ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.

A total of 1894 specimens of 26 sarcophagid species of nine genera were collected (Dias et al., personal communication). Among them, were recorded Microcerella erythropyga (Lopes, 1936), Helicobia pilifera Lopes, 1939, Oxysarcodexia fringidea Curran & Walley, 1934, and Peckia (Peckia) pexata (Wulp, 1895). Although these four species had previous distribution records to Rio de Janeiro (see records in Mello-Patiu et al., 2009), they were not collected in preceding studies using animal carcasses in the metropolitan region of the city (Salviano, 1996; Oliveira-Costa et al., 2001; Oliveira-Costa, 2011; Barbosa et al., 2009).

The relative and absolute frequencies obtained for each species were: M. erythropyga 1.37% (26 specimens), H. pilifera 1.21% (23 specimens), O. fringidea 0.15% (3 specimens), and P. pexata 0.10% (2 specimens). Despite their relatively low frequency compared to the dominant species in the decomposition process, M. erythropygaand H. pilifera were collected in the early stages of decomposition enabling a future application of these species for the postmortem interval estimate.

In earlier records of scavenger flesh flies in carcass from other Brazilian regions, M. erythropyga was collected in Cerrado (Rosa et al., 2009), H. pilifera in Cerrado and Atlantic Forest (Moretti et al., 2008; Rosa et al., 2009), P. pexata in Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and Caatinga (Moretti et al., 2008; Rosa et al., 2009; Alves et al., 2014), but O. fringidea is herein recorded for the first time in this substrate.

The decomposition stage was divided into fresh, bloated, decay, post-decay and skeletonization, according to Goff (2000). Winter, as highlighted by Oliveira-Costa et al. (2001) and Souza and Linhares (1997), was the station with higher richness and abundance of Sarcophagidae. In this season, M. erythropyga occurred from the 1st to 7th day, returning on the 10th day of decomposition (fresh, bloated and skeletonization stages). Helicobia pilifera was present from the first day to deterioration stage, while P. pexata was only collected on the 5th day of decomposition (bloated stage) and O. fringidea was not present.

During the spring, only M. erythropyga was present during the 2nd and 5th days (fresh and bloated stages). In autumn, H. pilifera attended the 2nd and 7th day of decomposition (fresh, bloated, decay, and post-decay stages), M. erythropyga was present at day 12 and O. fringidea was present only in the 22th (both post-decay stage). In summer, H. pilifera appeared only on 14th day (skeletonization stage) and O. fringidea was present only in the initial stage.

Acknowledgments

To Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for a Ph.D. scholarship (GSD, n° 00.889.834/0001-08) and to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for research grant (CAMP, n° 302584/2012-9).

References

Alves, A.C.F., Santos, W.E., Creão-Duarte, A.J., 2014. Diptera (Insecta) de importância forense da região Neotropical. Entomotropica 29, 77-94.
Barbosa, R.R., Mello, R.P., Queiroz, M.M.C., Mello-Patiu, C.A., 2009. New records of calyptrate Diptera (Fanniidae, Muscidae and Sarcophagidae) associated with the decomposition of domestic pigs in Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 104, 923-926.
Carvalho, L.M.L., Linhares, A.X., 2001. Seasonality of insect succession and pig carcass decomposition in a natural Forest area in Southeastern Brazil. J. Forensic Sci. 46, 604-608.
Carvalho, L.M.L., Thyssen, P.J., Goff, M.L., Linhares, A.X., 2004. Observations on the succession patterns of necrophagous insects on a pig carcass in a urban area of Southeastern Brazil. Aggrawal's Internet J. Forensic Med. Toxicol. 5, 33-39.
Catts, E.P., Goff, M.L., 1992. Forensic entomology in criminal investigations. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 37, 253-272.
de Carvalho, C.J.B., de Mello-Patiu, C.A., 2008. Key to the adults of the most common forensic species of Diptera in South America. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 52, 390-406.
Goff, M.L., 2000. A fly for the prosecution. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Mégnin, P., 1894. La faune des cadavres. Encyclopedie Scientifique des Aide-Memoire, Paris.
Mello-Patiu, C.A., Soares, W.F., Silva, P.K., 2009. Espécies de Sarcophagidae (Insecta: Diptera) registradas no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Arq. Museu Nac. 67, 173-188.
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Moretti, T.C., Ribeiro, O.B., Thyssen, P.J., Solis, D.R., 2008. Insects on decomposing carcasses of small rodents in a secondary forest in Southeastern Brazil. Eur. J. Entomol. 105, 691-696.
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Oliveira-Costa, J., Dias, G.S., Meloni, E., 2011. Metodologia de coleta para pesquisas experimentais. In: Entomologia Forense: quando os insetos são vestígios, 3rd ed. Millennium Editora, Campinas, pp. 413–425.
Rosa, T.A., Babata, M.L.Y., Souza, C.M., de Souza, D., Mello-Patiu, C.A., Mendes, J., 2009. Dipterans of forensic interest in two vegetation profiles of cerrado in Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Neotrop. Entomol. 38, 859-866.
Salviano, R.J.B., (Dissertação de Mestrado) 1996. Sucessão de Diptera Caliptrata em carcaça de Sus scrofa L. Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro.
Smith, K.G.V., 1986. A manual of forensic entomology. University Printing House, Oxford.
Souza, A.M., Linhares, A.X., 1997. Diptera and Coleoptera of potential forensic importance in southeastern Brazil: relative abundance and seasonality. Med. Vet. Entomol. 11, 8-12.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
Jul-Sep 2015

History

Received
3 Feb 2015
Accepted
27 Mar 2015

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[2] Barbosa, R.R., Mello, R.P., Queiroz, M.M.C., Mello-Patiu, C.A., 2009. New records of calyptrate Diptera (Fanniidae, Muscidae and Sarcophagidae) associated with the decomposition of domestic pigs in Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 104, 923-926.

[3] Carvalho, L.M.L., Linhares, A.X., 2001. Seasonality of insect succession and pig carcass decomposition in a natural Forest area in Southeastern Brazil. J. Forensic Sci. 46, 604-608.

[4] Carvalho, L.M.L., Thyssen, P.J., Goff, M.L., Linhares, A.X., 2004. Observations on the succession patterns of necrophagous insects on a pig carcass in a urban area of Southeastern Brazil. Aggrawal's Internet J. Forensic Med. Toxicol. 5, 33-39.

[5] Catts, E.P., Goff, M.L., 1992. Forensic entomology in criminal investigations. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 37, 253-272.

[6] de Carvalho, C.J.B., de Mello-Patiu, C.A., 2008. Key to the adults of the most common forensic species of Diptera in South America. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 52, 390-406.

[7] Goff, M.L., 2000. A fly for the prosecution. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

[8] Mégnin, P., 1894. La faune des cadavres. Encyclopedie Scientifique des Aide-Memoire, Paris.

[9] Mello-Patiu, C.A., Soares, W.F., Silva, P.K., 2009. Espécies de Sarcophagidae (Insecta: Diptera) registradas no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Arq. Museu Nac. 67, 173-188.

[10] Mise, K.M., Corrêa, R.C., Almeida, L.M., 2013. Coleopterofauna found on fresh and frozen rabbit carcasses in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 73, 543-548.

[11] Moretti, T.C., Ribeiro, O.B., Thyssen, P.J., Solis, D.R., 2008. Insects on decomposing carcasses of small rodents in a secondary forest in Southeastern Brazil. Eur. J. Entomol. 105, 691-696.

[12] Oliveira-Costa, J., 2011. Entomologia forense: quando os insetos são vestígios, 3rd ed. Millennium Editora, Campinas.

[13] Oliveira-Costa, J., Mello-Patiu, C.A., Lopes, S.M., 2001. Influência de diferentes fatores na frequência de dípteros muscóides em cadáveres humanos no Rio de Janeiro. Bol. Mus. Nac. Nova série (Zool.) 470, 1-10.

[14] Oliveira-Costa, J., Dias, G.S., Meloni, E., 2011. Metodologia de coleta para pesquisas experimentais. In: Entomologia Forense: quando os insetos são vestígios, 3rd ed. Millennium Editora, Campinas, pp. 413–425.

[15] Rosa, T.A., Babata, M.L.Y., Souza, C.M., de Souza, D., Mello-Patiu, C.A., Mendes, J., 2009. Dipterans of forensic interest in two vegetation profiles of cerrado in Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Neotrop. Entomol. 38, 859-866.

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[17] Smith, K.G.V., 1986. A manual of forensic entomology. University Printing House, Oxford.

[18] Souza, A.M., Linhares, A.X., 1997. Diptera and Coleoptera of potential forensic importance in southeastern Brazil: relative abundance and seasonality. Med. Vet. Entomol. 11, 8-12.