Inclusion of Moringa oleifera Lam in diets of growing and finishing swine: digestibility and performance

[Inclusão de Moringa oleifera Lam. em dietas de suínos em crescimento e terminação: digestibilidade e desempenho]

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of including dehydrated moringa leaves and stalks (DMLS) in pig diets on performance and feed digestibility. A performance experiment was carried out using 24 castrated male pigs with an average initial weight of 60±1.45kg divided into four treatments and six replicates in a completely randomized design. A digestibility experiment was also carried out using eight castrated male swine, with an initial average weight of 40±3.04kg, housed in metabolic cages, divided into four treatments and six replicated in a 4x4 Latin square duplicated design. In both experiments, the treatments were a control diet and three diets containing different levels of moringa leaf inclusion (7%, 14% and 21%). Daily weight gain, total weight gain and feed conversion showed a quadratic effect, with maximum points of 6.43%, 6.48% and 6.96%, respectively. There was a decreasing linear effect for the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, crude energy and indigestible fiber in neutral detergent with the inclusion of DMLS in the diets. Dehydrated moringa leaves and stalks can be included in pig diets up to a level of 7% without harming the performance of growing and finishing pigs.

Keywords:
alternative feed; functional feed; fiber

RESUMO

Este estudo foi realizado para investigar os efeitos da inclusão das folhas e dos talos de moringa desidratados (FTMD) à dieta de suínos sobre desempenho e digestibilidade da ração. Foi realizado um experimento de desempenho utilizando-se 24 suínos machos castrados, com peso médio de 60±1,45kg, distribuídos em quatro tratamentos e seis repetições, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. Também foi realizado um experimento de digestibilidade utilizando-se oito suínos machos castrados, com peso médio de 40±3,04kg, alojados em gaiolas metabólicas, distribuídos em quatro tratamentos e seis repetições, em quadrado latino 4x4 duplicado. Em ambos os experimentos, os tratamentos eram uma dieta controle e três dietas contendo diferentes níveis de inclusão das folhas da moringa (7%, 14% e 21%). O ganho de peso diário, o ganho de peso total e a conversão alimentar apresentaram efeito quadrático, com pontos de máxima de 6,43%, 6,48% e 6,96%, respectivamente. Houve efeito linear decrescente para os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, proteína bruta, energia bruta e fibra indigestível em detergente neutro com a inclusão da FTMD às dietas. As folhas e os talos de moringa desidratados podem ser incluídos à dieta de suíno até o nível de 7%, sem causar prejuízos ao desempenho de suínos em crescimento e terminação.

Palavras-chave:
alimento alternativo; alimento funcional; fibra

INTRODUCTION

Corn and soybean are the primary ingredients used in swine feed. However, their prices often make swine farming unviable, as they have inflated the final production cost and consequently increased the value of the final product on the consumer's table. One way to make animal production viable is to reduce feeding costs by substituting conventional foods with alternative ones. Recently, several studies have evaluated the inclusion of various feeds in swine diets, including fibrous feeds. Among these feeds is Moringa oleifera.

Moringa oleifera Lamarck is a fast-growing tree, belonging to the Moringaceae family, widely cultivated in the tropics worldwide (Karadi et al., 2006). Originating from India and belonging to the Moringaceae family, this plant exhibits remarkable nutritional composition. Its leaves and seeds are recognized as excellent sources of proteins and amino acids, while the seeds also possess significant lipid content. Additionally, moringa stems and leaves provide fiber and energy (Islam, et al., 2021).

Moringa leaves can have crude protein concentrations ranging from 16 to 32% (Elkhalifa et al., 2007; Soliva et al., 2005). It is rich in essential amino acids in a high proportion (Fahey, 2005; Lu et al., 2016). It has appreciable values of ether extract between 1.7 and 5.4% (Elkhalifa et al., 2007; Gadzirayi et al., 2012). Its average calcium concentration is 2% (Sharma et al., 2012), and phosphorus is 0.3% (Babiker, 2012). This nutritional richness has made moringa a popular choice in both human and animal nutrition, whether as food, supplement, or additive.

Studies such as the one conducted by Mukumbo et al. (2014) highlight the potential benefits of using moringa in swine diets, especially during the growth and finishing phases, contributing to weight control and improving meat and carcass characteristics. However, when evaluating digestible energy and apparent metabolizable energy for swine, Sá (2018) found low values for these energies, being 1472 kcal/kg and 1419 kcal/kg, respectively.

There are few studies evaluating the optimal level of moringa inclusion in swine diets. In this aspect, more studies are necessary to demonstrate the effects of different levels of moringa inclusion in the diet on nutrient digestibility and swine performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of including dehydrated Moringa leaves and stems (DMLS) in the diet of growing and finishing swine on digestibility and performance.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This study was carried out in collaboration between the Animal Science Institute, the Porcine Research Institute in Cuba and the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, under CEUA license: 037/2015.

The digestibility experiment was developed in Porcine Research Institute. Were used eight castrated male swine from the commercial lineage CC-21, with an initial average weight of 40±3.04kg. The animals were distributed in a replicated 4x4 Latin square design, repeated over time, with four periods and four diets. Each period lasted for 10 days, with the first five days dedicated to animal adaptation to the diets and installations, and the remaining five days for feces and urine collection.

The feed supply was 0.08kg DM/kg^0.75/day, divided into two meals (at 09:00 and 15:00), and water was provided ad libitum. To adjust feed intake, animals were weighed at the beginning and end of each experimental period.

The direct method of rectal digestibility and a nitrogen balance were employed following procedures described by Adeola (2000) and Ly (2008). During the collection period, fresh feces weights were recorded daily, as well as urine volume per animal. Urine was collected daily in a container containing 15ml of 10N H2SO4 to prevent volatilization of urinary nitrogen. All collected material was individually identified and frozen for subsequent analysis. At the end of each experimental period, the feces were homogenized to obtain a representative sample per animal/period. The same procedure was adopted for obtaining urine samples.

Samples of feces and diets were sent to the laboratory where they were pre-dried, ground, and subjected to analysis of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), Nitrogen (N), ash (ASH), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and gross energy (GE). Urine analysis included nitrogen and gross energy. Based on the results, the of dry matter intake (DMI), apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter (ADCDM), crude protein (ADCCP), nitrogen (ADCN), ash (ADCA), neutral detergent fiber (ADCNDF), gross energy (ADCGE), dietary digestible energy (DE), and nitrogen balance (NB) were determined. ADCDM, ADCN, ADCNDF, DE, and NB values were determined according to the method of Matterson et al. (1965).

The treatments consisted of a control diet without moringa inclusion and three diets containing levels of inclusion of dehydrated moringa leaves and stems (DMLS) of 7%, 14%, and 21%, included in a diet based on corn and soybean meal. The DMLS were obtained by cutting the leaves and stems when the plants were 60 days old, at a height of 20cm from the ground. After sun drying for 48 hours, the leaves and thin stems were ground. The chemical composition of DMLS is detailed in Table 1.

The performance trial was conducted at the Animal Science Institute of Cuba, lasted 43 and utilized twenty-four castrated male swine of the CC-21 commercial crossbreed, with an average live weight of 60±1.45kg. The swine were housed in individual pens equipped with semi-automatic feeders and nipple-type automatic drinkers. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments and six replications, where each animal represented an experimental unit.

The experimental treatments were the same as those described for the digestibility trial. All diets were formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of animals with medium genetic potential in the growth and finishing phases, being isoproteic, isoenergetic, and isolysinic. The detailed composition of the experimental diets can be found in Table 2.

Were evaluated average daily feed intake (ADFI, kg/day), total feed intake (TFI, kg), average daily weight gain (ADWG, kg/day), total weight gain (TWG, kg), and feed conversion ratio (FCR, kg/kg).

The apparent digestibility coefficient of ashes, nitrogen balance and digestible energy did not show significant differences between diets with increasing levels of DMLS for swine (P>0,05). However there.

The obtained results were subjected to analysis of variance and regression analysis at a significance level of 5%, using the statistical package SISVAR 5.6.

Table 1
Centesimal composition analysis of dehydrated Moringa oleifera leaves and stems on a dry matter basis

Variables	%
Dry Matter	89.73
Crude Protein	9.18
Gross Energy (kcal.kg-1)	4423
Ash	7.34
Ethereal extract	1.27
Crude Fiber	44.3
NDF	55.76
ADF	42.45
Lignin	9.14
Cellulose	33.30
Calcium	1.03
Phosphorus	0.14
Methionine 1	0.13
Cysteine 1	0.09
Methionine + Cysteine 1	0.23
Lysine 1	0.36
Threonine 1	0.34
Arginine 1	0.39
Isoleucine 1	0.34
Leucine 1	0.63
Valine 1	0.25
Histidine 1	0.14
Phenylalanine 1	0.47
Glycine 1	0.41
Serine 1	0.35
Proline 1	0.38
Alanine 1	0.46
Aspartic Acid 1	0.70
Glutamic Acid 1	0.84

• ¹
  Total amino acids determined by the HPLC method.

Table 2
Centesimal composition of experimental diets for swine, on a natural matter basis

Ingredients, %	Levels of inclusion of Moringa oleifera
	Growth phase				Finishing phase
	60 to 80 kg of live weight				80 to 100 kg of live weight
	0%	7%	14%	21%	0%	7%	14%	21%
Corn	80.25	72.74	65.36	58.14	84.24	76.32	67.69	59.07
Soybean meal	16.96	15.75	14.53	13.28	12.71	12.73	12.87	13.01
Soybean oil	-	1.53	3.01	4.44	-	1.26	2.76	4.25
Moringa	-	7.00	14.00	21.00	-	7.00	14.00	21.00
Dicalcium phosphate	0.92	0.96	1.00	1.04	0.81	0.81	0.81	0.81
Calcium carbonate	0.66	0.38	0.09	-	0.59	0.51	0.42	0.34
Vitamin/mineral premix 1	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
L-Lysine HCl 78.8%	0.30	0.35	0.41	0.47	0.32	0.33	0.35	0.36
DL-Methionine 99%	0.05	0.08	0.12	0.16	0.04	0.06	0.09	0.11
Common Salt	0.38	0.38	0.39	0.39	0.35	0.36	0.36	0.37
Inert2	-	0.33	0.59	0.59	0.44	0.13	0.16	0.19
Calculated values
Metabolizable Energy (kcal.g-1)	3230	3230	3230	3230	3230	3230	3230	3230
Crude Protein, %	14.30	14.30	14.30	14.30	12.71	12.71	12.71	12.71
Crude Fiber, %	2.81	5.66	8.52	11.38	2.74	5.63	8.51	11.39
Digestible Lysine, %	0.804	0.804	0.804	0.804	0.718	0.718	0.718	0.718
Digestible Methionine, %	0.207	0.190	0.182	0.156	0.189	0.178	0.174	0.156
Digestible Methionine + Cystine, %	0.474	0.474	0.474	0.474	0.431	0.431	0.431	0.431
Digestible Threonine, %	0.471	0.433	0.395	0.357	0.416	0.396	0.375	0.355
Digestible Tryptophan, %	0.137	0.144	0.150	0.157	0.115	0.128	0.142	0.156
Calcium, %	0.509	0.509	0.509	0.583	0.451	0.451	0.451	0.451
Available Phosphorus, %	0.246	0.246	0.246	0.246	0.220	0.220	0.220	0.220
Sodium, %	0.170	0.170	0.170	0.170	0.160	0.160	0.160	0.160
Fat, %	3.210	4.440	5.630	6.770	3.290	4.260	5.430	6.610

• ¹
  Composition per kilogram of the product (guaranteed levels): Vitamin A (min) 1,000,000 IU/kg, Vitamin D3 (min) 150,000 IU/kg, Vitamin E (min) 3,000 IU/kg, Vitamin K3 (min) 750 mg/kg, Vitamin B1 (min) 150 mg/kg, Vitamin B2 (min) 875mg/kg, Vitamin B6 (min) 250mg/kg, Vitamin B12 (min) 4,500mg/kg, Niacin (min) 5,000mg/kg, Calcium Pantothenate (min) 2,500mg/kg, Folic Acid (min) 250mg/kg, Biotin (min) 7.5mg/kg, Choline Chloride (min) 40g/kg, Iron (min) 8,750mg/kg, Copper (min) 3,750mg/kg, Manganese (min) 6,250mg/kg, Zinc (min) 18.75g/kg, Iodine (min) 250mg/kg, Selenium (min) 75mg/kg.
• ²
  Washed sand.

RESULTS

The apparent digestibility coefficient of ashes, nitrogen balance and digestible energy did not show significant differences between diets with increasing levels of DMLS for swine (P>0,05). However there was a linear decreasing effect on the digestibility of dry matter (y1=-0.4064x+90.3518; R2=0.99), crude protein (y2=-0.3497x+89.7256; R²=0.94), gross energy (y3=-0.3753x + 89.276; R² = 0.98); and NDF (y4=-0.4934x+75.642; R²=0.86) as the levels of DMLS increased in the diet (Table 3).

The reduction in dry matter digestibility of the diet containing 7% moringa compared to the control diet was 3.3%, with this reduction even higher (9.3%) when the inclusion level was 21%. It was also observed a reduction in the digestibility of crude protein (7.6%), fat (9.4%), and NDF (12.8%). However, there was no significant effect of DMLS inclusion levels on the digestibility coefficient of ashes, nitrogen balance, and digestible energy of the diets.

When evaluating the performance of swine, it was observed that there was no significant effect of diets on the daily feed intake (Table 4). However, there was a quadratic effect of DMLS inclusion levels on the daily weight gain (y1=0.963+0.009x+0.0007x2; R²=0.96) and total weight gain (y2=41.445+0.402x-0.031x2; R²=0.96), with the maximum points obtained at levels of 6.43% and 6.48%, respectively. A quadratic effect of DMLS inclusion was also observed on feed conversion (y3=3.051-0.039x+0.0028x2; R²=0.94), estimating better conversion at the 6.96% inclusion level. Thus, a worsening in daily and total weight gain, as well as in feed conversion, was observed for the 21% inclusion level.

Table 3
Mean values and standard error of the mean (SEM) of the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of diets with different levels of DMLS for growing swine

	Inclusion level %					p-value	Effect
Variable	0	7	14	21	SEM
ADCDM, %	90.47	87.46	84.40	82.00	0.75	<0.01	Linear
ADCCP, %	89.92	87.54	83.73	83.02	0.57	<0.01	Linear
ADCGE, %	90.35	86.43	83.62	81.73	0.74	<0.01	Linear
ADCNDF, %	76.81	71.50	66.60	66.93	1.33	<0.01	Linear
ADCASH, %	63.41	61.14	55.89	64.52	1.63	Ns	ns
NB, kg	0.47	0.78	0.69	0.76	0.02	Ns	ns
DE, cal.g-1	3470	3411	3334	3366	117.87	Ns	ns

• DM - Dry matter; CP - Crude protein; NB - Nitrogen balance; ASH - Ashes; NDF - Neutral detergent fiber; GE - Gross energy; DE - Digestible energy of the diet; ADCDM - Apparent Digestibility Coefficient of Dry Matter; ADCCP - Apparent Digestibility Coefficient of Crude Protein; ADCGE - Apparent Digestibility Coefficient of Gross Energy; ADCNDF - Apparent Digestibility Coefficient of Neutral Detergent Fiber; ADCASH - Apparent Digestibility Coefficient of Ashes ; Significance p<0.05; ns - not significant.

Table 4
Performance of growing-finishing swine (60 to 102 kg live weight) fed different levels of inclusion of Moringa oleifera

Variable	Moringa inclusion levels				SEM	p-value	Effect
	0%	7%	14%	21%
Initial weight, kg	60.33	60.42	60.42	60.42	0.29	-	-
Daily weight gain, kg	0.97	0.98	0.97	0.84	0.01	0.03	Quadratic
Total weight gain, kg	41.67	42.08	41.67	36.00	0.79	0.03	Quadratic
Daily feed intake, kg	2.92	2.92	2.89	2.91	0.01	0.18	ns
Feed conversion ratio, kg kg-1	3.03	2.99	2.99	3.52	0.06	0.02	Quadratic

• ns - not significant.

DISCUSSION

The reduction in apparent digestibility coefficient of the diets can be attributed to the notable fiber content of DMLS (55.76% NDF - Neutral Detergent Fiber, Table 1). The insoluble fraction of the fiber directly affects the speed of intestinal transit, thus decreasing the time feed spends in the digestive tract (Pascoal & Watanabe, 2014; Goulart et al., 2016). Consequently, high inclusions of both soluble and insoluble fiber in swine diets may be responsible for increasing peristalsis and, as a result, accelerating the passage rate of digesta through the intestine, decreasing nutrient digestibility.

The fiber also reduces the digestibility of nutrients in the small intestine, which potentially results in the reduced energy absorption of swine (Li et al., 2021). However, it is important to highlight that even though there was a reduction in the digestibility coefficients with increasing levels of DMLS, these did not affect the digestible energy of the diets, in this study. Navarro et al. (2018), evaluating feeds with high fiber content for swine, observed that DE was also not affected. The authors believe that the population of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic bacteria is increased in the large intestine of these animals in response to the concentration of fiber in the diet, making its use more efficient.

Regarding daily feed consumption, Serem et al. (2017); Acda et al. (2010) also did not observe any effect of moringa inclusion on the daily feed intake of swine in the growth phase. However, Mukumbo et al. (2014); Zhang et al. (2019) found that the inclusion of moringa resulted in augmented feed consumption compared to the control treatment. They attributed this consumption increase to the decreased nutrient accessibility, which caused the animals to ingest more feed to compensate for the diet’s dilution caused by heightened fiber content. Additionally, the enhanced palatability offered by moringa could have contributed to the increased consumption.

The worsening in animal performance when fed with levels greater than 7% of DMLS is justified by the drop in the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, gross energy and NDF in these diets. Zhang et al. (2019) similarly observed the impact of incorporating moringa leaves into the diet of finishing swine, affecting weight gain and feed conversion. They determined the optimal inclusion level to be 6%.

However, Acda et al. (2010) and Braman et al. (2020), evaluating the inclusion of dehydrated Moringa oleifera leaves at 5% and 10% levels in diets for growing swine, found no significant differences in average daily weight gain and feed conversion rate when compared to animals fed the control diet. Mukumbo et al. (2014) also did not observe a significant effect of including up to 7.5% dehydrated moringa leaves in the swine diet on the average daily weight gain.

CONCLUSION

DMLS can be included in swine diets during the growth and finishing phase, up to a level of 7%, without inducing any detrimental effects on performance.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

CAPES, FACEPE, CNPq and Instituto de Zootecnia de Cuba (ICA) for funding the research, and EVONIK for analyzing amino acids in Moringa Oleifera leaves.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  28 Apr 2025
• Date of issue
  May-Jun 2025

History

• Received
  17 June 2024
• Accepted
  04 Oct 2024