Giant myxoma in the left atrium: case report

Abstracts

In this study is reported the case of a 63-year-old-woman with history of dyspnea, palpitations, and precordial pain who underwent cardiologic evaluation. The physical examination did not reveal abnormalities. The echocardiogram showed great mass in the left atrium, suggesting myxoma which was confirmed by tomography and catheterization. The patient underwent surgical treatment with a good postoperative evolution. The diagnosis of myxoma was confirmed by histopathologic study. In this study is included a bibliographic review and a comment emphasizing the diagnostic difficulty based on signs and symptoms, as well as the details about the development of bilateral pleural effusion possibly related to the myxoma.

Myxoma; Myxoma; Heart neoplasms; Myxoma

Paciente de 63 anos, sexo feminino, com história de dispnéia, palpitação e precordialgia foi submetida a avaliação cardiológica. Ao exame físico mostrava-se sem anormalidades. O ecocardiograma mostrou grande massa em átrio esquerdo, sugerindo mixoma; confirmado pela tomografia e cateterismo. A paciente foi submetida a tratamento cirúrgico, com boa evolução pós-operatória. O estudo anatomopatológico confirmou o diagnóstico de mixoma. Neste artigo é apresentada revisão bibliográfica, bem como comentários enfatizando-se a dificuldade diagnóstica baseada nos sinais e sintomas, assim como o desenvolvimento de derrame pleural bilateral no pós-operatório, possivelmente relacionado ao mixoma.

Mixoma; Mixoma; Neoplasias cardíacas; Mixoma

CASE REPORT

Giant myxoma in the left atrium - case report

Marcos de Paula Vale^I; Adalberto Freire Sobrinho^II; Marcos Vinícius Sales^III; Marianna Meirelles Teixeira^IV; Karine Chaves Cabral^V

^ICardiovascular Surgeon; Specialist Member of the Brazilian Society of Cardiovascular Surgery (Cardiovascular Surgeon in the Hospital Evangélico of Belo Horizonte and University Hospital of São José and University Hospital of Vila da Serra)

^IICardiovascular Surgeon (Cardiovascular Surgeon in the Hospital Evangélico of Belo Horizonte, Luxemburgo Hospital, University Hospital of São José and University Hospital of Vila da Serra)

^IIICardiologist Physician (Cardiologist from the Luxemburgo Hospital)

^iVPhysician (General Surgery Resident of the University Hospital of São José)

^VNurse (Member of the Nursing Team of the Luxemburgo Hospital)

Correspondence address

ABSTRACT

A 63-year-old-woman with history of dispneia, palpitation and precordial discomfort was examined. The physical examination failed to reveal abnormalities. The diagnosis of cardiac tumor was accomplished with the help of bidimensional echocardiography, computadorized tomography and hemodinamic study. The operation was completed and the diagnosis of myxoma was confirmed by histopathologic study. The post-operative regarding the diagnosis was done in the present report, including the development of pleural effusion possibly related to myxoma.

Descriptors: Myxoma/diagnosis. Myxoma/surgery. Heart neoplasms/surgery. Myxoma/complications.

INTRODUCTION

Intracardiac primary tumors are rare conditions. About 75% of them are benign, and approximately 50% are myxomas. The symptoms are atypical and highly variable. According to the size and location of tumors, the patients may present symptoms that range from asymptomatic to a presentation of lung congestion, and may also present sudden death by thrombo-embolic phenomena. In this report, we present a case of an oligosymptomatic patient who underwent cardiological propaedeutic, which revealed a large left intra-atrial lesion. The patient then underwent surgical resection of this lesion. The anatomic-pathological study confirmed the diagnosis of myxoma. The patient developed pleural effusion in the postoperative, possibly related to the lesion.

CASE REPORT

63-year-old female patient who underwent cardiological evaluation due to dyspnea during medium effort, palpitation and precordialgia. During the examination, the patient presented as normotensive, with normal heartbeat, rhythmic and normophonetic sounds, without murmurs. ECG was normal. The chest X-Ray showed slight increase in the cardiac area. The patient did not present pre-existing diseases and did not use drugs regularly. She underwent an echocardiogram that showed a large mass in the left atrium, characterized by computed tomography as a great expansive ovoid lesion measuring 6.2 x 5.0 x 4.5 cm, and blocking a great part of the left atrial cavity with density slightly lower than the heart muscle.

The catheterization showed a large negative image in the left atrium (Fig. 1), and normal coronaries, as well as left ventricle with preserved contractility and mild venocapillary and arterial hypertension.

The patient underwent surgical treatment with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). After median sternotomy, cannulation of the aorta and cavas, aortic clamping and infusion of normothermic blood cardioplegic solution in the aortic root, a left atriotomy was performed, revealing a large mobile mass tumor, clear, with gelatinous consistency, friable with pediculated rooting in the high interatrial septum. The lesion was resected, and during the surgery, special care was taken to prevent its fragmentation. Its region of rooting was submitted to electrocauterization. The CPB suspension was routinely performed after the spontaneous return of the heartbeats.

The resected material was sent for anatomic-pathological study, which revealed that it was a smooth nodular mass, white-brownish, measuring 8.0 x 5.5 x 4.0 cm. The microscopy revealed the presence of stellate and globose cells arranged in myxoid stroma without severe atypias and with regular vascularization. The patient was discharged from the ICU on the 2^nd postoperative day and from the hospital on the 16^th postoperative day. The patient presented only bilateral pleural effusion on the 9^th day of surgery, and needed thoracentesis for relief. The effusion showed good evolution after the procedrue. The control echocardiogram in the postoperative showed no atrial masses, the left atrium with a diameter within normal limits, and normal biventricular systolic function (Fig. 2).

DISCUSSION

Among primary heart tumors, myxomas are the most frequent and represent about 50% of benign tumors [1]. Myxomas are real tumors. Ultrastructural examinations suggest that they are structures that arise from multipotent mesenchymal cells with endothelial derivation. Although these tumors present benign characteristics from the histological point of view, they may present unfavourable evolution due to their location, which is characterized by thromboembolic phenomena and may even lead to sudden death [2].

These tumors are located in the left atrium (LA) in approximately 75% of the cases [2], where they are almost always presented with signs and symptoms of mitral valve disease or thromboembolic events. They may also arise in other locations, such as aorta, pulmonary artery, ventricles, vena cavae or in other organs [3].

In about 50% of the cases, the tumor forms pediculated to the interatrial septum, but may have multiple focuses or may also cover the valvar tissue. The location, size and mobility of the tumors determine the clinical manifestations [4]. The propaedeutic methods used in the diagnosis of intracardiac myxomas ranged over decades. Before the advent of echocardiography, the atrial myxomas were suspected in patients who presented clinical signs of mitral stenosis, with a short time of evolution, without a prior history of rheumatic disease, with sinus rhythm, but with dyspnea or diastolic murmur (which may vary in supine position), and the patients were referred to surgery, which allowed for the correct diagnosis.

Currently, we can rely on echocardiography, including the three-dimensional echocardiography with the use of transesophageal transducers, with better structural cardiac definition, with both used in pre- or postoperative [5]. The first attempt at surgical resection was performed by Bahnson and Newman in 1952 and the first successful resection was performed by Crafoord in 1954. Generally, the surgical treatment is definitive and recurrence is unusual.

In this study, we found a case that was difficult to diagnose, due to the small amount of signs and symptoms. The patient was oligosymptomatic, with recent initiation of dyspnea during medium efforts, palpitation and mild precordialgia. The diagnosis was established using image methods (echocardiography, computed tomography and cardiac catheterization, which was also performed for a coronariographic study due to complaints of precordialgia), and revealed a myxoma of large dimensions. The patient underwent surgery (without complications) and an anatomic-pathological study confirmed that it was myxoma. In the postoperative, the patient presented the following complication: a rare association (already described) of bilateral pleural effusion possibly related to the myxoma [6].

REFERENCES

• 1. Lammer RJ, Bloor CM. Pathology of cardiac tumors. In: Kapoor AS, ed. Cancer of the heart. New York:Springer-Verlag;1986.
• 2. Bjessmo S, Ivert T. Cardiac myxoma: 40 year's experience in 63 patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;63(3):697-700.
• 3. Stolf NAG, Benício A, Moreira LFP, Rossi E. Mixoma de átrio direito com origem na veia cava inferior: uma localização rara com implicações diagnósticas e terapêuticas. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2000;15(3):255-8.
• 4. Centofanti P, Di Rosa E, Deorsola L, Dato GM, Patanè F, La Torre M, et al. Primary cardiac tumors: early and late results of surgical treatment in 91 patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68(4):1236-41.
• 5. Vieira MLC, Ianni BM, Mady C, Encinas J, Pommerantzeff PMA, Fernandes PP, et al. Mixoma de átrio esquerdo. Avaliação ecográfica tridimensional. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004;82(3):281-3.
• 6. Meira EBS, Camacho RG, Meira DBS, Povoa R, Kassab KK, Anijar AM, et al. Mixoma de átrio esquerdo associado a derrame pleural. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2000;15(3):259-62.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  23 Sept 2008
• Date of issue
  June 2008

History

• Accepted
  29 Apr 2008
• Received
  14 Aug 2008