Opto-electronic Properties of Nano-electronic Materials

Abstract

Nanoelectronic is nanotechnology applied in the context of electronic circuits and systems. Molecular electronic, which is supposed to replace silicon electronic in the future, is an incipient branch of Nanotechnology which focusing on the organic molecules. Since recognizing and examining this family of Nanostructures needs a long time and very expensive, an appropriate pattern to predict electronic properties is very beneficial; Topological Indices Method (TIM) is a useful approach for this purpose. This study is to present a simple model based on graph theory to predict electronic and optical properties of Circumacenes. Therefore, it is first tried to prove a theorem for RRR index in of Circumacenes family. Then RRR index is measured for some Circumacenes family members. Electronic and physical properties of Circumacenes family (C_8(n+2)/3H_(2n+22)/3) including Ionization Energy, Binding Energy, Gap Energy, and Electron Affinity Energy, were measured using Gaussian 09 Software by Hartree-Fock method. Finally, the relationships described electro-optical properties of Circumacenes family achieved by RRR index.

Keywords:
Nanoelectronic; Circumacenes; Binding Energy; Gap Energy; Electron Affinity

1. Introduction

Nano-technology, among which Nano-electronic is one of the most used branches, is a meeting point for different sciences in the future. Nanoelectronic is nanotechnology applied in the context of electronic circuits and systems.

Today’s knowledge requires increasing the capacity of data restoration, data transition, advancements in sensor manufacturing technologies and making electronic components as small as possible; the electronic components’ being smaller not only increases the speed of the process, but also reduces the amount of consumed energy, two important goals which are accessible through Nano-electronic technique^1-3. Today’s electronic industry is based on silicon; this industry is 50 years old and has gradually matured technologically, industrially, and financially. Molecular electronic, which is supposed to replace silicon electronic in the future, is an incipient branch of Nanotechnology. Since minifying the size of electronic components on Nano-scale confronts various limitations, focusing on the molecular electronic is a considerable point which should attract attention. The molecular electronic is a branch of science based on Nanotechnology with multiple applications in electronic industry in which organic molecules are central. Aromatic hydrocarbon from the root of benzene can provide suitable environments for electron transition due to p orbitals, upper and lower electron clouds, and resonance phenomenon. Electronic circuits and logic gates are designed out of the joining of this hydrocarbons^4-7.

Circumacenes is a family of organic molecules with the chemical formula of C_(8n+16)/3H_(2n+22)/3 which is focused in molecular electronic^8,9. The size of Circumacenes is a few nanometers to several hundred nanometers, particularly for heavy circumacenes. Since recognizing and examining this family of Nanostructures needs huge time and money, an appropriate pattern to predict electronic features is very beneficial; Topological Indices Method (TIM), is a cheap and useful approach to gain this goal^10-15. A single number, representing a chemical structure in graph-theoretical terms via the molecular graph, is called a topological descriptor and if it, in addition, correlates with a molecular property it is called topological index; it is used to understand physicochemical properties of chemical compounds. Topological indices are interesting since they capture some of the properties of a molecule in a single number. Hundreds of topological indices have been introduced and studied, starting with the seminal work by Wiener in which he used the sum of all shortest-path distances of a (molecular) graph for modeling physical properties of alkanes¹⁶.

1.1. Hartree-Fock (HF) method

The Gap Energy and Electron Affinity Energy were calculated by Gaussian 09 software and Hartree-Fock (HF) method. HF method is based on providing the wave function as a Slater determinant for N-body systems (N carbon atoms), which the basis are the wave functions of one carbon atom^17,18. In this case, the interaction Hamiltonian of many-body systems as follows:

(1) $\widehat{\mathit{H}}=\sum _{\mathit{i}}^{\mathit{N}}\frac{{\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{i}}^2}{2{\mathit{m}}_{\mathit{i}}}+{\widehat{\mathit{V}}}_{\mathit{i}}+{\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{ij}}$

Where $\frac{{\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{i}}^2}{2{\mathit{m}}_{\mathit{i}}}$, ${\widehat{\mathit{V}}}_{\mathit{i}}$ and ${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{ij}}$ are Kinetic energy, external interaction potential, and interaction of the electron - electron respectively. The external interaction potential is given by:

(2) ${\widehat{\mathit{V}}}_{\mathit{i}}=-\sum _{\mathit{k}=1}^{\mathit{N}}\frac{{\mathit{Z}}_{\mathit{k}}{\mathit{e}}^2}{\left({\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{i}}-{\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{k}}\right)}$

Where r_i is the coordinates of the ith electrons and Z_k is an atomic number of the nucleus which is in the coordinates of R_k. And the interaction of the electron - electron is given by:

(3) ${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{ij}}=\sum _{\mathit{i}<\mathit{j}}^{\mathit{N}}\frac{1}{\left({\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{i}}-{\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{j}}\right)}$

1.2. The RRR index

Let G be a simple graph with n vertices and m edges, with vertex set V (G) ={v₁, v₂, . . . , v_n} and edge set E(G). The edge connecting the vertices v_i and v_j will be denoted by i and j. The degree of the vertex v_i denoted by d_i is the number of first neighbors of v_i in the underlying graph. In chemical graphs, hydrogen is removed, or it is dehydrogenized, the vertices degree is maximum 4 and all the bonds are considered to be single^19,20. RRR index (Reduced Reciprocal Randic) has been firstly defined by Ivan Gutman in 2014 as the following²¹:

(4) $\mathit{RRR}\left(\mathit{G}\right)=\sum _{\mathit{ij}\in \mathit{E}}\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{i}}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{j}}-1\right)}$

In which d_i and d_j are the degrees of vertices i and j which have common bonds.

2. Research Method

The purpose of this study is to present a simple model based on graph theory to predict electronic and optical properties of Circumacenes. Therefore, it is first tried to produce a relationship between the topological indices based on the number of rings; then RRR index values are measured for some members of Circumacenes family. Consider the simple graph of Circumacenes family (C_(8n+16)/3H_(2n+22)/3) as presented in Scheme 1.

Scheme 1
Simple molecular graph of Circumacenes (C_(8n+16)/3H_(2n+22)/3).

Theorem 1: Suppose n is the number of dual rings in Circumacenes family; therefore RRR index equals to:

(5) $\mathit{RRR}\left(\mathit{G}\right)=\left(\frac{14+4\sqrt{2}}{3}\right)\mathit{n}+\frac{8}{3}\left(\sqrt{2}-1\right)$

Proof: Consider a simple molecular graph which can be explicated from nine areas:

I. All vertices and edges that are located between two L₁ and L₂ levels and it is called G₁.

Scheme 2
All vertices and edges that are located between two L₁ and L ₂ levels (G₁).

II. All vertices and edges that are located between two L₂ and L₃ levels and it is called G₂.

Scheme 3
All vertices and edges that are located between two L₂ and L ₃ levels (G₂).

III. All vertices and edges that are located between two L₃ and L₄ levels and it is called G₃.

Scheme 4
All vertices and edges that are located between two L₃ and L ₄ levels (G₃).

IV. All vertices and edges that are located between two L₄ and L₅ levels and it is called G₄.

Scheme 5
V. All vertices and edges that are located between two L₄ and L ₅ levels (G₄).

V. All vertices and edges that are located between two L₅ and L₆ levels and it is called G₅.

Scheme 6
All vertices and edges that are located between two L₅ and L ₆ levels and it (G₅).

VI. All vertices and edges that are located between two L₆ and L₇ levels and it is called G₆.

Scheme 7
All vertices and edges that are located between two L₆ and L ₇ levels (G₆).

VII. All vertices and edges that are located between two L₇ and L₈ levels and it is called G₇.

Scheme 8
All vertices and edges that are located between two L₇ and L ₈ levels (G₇).

For G₁, using Equation 4, we have:

(6) $\mathit{RRR}\left({\mathit{G}}_1\right)=\sum _{\mathit{m}=1}^{\mathit{k}-1}\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{1,\mathit{m}}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{1,\mathit{m}+1}-1\right)}$

The first and last terms are separated:

(7) $\begin{array}{c}\mathit{RRR}\left({\mathit{G}}_1\right)=\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{1,1}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{1,2}-1\right)}+\hfill \\ \sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{1,\mathit{k}-1}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{1,\mathit{k}}-1\right)}+\hfill \\ \sum _{\mathit{m}=2}^{\mathit{k}-1}\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{1,\mathit{m}}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{1,\mathit{m}+1}-1\right)}\hfill \end{array}$

And for the first two terms in Equation 7 we have

(8) $\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{1,1}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{1,2}-1\right)}=\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{1,\mathit{k}-1}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{1,\mathit{k}}-1\right)}=1$

And for m≠1 and m≠k we will have:

(9) $\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{1,\mathit{m}}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{1,\mathit{m}+1}-1\right)}=\sqrt{2}$

And though Equations 8 and 9, we can conclude:

(10) $\mathit{RRR}\left({\mathit{G}}_1\right)=1+1+\sum _{\mathit{m}=2}^{\mathit{k}-2}\sqrt{2}=2+\sqrt{2}\left(\mathit{k}-3\right)$

And since k= (2n+1)/3, therefore:

(11) $\mathit{RRR}\left({\mathit{G}}_1\right)=2+\sqrt{2}\left(\frac{2\mathit{n}-8}{3}\right)$

In G₂, first we separate first and last terms:

(12) $\begin{array}{c}\mathit{RRR}\left({\mathit{G}}_2\right)=\sum _{\mathit{m}=1}^{\mathit{k}}\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{1,\mathit{m}}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,\mathit{m}}-1\right)}=\hfill \\ \sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{1,1}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,1}-1\right)}+\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{1,\mathit{k}}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,\mathit{k}}-1\right)}+\hfill \\ \sum _{\mathit{m}=2}^{\mathit{k}-1}\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{1,\mathit{m}}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,\mathit{m}}-1\right)}\hfill \end{array}$

Equation 12 signifies for the first two terms as:

(13) $\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{1,1}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,1}-1\right)}=\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{1,\mathit{k}}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,\mathit{k}}-1\right)}=\sqrt{2}$

And for two terms of m≠1 and m≠k, we have:

(14) $\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{1,\mathit{m}}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,\mathit{m}}-1\right)}=2$

Equations 13 and 14 will lead to:

(15) $\mathit{RRR}\left({\mathit{G}}_2\right)=\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{2}+\sum _{\mathit{m}=2}^{\mathit{k}-1}2=2\sqrt{2}+\left(\mathit{k}-2\right)2$

And since k= (n+2)/3, so:

(16) $\mathit{RRR}\left({\mathit{G}}_2\right)=2\sqrt{2}+2\left(\frac{\mathit{n}-4}{3}\right)$

In G₃, first we separate first and last terms:

(17) $\begin{array}{c}\mathit{RRR}\left({\mathit{G}}_3\right)=\sum _{\mathit{m}=1}^{\mathit{k}-1}\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,\mathit{m}}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,\mathit{m}+1}-1\right)}\hfill \\ \sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,1}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,2}-1\right)}+\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,\mathit{k}-1}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,\mathit{k}}-1\right)}+\hfill \\ \sum _{\mathit{m}=2}^{\mathit{k}-12}\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,\mathit{m}}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,\mathit{m}+1}-1\right)}\hfill \end{array}$

Equation 17 signifies for the first two terms as:

(18) $\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,1}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,2}-1\right)}=\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,\mathit{k}-1}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,\mathit{k}}-1\right)}=\sqrt{2}$

And for two terms of m≠1 and m≠k, we have:

(19) $\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,\mathit{m}}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,\mathit{m}+1}-1\right)}=2$

Equations 18 and 19 will lead to:

(20) $\mathit{RRR}\left({\mathit{G}}_3\right)=\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{2}+\sum _{\mathit{m}=2}^{\mathit{k}-2}2=2\sqrt{2}+\left(\mathit{k}-3\right)2$

And since k= (2n+7)/3, so:

(21) $\mathit{RRR}\left({\mathit{G}}_3\right)=2\sqrt{2}+2\left(\frac{2\mathit{n}-2}{3}\right)$

For G₄, we can write:

(22) $\mathit{RRR}\left({\mathit{G}}_4\right)=\sum _{\mathit{m}=1}^{\mathit{k}}\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,\mathit{m}}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{3,\mathit{m}}-1\right)}$

The first and last terms are separated:

(23) $\begin{array}{c}\mathit{RRR}\left({\mathit{G}}_4\right)=\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,1}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{3,1}-1\right)}+\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,\mathit{k}}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{3,\mathit{k}}-1\right)}+\hfill \\ \sum _{\mathit{m}=1}^{\mathit{k}}\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,\mathit{m}}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{3,\mathit{m}}-1\right)}\hfill \end{array}$

And for the first two terms in Equation 23 we have:

(24) $\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,1}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{3,1}-1\right)}=\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,\mathit{k}}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{3,\mathit{k}}-1\right)}=1$

And for m≠1 and m≠k we will have:

(25) $\sqrt{\left({\mathit{d}}_{2,\mathit{m}}-1\right)\left({\mathit{d}}_{3,\mathit{m}}-1\right)}=2$

And though Equations 24 and 25, we can conclude:

(26) $\mathit{RRR}\left({\mathit{G}}_4\right)=1+1+\sum _{\mathit{m}=2}^{\mathit{k}-1}2=2+2\left(\mathit{k}-2\right)$

And since k= (n+5)/3, therefore:

(27) $\mathit{RRR}\left({\mathit{G}}_4\right)=2+2\left(\frac{\mathit{n}-1}{3}\right)$

The calculation procedure of G₅, G_6, and G₇ areas are the same as G_3, G_2, and G₁ respectively and is given through Equations 21, 16 and 11 Therefore,

(28) $\begin{array}{c}\mathit{RRR}\left(\mathit{G}\right)=\mathit{RRR}\left({\mathit{G}}_1\right)+\mathit{RRR}\left({\mathit{G}}_2\right)+\hfill \\ \mathit{RRR}\left({\mathit{G}}_3\right)+\mathit{RRR}\left({\mathit{G}}_4\right)+\mathit{RRR}\left({\mathit{G}}_5\right)+\hfill \\ \mathit{RRR}\left({\mathit{G}}_6\right)+\mathit{RRR}\left({\mathit{G}}_7\right)\hfill \end{array}$

So, equation 5 is achieved and the theorem is proved.

Then RRR index is measured for some Circumacenes family members using equation 5 and the results are shown in Table 1.

Table 1
RRR index for the first five members of Circumacenes family.

Chemical Formula	IUPAC Name	Simple Graph	RRR Index
C24H12	coronene		46.9705
C32H14	ovalene		66.6274
C40H16	circumanthracene		86.2842
C48H18	circumtetracene		105.9411
C56H20	circumpentacene		125.5979

3. Results

Electronic and physical properties of Circumacenes family (C_8(n+2)/3H_(2n+22)/3) including Ionization Energy, Binding Energy, Energy of Gap, and Electron Affinity Energy, were measured using Gaussian 09 Software and Hartree-Fock (HF) method. The results were compared to the experimental results and from the validated references^22,23. These results were given in Table 2.

Table 2
Electron Affinity Energy, Energy gap, Ionization Energy and Binding Energy of the first five members of Circumacenes family (1eV = 1.6 × 10^-19 J).

Chemical Formula	Eaffinity	Egap	EIonization	EBind
	(eV)	(eV)	(eV)	(eV)
C24H12	0.96	3.42	7.02	3.28
C32H14	1.55	2.69	6.36	2.61
C40H16	1.91	2.03	5.90	2.28
C48H18	2.17	1.54	5.57	2.04
C56H20	2.37	1.18	5.33	1.86

Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively show Energy of Gap changes, Binding Energy, Electron Affinity Energy, and Ionization Energy for Circumacenes family according to RRR index as the results of this work (1eV = 1.6 × 10^-19 J).

Figure 1
Energy Gap changes in Circumacenes family according to RRR index.

Figure 2
Binding Energy changes in Circumacenes family according to RRR index.

Figure 3
Electron Affinity Energy changes in Circumacenes family according to RRR index.

Figure 4
Shows Ionization Energy changes in Circumacenes family according to RRR index.

As it is shown in figure 1, RRR index of Gap Energy changes for Circumacenes family was calculated with a high level of precision (R²=0.9987). This prediction is possible using equation 29.

(29) ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{g}}=-2.312\ln \left(\mathit{RRR}\right)+12.346$

These predictions have been performed with a precision of R²=0.9932 for binding energy, R²=0.9943 for electron affinity energy and R²=0.9993 for ionization energy, using equations 30, 31 and 32.

(30) ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{bind}}=0.0002{\left(\mathit{RRR}\right)}^2-0.515\left(\mathit{RRR}\right)+5.2306$

(31) ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{affinity}}=1.4305\ln \left(\mathit{RRR}\right)-4.5027$

(32) ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{Ioniz}}=0.0002{\left(\mathit{RRR}\right)}^2-0.0522\left(\mathit{RRR}\right)+9.0628$

4. Conclusion

Table 3 shows the calculation results of Electron Affinity Energy, Energy Gap, Ionization Energy, and Binding Energy of Circumacenes family through TIM method. Table 3 shows the validity of TIM method in a comparison of results with the reference values (Table 3).

Table 3
Calculation Electron Affinity Energy, Energy Gap, Ionization Energy and Binding Energy of Circumacenes family through TIM method (1eV = 1.6 × 10^-19 J).

Chemical Formula	Eaffinity	Egap	EIonization	EBind
	(eV)	(eV)	(eV)	(eV)
C24H12	1.0040	3.4459	7.0521	3.2528
C32H14	1.5041	2.6376	6.4726	2.6871
C40H16	1.8739	2.0399	6.0477	2.2759
C48H18	2.1675	1.5654	5.7773	2.0193
C56H20	2.411	1.1719	5.6615	1.9172

As it is shown, prediction of some physical and electro-optic properties of Circumacenes family with high precision is possible through TIM method and RRR index. The significance of this method is magnified in the case of heavier elements in article theoretical and experimental methods wasting much time and money still giving approximated results. Hereafter, some heavier members of Circumacenes family are exposed to TIM method. Equations 29 to 32 have been used to predict the Ionization Energy, Binding Energy, Gap Energy, and Electron Affinity Energy. The results are shown in Table 4.

Table 4
Predicting Electron Affinity Energy, Energy Gap, Ionization Energy and Binding Energy through TIM method (1eV = 1.6 × 10^-19 J).

Chemical Formula	RRR Index	Eaffinity	Egap	EIonization	EBind
		(eV)	(eV)	(eV)	(eV)
C64H22	145.2548	2.6190	0.8357	5.7002	1.9697
C72H24	164.9116	2.8005	0.5422	5.8935	2.1768
C80H26	184.5685	2.9616	0.2819	6.2414	2.5384
C88H28	204.2253	3.1064	0.0479	6.7438	3.0545

When increasing the number of carbon atoms also increase the number of levels in conduction bond. Therefore the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) is shifted to up and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) is shifted to down the same time. On the other hand, by increasing the number of Rings increased electron cloud. With the increase in the electron cloud electron affinity energy is reduced.

5. Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch (IAUCTB) for helpful protections.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  13 July 2017
• Date of issue
  Sep-Oct 2017

History

• Received
  17 Nov 2016
• Reviewed
  23 May 2017
• Accepted
  20 June 2017