Increased growth and yield of green lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.) using inorganic fertiliser types

Aumento do crescimento e rendimento de alface verde (Lactuca sativa L.) usando tipos de fertilizantes inorgânicos

Abstract

Green lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a popular leafy vegetable grown and consumed worldwide for its crisp texture and nutritional value. This study investigates the impact of different inorganic fertilizers on the growth and productivity of green lettuce, with the aim of determining the most effective fertilizers for producing vibrant green lettuce. The research was carried out at the Jaya Wijaya Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Slamet Riyadi University, employing a randomized design with a single factor: the type of inorganic fertilizer. The experimental treatments included Nutrimax, NPK 25.7.7, and a control group, each replicated four times. Lettuce plants treated with Nutrimax exhibited superior performance across various metrics, including plant height (32.63 cm), leaf color intensity (3.25), leaf count (13.5 leaves), fresh weight (94.75 grams), and dry weight (5.33 grams). Statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance, followed by the Least Significant Difference test at a significance level of 5%, revealed a significant influence of fertilizer treatment on the growth and yield of green lettuce plants. The type of fertilizer applied significantly affected the growth and yield of green lettuce cultivated using a floating hydroponic system. The number of leaves on the plant directly impacted the fresh weight of the leafy vegetables. These findings can serve as a valuable guide for optimizing green lettuce cultivation practices to achieve maximum yields.

Keywords:
lettuce; green lettuce fertilizer; growth yield

Resumo

A alface verde (Lactuca sativa L.) é uma hortaliça folhosa popular cultivada e consumida em todo o mundo por sua textura crocante e valor nutricional. Este estudo investiga o impacto de diferentes fertilizantes inorgânicos no crescimento e produtividade da alface verde, com o objetivo de determinar os fertilizantes mais eficazes para a produção de alface verde crespa. A pesquisa foi realizada no Centro de Pesquisa Jaya Wijaya, Faculdade de Agricultura, Universidade Slamet Riyadi, empregando um desenho randomizado com um único fator: o tipo de fertilizante inorgânico. Os tratamentos experimentais incluíram Nutrimax, NPK 25.7.7 e um grupo controle, cada um replicado quatro vezes. As plantas de alface tratadas com Nutrimax exibiram desempenho superior em várias métricas, incluindo altura da planta (32,63 cm), intensidade da cor das folhas (3,25), contagem de folhas (13,5 folhas), peso fresco (94,75 gramas) e peso seco (5,33 gramas). A análise estatística por meio da Análise de Variância, seguida do teste de Diferença Mínima Significativa ao nível de significância de 5%, revelou influência significativa do tratamento com fertilizantes no crescimento e produtividade de plantas de alface verde. O tipo de fertilizante aplicado afetou significativamente o crescimento e a produtividade da alface verde cultivada em sistema hidropônico flutuante. O número de folhas da planta impactou diretamente na massa fresca das hortaliças folhosas. Essas descobertas podem servir como um guia valioso para otimizar as práticas de cultivo de alface verde para alcançar rendimentos máximos.

Palavras-chave:
alface; fertilizante de alface verde; rendimento de crescimento

1. Introduction

Food is a requirement that significantly impacts one's life. In agriculture, national food includes several hundred typical food products (Pagano et al., 2021). The Agrifood sector with a turnover of over €140 billion is one of the key sectors in Europe (Pandetta et al., 2021). Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the food needs of horticultural vegetables (Sumadi et al., 2020). Lettuce is widely grown in the community and consumed worldwide because of its taste and high level of nutrition. Lettuce is very popular because it is a rich source of protein, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and antioxidants (Sawatdee et al., 2021). Lettuce also has many nutrients and vitamins, including calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, B, and C, and total ascorbic acid by 21% (Medina-Lozano et al., 2021). However, lettuce is sensitive to water availability (Fawwaz et al., 2021). With a hydroponic system, lettuce can be produced in both the highlands and the lowlands (Lenni et al., 2020). Lettuce can also grow on various soil types, sandy loam, and dusty loam. The texture of the soil influences lettuce growth, contaminant transport, plant absorption, and toxic effects (Sallach et al., 2019). Planting lettuce is easy if the soil and sunlight are sufficient and not waterlogged (Riera-Vila et al., 2019). The application of NPK fertilizer gave a significant increase in soil pH and soil carbon content. However, lettuce grown in a hydroponic system is not the same quality as lettuce cultivated in the ground (Lei and Engeseth, 2021; Forte et al., 2023; Islas-Moreno et al., 2023).

The development of green lettuce is impacted by the specific soil composition it's grown in. A study investigated the microbiome present in the rhizosphere of lettuce cultivated in fields and discovered that the distribution of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the lettuce rhizosphere was affected by the type of soil, leading to the increase in relative abundance of particular units within the rhizosphere in contrast to the surrounding bulk soil. In addition, a decrease in plant mass was observed for lettuce grown in loam, sandy loam and sand soils, indicating an influence of soil type on plant growth (Rashid and Majid, 2020). Furthermore, it was reported that lettuce root growth and morphology were affected by soil type, suggesting that differences in soil type may contribute to variations in rhizosphere competence. These findings highlight the importance of soil type in lettuce growth. The growth of green lettuce is significantly influenced by the soil type in which it is cultivated. The microbiome in the rhizosphere, plant mass, root morphology, and biocontrol efficiency are all affected by the soil type, emphasizing the importance of considering soil type when cultivating green lettuce (Liu and Ludewig 2019; Ram et al., 2024).

Micronutrients and macronutrients are essential for lettuce plant growth (B, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mo, Mn, Ci, Na, Co, Si, and Ni). The amount of nutrients available in the soil is insufficient to meet the nutrient needs for lettuce plants to grow, so fertilization is necessary. Fertilizer is a provider of nutrients for plants containing macro and micronutrients derived from organic fertilizers (e.g., compost) and inorganic (e.g., NPK) placed around the plant (Ardiani et al., 2020). Agricultural land changes in the availability of C due to mineral or organic fertilization constantly change the soil structure (Raimondi et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2024). Therefore, the practical use of fertilizers increases satisfaction in farming because the results can be seen directly on the plants. In addition, fertilizer efficiency reduces costs and environmental impact (Roy et al., 2022; Shariati et al., 2013). Fertilizer efficiency plays a crucial role in reducing costs and environmental impact. Slow-release nitrogen fertilizers have been identified as important for enhancing nitrogen removal efficiency, a key indicator for assessing the environmental impact of fertilization. Additionally, the use of polymer-coated urea has been shown to improve grain yield and reduce nitrogen loss, thereby increasing the efficiency of classical mineral NPK fertilizers and minimizing environmental pollution. Furthermore, the development of smart fertilizers, such as nanofertilizers, aims to increase nutrient use efficiency and reduce adverse effects on the environment compared to conventional mineral fertilizers, contributing to sustainable agriculture. Moreover, the assessment of nitrogen recoveries and use efficiencies of organic fertilizers with different C/N ratios in maize cultivation has demonstrated the importance of optimizing fertilizer composition to enhance efficiency and minimize environmental impact. Enriched biochar-based fertilizers have also been found to enhance nitrogen use efficiency, reducing nitrogen losses and contributing to higher agronomic N use efficiency. However, long-term use of fertilizers can harden the soil and reduce the stability of soil aggregates.

Fertilization of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to the nutrient cycle is still not well available. As a result, the use of the appropriate fertilizer is expected to boost green lettuce growth and production (Lactuca sativa L.) grown with a floating hydroponic system. This study aims to see what effect different types of inorganic fertilizers have on plant growth and yield and which fertilizer offers the best yield of green lettuce in a floating hydroponic system. The application of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers plays a crucial role in the nutrient cycle and agricultural productivity (Alencastre-Santos et al., 2024). The availability and efficient utilization of these nutrients are essential for sustaining crop growth and enhancing agricultural practices (Agusmidah and Shalihah, 2023). Several studies have addressed the significance of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization in the context of nutrient limitation, environmental impact, and plant growth. The occurrence of nitrogen limitation in land and sea ecosystems, emphasizing the potential for nutrient fluxes to be relatively depleted in nitrogen compared to phosphorus, thus favoring nitrogen limitation (Lawal et al., 2021; Al-Awsi et al., 2023). This highlights the importance of understanding nutrient limitations and the role of nitrogen and phosphorus in ecosystem dynamics. The interaction between phosphorus and nitrogen in organomineral fertilizer and its impact on plant nutrition, shedding light on the importance of understanding the synergistic effects of these nutrients in agricultural systems.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the use of organic fertiliser in increasing the growth of green lettuce. The importance of this research with the determination of the right fertiliser can increase agricultural yields. Increased agricultural yields can support the income of farmers. The novelty in this research is identifying the effect of appropriate fertilisers to be used to enhance the growth of green lettuce that can increase the brightness of leaf colour.

2. Research Method

The research was conducted at the Jaya Wijaya Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Slamet Riyadi University, situated in Kadipiro Village, Banjarsari District, Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia, at an elevation of 105 meters above sea level. The study employed a randomized block design without factors (Pérez et al., 2020; Noviana et al., 2018). In this study, three treatments were administered: control (A), Nutrimax application (B), and NPK 25.7.7 (C), with each treatment replicated four times. Various parameters were measured, including plant height (in centimeters), leaf greenness, number of leaves, root length (in centimeters), fresh plant weight (in grams), and plant dry weight (in grams). To analyze the data, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed, followed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) Test at a significance level of 5%.

3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Green lettuce plant growth

The observations of the growth of green lettuce monitored every week were plant height and greenness of the leaves, while the root length observed at the end of the study is shown in Table 1.

Table 1
Average growth of lettuce.

Treatment	Average growth of lettuce
	Plant height (cm)	Leaf greenness	Root length (cm)
Control (A)	6.65 a	2.00 a	9.98 a
Nutrimax (B)	32.65 d	3.25 b	16.28 c
NPK 25.7.7 (C)	20.20 b	2.75 ab	13.63 b

• Information: Numbers accompanied by the same letter in the column means that they are not significantly different in the LSD test at the level of 5%.

Table 1 shows that the Nutrimax (B) treatment produced the highest real plant height with an average of 32.65 cm and showed that there was a significant difference between the control (A) and NPK (C) treatments. The difference in plant height was caused by the composition of Nutrimax fertilizer which was complete than the other treatments. Nutrimax contains N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, B, Mo, Cu, Zn, Cl, Co, Nn, cytokinins, gibberellins, enzymes, humic acids, and fulvic acids (Grosu et al., 2021; Puspitasari et al., 2022). This also makes the green lettuce plants given Nutrimax healthier and more fertile in their growth. Figure 1 depicts the plant growth rate.

Figure 1
Plant growth rate.

Figure 1 shows that the growth rate of plant height in the treatment without fertilizer/control (A) was very low. This indicates that plants not given additional nutrients or fertilizers will slow growth. Meanwhile, liquid organic fertilizer Nutrimax (B) showed a fast and highest growth rate. The availability of nutrients will affect cell division, cell enlargement, and cell elongation, which is related to the growth of plant vegetative parts such as roots, leaves (Rahardjo, 2009), and stems. The availability of the main macro/micronutrients in the environment around the host plant will stimulate plant growth (Islas-Moreno et al., 2023). The distribution of nutrients can affect plant growth (Torre et al., 2023).

Table 1 also shows that lettuce plants treated with Nutrimax (B) had a very high level of green leaf with an average of 3.25, which was significantly different from the control treatment (2.0), indicating that the treatment containing the elements Mg, S, and Fe plays a very important role in the formation of chlorophyll to produce greener leaves. This is because the pigment in the thylakoid membrane absorbs sunlight and converts it into chemical energy in adenosine triphosphate. The pigments in the thylakoid membrane play a crucial role in the absorption of sunlight and the conversion of this light energy into chemical energy in adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The process of light absorption and energy conversion occurs within the photosynthetic machinery of the thylakoid membrane, where specialized pigment-protein complexes, such as photosystem I and photosystem II, are responsible for capturing and processing light energy. The spatial organization and dynamic interactions of the pigments within the thylakoid membrane are critical for the efficient capture and transfer of light energy . These processes are finely tuned to optimize the conversion of light energy into chemical energy, ultimately contributing to the production of ATP and the sustenance of plant metabolism. The intricate interplay of pigments, protein complexes, and the thylakoid membrane architecture enables the efficient absorption and utilization of sunlight, leading to the synthesis of ATP, which is essential for the production of high-energy compounds and the overall growth and development of plants.

The root length parameter (Table 1) showed that the plants treated with Nutrimax (B) had longer roots (16.28 cm) and were significantly different from the control (A) and NPK (C) treatments. The longer root length in the Nutrimax (B) treatment was caused by the high nitrogen and phosphorus content in Nutrimax, which were 17% and 11%, respectively. The addition of N can affect the relationship between nutrient absorption and non-structural carbohydrates in leaves and roots and the response to nutrient availability (Bu et al., 2019). Adding nitrogen significantly increased root length (Forte et al., 2023). Appropriate levels of N fertilization can optimize root architecture and nutrient absorption efficiency, thereby increasing dry matter accumulation and saponin synthesis (Bjelica et al., 2023). Elemental P helps accelerate root development and increase resistance to disease, which improves harvest quality (Paiman et al., 2021). Root proliferation responds to heterogeneous nutrient distribution (Wang et al., 2021).

Elemental phosphorus plays a pivotal role in promoting root development and enhancing disease resistance in crop plants, ultimately leading to improved crop quality. The availability and efficient utilization of phosphorus are essential for sustaining plant growth and health (Mu et al., 2018). Addressed the significance of elemental phosphorus in the context of root development, disease resistance, and overall crop quality (Adattil et al., 2024). the global food security implications of phosphorus, emphasizing its critical role in agricultural productivity and sustainability (Baghdadi et al., 2018). The importance of phosphorus in the nutrient cycle and its impact on crop quality. The facilitative role of phosphorus in enhancing agricultural productivity through rhizosphere interactions, emphasizing the positive effects of phosphorus on crop growth and nutrient uptake (Agusmidah and Shalihah, 2023; Susilowati et al., 2023). The genetic architecture of phosphorus efficiency in sorghum, highlighting the genetic determinants that contribute to higher root surface area and enhanced phosphorus uptake, ultimately influencing grain yield and crop quality (Razmara et al., 2022). elemental phosphorus in accelerating root development, increasing disease resistance, and ultimately improving crop quality. Understanding the pivotal role of phosphorus in agricultural systems is crucial for sustainable nutrient management and improved crop productivity.

3.2. Yield of lettuce

The yield of lettuce was monitored every week. Table 2 shows the experimental parameters: the frequency, the fresh weight of the plant and the dry weight of the plant at the end of the study.

Table 2
The average yield of lettuce.

Treatment	The average yield of lettuce
	The number of leaves (strand)	Plant fresh weight (gr)	Plant dry weight (gr)
Control (A)	7.50 a	39.01 a	1.50 a
Nutrimax (B)	13.75 d	94.75 b	5.33 b
NPK 25.7.7 (C)	11.75 c	50.32 a	2.57 a

• Information: Numbers accompanied by the same letter in the column means They are not significantly different in the LSD test at the level of 5%.

Nitrogen (N) fertilization is an important agricultural practice to improve the production properties of vegetables (Zhang et al., 2017; Sudarmilah & Maelani 2021). Table 2 shows that the Nutrimax (B) treatment had the highest number of leaves, fresh plant weight, and plant dry weight. The Nutrimax treatment differed from the control and NPK treatments in several ways. In the Nutrimax treatment, the average number of leaves was 13.75, the fresh weight of the plant was 94.75 grams, and the dry weight of the plant was 5.33 grams. Higher potassium fertilizer treatments produced the best stem length, head weight, stem diameter, leaves per plant, total yield, and chlorophyll ratio in lettuce (Majeed, 2020). Previous research found that the treatment of organic fertilizer application produced the highest value for the parameters of the number of leaves, fresh weight of planting, and dried weight of plants (Imran et al., 2020). The number of leaves on a leafy vegetable affects the fresh weight of the shoots. If the number of leaves on the shoots is considerable, the fresh weight of the shoots will increase. In addition, leaf width and chlorophyll also play a role in increasing fresh weight. Leaf width plays a role in increasing the photosynthetic process of plants. The wider the leaf and the greater the amount of chlorophyll, the faster photosynthesis takes place in the presence of sunlight. The high dry weight of the plant indicates that the supply and absorption of nutrients are optimal (Neoriky et al., 2017). The relationship of nutrient content and growth information provides a scientific basis and theoretical guide for fertilization and high-yielding lettuce cultivation (Gao et al., 2020). the importance of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization in agricultural systems, emphasizing their roles in nutrient limitation, environmental impact, and plant productivity. Understanding the dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus in agricultural ecosystems is crucial for sustainable nutrient management and improved agricultural productivity.

4. Conclusion

In conclusion the fertilizer type wielded a profound impact on the growth and yield of green lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) within a floating hydroponic setup. Moreover, the abundance of leaves directly influenced the fresh weight of the vegetable shoots, with a greater leaf count leading to heightened shoot weight. This suggests that optimizing fertilizer selection and leaf management strategies can significantly elevate the quality and output of hydroponically grown lettuce crops, paving the way for enhanced productivity and market appeal.

Acknowledgements

The researcher would like to thank the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Slamet Riyadi, Surakarta, Jawa Tengah Indonesia dan Center for the Study of Economics, Finance and Banking, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Kedah, Malaysia for their support so that this research can be completed.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  04 Oct 2024
• Date of issue
  2024

History

• Received
  22 Feb 2024
• Accepted
  30 Apr 2024