Morphometric characteristics of organs of female chickens (Pazo de Vilane) supplemented with Curcuma longa

Características morfométricas de órgãos de galinhas fêmeas (Pazo de Vilane) suplementadas com Curcuma longa

Abstract

The breeding and exploitation of chickens at the backyard or commercial family level is an activity of great economic relevance for families in Ecuador. In addition to providing protein of high biological value for food security, it revalues local food resources that could provide productive benefits. With this objective, a study has been conducted in order to explore the effect of C. longa flour on the final weight as well as morphometric characteristics of the organs of female chickens. Therefore, a total of 200 birds were randomly distributed into four homogeneous groups, being Control, basal diet only, followed by T1, basal diet + 1 g/d, T2, basal diet + 2 g/d and T3, basal diet + 3 g/d of C. longa. The data analyzed under a general linear model yielded that including C. longa between 1 or 2 g/d did not differ in the final weight compared to the control (2763 ± 28 g, on average; P < 0.32). In the morphometry of the upper organs, T1 indicated a shorter length of the esophagus (3.7 ± 0.5 mm; P < 0.002) and gizzard (4.9 ± 0.3 mm), but with a larger heart than the other treatments (P < 0.02). In addition, differences were evident in the liver, gallbladder and cecum (P = 0.01 to 0.001) that were more marked when C. longa was administered between 1 or 2 g/d. In conclusion, supplementation of female chickens with C. longa proved to be a potential option to have greater final weights with important findings in the morphometric characteristics that could improve different aspects of their development, productivity and well-being. Therefore, more studies at the level of immunology and histology are recommended to support the benefits of C. longa.

Keywords:
curcuma; feed additives; smallholders; poultry

Resumo

A criação e exploração de galinhas em quintal ou em nível familiar comercial é uma atividade de grande relevância econômica para famílias no Equador. Além de fornecer proteína de alto valor biológico para a segurança alimentar, valoriza os recursos alimentares locais que podem trazer benefícios produtivos. Com esse objetivo, foi realizado um estudo para explorar o efeito da farinha de C. longa no peso final, bem como nas características morfométricas dos órgãos de galinhas fêmeas. Portanto, um total de 200 aves foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro grupos homogêneos, sendo: Controle, apenas dieta basal, seguido por T1, dieta basal + 1 g/d, T2, dieta basal + 2 g/d, e T3, dieta basal + 3 g/d de C. longa. Os dados analisados ​​em um modelo linear geral revelaram que incluir C. longa entre 1 ou 2 g/d não apresentou diferença no peso final em comparação com o controle (2763 ± 28 g, em média; P < 0,32). Na morfometria dos órgãos superiores, T1 indicou um menor comprimento do esôfago (3,7 ± 0,5 mm; P < 0,002) e moela (4,9 ± 0,3 mm), mas com um coração maior do que os outros tratamentos (P < 0,02). Além disso, diferenças foram evidenciadas no fígado, vesícula biliar e ceco (P = 0,01 a 0,001), que foram mais marcantes quando C. longa foi administrada entre 1 ou 2 g/d. Em conclusão, a suplementação de galinhas fêmeas com C. longa provou ser uma opção potencial para obter maiores pesos finais com descobertas importantes nas características morfométricas que podem melhorar diferentes aspectos de seu desenvolvimento, produtividade e bem-estar. Portanto, são recomendados mais estudos em nível da imunologia e histologia para comprovar os benefícios da C. longa.

Palavras-chave:
cúrcuma; aditivos alimentares; pequenos produtores; avicultura

1. Introduction

According to FAO (2022), by 2050, with an estimated world population of 9.3 billion people, the agricultural sector will have to produce 60% more of the 8.5 billion tons of food, feed and fiber per year (Dunwell et al., 2013; Willer and Lernoud, 2019; Morales and Ruiz, 2022). Furthermore, the global increase in demand for animal-based protein will be the most important dietary trend (de Vries and de Boer, 2010; Van-Boeckel et al., 2015; Horan et al., 2018). An important fact to highlight is that since 2000, meat production in high-income countries has shown a slight decrease (Belitz et al., 2009; Ding et al., 2021), a phenomenon contrary to the growth observed for Asia (68%), Africa (64%) and South America (40%). In this sense, the global expansion of intensive animal production systems in which antimicrobials are routinely used to maintain health and productivity has been key (Van-Boeckel et al., 2015). Consequently, the use of antibiotics in animal production, in order to control and prevent the appearance of diseases or in turn as growth promoters, has been a common practice throughout the world (Nabavi Chashmi et al., 2014; Wiethoelter et al., 2015). Estimates reported in 2010, and increasing since, indicated about 63,151 tons of antibiotics were used in the production of animals for food around the world (Van-Boeckel et al., 2015, 2019; Chakrabarty et al., 2020; Pragya et al., 2020) . Furthermore, their use is expected to increase by 67% until reaching 105,596 tons by 2030 (Van-Boeckel et al., 2015, 2019). Consequently, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), is a serious threat worldwide that has caused nearly 700,000 human deaths annually. This leads to the assumption that why, if urgent measures are not taken, it is estimated that AMR, by the year 2050, will cause the death of 10 million lives and estimated losses of more than 100 billion US dollars. Based on the aforementioned scenario, the poultry industry has changed production paradigms, which has led to the development of more efficient systems, with a clear tendency to reduce the indiscriminate use of antibiotics (Ding et al., 2021; Cedano-Castro et al., 2023; Ogunnusi et al., 2023). Therefore, poultry farming as a productive activity is able to be an instrument for poverty reduction and economic development worldwide (Hedman et al., 2020). In the case of Ecuador, Fuentes-Quisaguano et al. (2023) have reported that small-scale, basically subsistence agriculture is practiced throughout the Andean region of South America, although in the last decade, these production systems have adapted to new conditions and opportunities. Being a low-scale production, which also uses products with a high carbon footprint from an economic point of view, is not profitable for producers. The use of local resources that contain bioactive compounds (Patil et al., 2009; Repo-Carrasco-Valencia and Tomás, 2011) has been a common practice as a measure to avoid potential field challenges that could compromise the health of your animals. One of the widely used in Ecuador is turmeric Curcuma longa (C. longa), which belongs to the Zingiberaceae family (Patil et al., 2009; Rajput et al., 2013; Abd-EL-Latif et al., 2019; Rajkumari and Sanatombi, 2017). In this sense, Among the many pharmacological qualities of Curcuma longa are its anti-inflammatory, anti-tumorous, antiproliferative, hypocholesterolemic, antidiabetic, antihepatotoxic, antidiarrheal, carminative, diuretic, antirheumatic, hypotensive, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, insecticidal, larvicidal, antivenomous, antithrombotic, antityrosinase, and cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitory activities, among others (Rajput et al. 2013; Rajkumari and Sanatombi, 2017). Facing a fight against AMR, in the last decade, this ancient plant has been used in experimental studies with animal models (AL-Sultan, 2003; AL-Sultan and Gameel, 2004; Djoumessi et al., 2021), the purpose of which is to demonstrate the multiple antioxidant benefits, anti-inflammatory mutagenicity and aflatoxin-induced hepatocarcinogenicity (Ferreira et al., 2013; Pérez-Urria, 2014). Due to the presented context, a pioneer study has been performed in Ecuador, which aimed to evaluate the final weight as well as morphometric characteristics of the organs of female chickens supplemented with C. longa.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Ethical approval

The study was performed following the procedures for human and animal experimentation according to the Spanish Animal Protection Policy RD53/2013.

2.2. Preparation of C. longa flour

C. longa rhizomes were purchased in the local market of the Francisco de Orellana Canton, northeast Ecuador. After that, previously washed with clean water, these were cut into thin slices using a manual kitchen slicer. Finally, using a forced air oven, it was dried at 60°C for 24 hours and then the flour was obtained in a 2 mm unicycle mill.

2.3. Hens, diets and experimental design

For this experiment, a total of 200 1-day-old female chickens (Pazo de Vilane) were used. The power system consists of two phases, being first a starter-growth diet from day 1 to 30 and subsequently a finishing diet from day 31 to 45 old age. The basal diet used to fed female chickens was a commercial feed (BIOmentos, Bioalimentar) with a nutritional composition of 2400 kcal digestible energy/kg, 4% crude fibre and 18% crude protein according to NRC (1994). The animals were distributed homogeneously, under a completely randomized design in four treatments, being Control, basal diet only, T1, basal diet + 1 g of C. longa flour, T2, basal diet + 2 g of C. longa flour and T3, basal diet + 3 g of C. longa flour. The different Curcuma longa doses of each treatment were manually mixed with the commercial feed.

Regarding housing, the female chickens were under similar management and hygiene conditions in a semi-open cycle, with battery brooders (40×45×60 cm) offering them food and water ad libitum. The ambient temperature during the 1st to 3rd week was maintained between 34 to 30ºC, gradually decreasing to 28ºC for the 4^th week. Also, we may emphasize that the light-dark cycle was of about (23L:1D).

2.4. Data collection

At 45 days of age, 25 female chickens from each treatment were selected at random, once the final weight registered. The desensitization method was with electrical water (50 V) bath stunning after a fasting period of 6 ̶ 8 hours, proceeding to pluck and eviscerate. Next, the respective measurements were taken by recording the weights and length of the different organs using graduated ruler (scale 0 − 15 cm, Novacero, Ecuador) as well as precision balance (200 g ± 0.1 g, Electronics, Ecuador).

2.5. Statistical analysis

All data were analyzed with statistical software SAS v 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA), after checking the normality of the data with the PROC UNIVARIATE procedure. A one-way analysis of variance was performed, following a PROC GLM general linear model (Hope and Shannon, 2005). The means were obtained using the PDIFF procedure of SAS, and compared with a Dunnet test. The means were declared different at P < 0.05, while statistical trends at P < 0.10.

3. Results

The final weight data of the female chickens supplemented with C. longa are illustrated in Figure 1. Throughout the study, no adverse effects or mortality were observed. At the end of the study, analyzing the different treatments, supplementing hens with C. longa either with 1 or 2 g/d did not indicate statistical differences compared to the control (2763 ± 28 g; P < 0.32). However, in the current study, it was evident that hens supplemented with C. longa at doses of 3 g/d had lower final weights compared to the other treatments (2425 ± 28 g; P < 0.002; Figure 1).

Figure 1
Least square means of the variable live weight of hens subjected to different proportions of Curcuma longa (Control, basal diet only, T1, basal diet + 1 g of C. longa flour, T2, basal diet + 2 g of C. longa flour and T3, basal diet + 3 g of C. longa flour).

The morphometric measurements of the upper organs of the hens supplemented with C. longa are listed in Table 1. The weight and diameter of the esophagus data did not vary between treatments (P = 0.11 to 0.24), but it was observed that the treatment that had C. longa 1 g/d had a shorter length of this organ (3.7 ± 0.5 mm; P < 0.002; Table 1). Similar responses were observed on the gizzard (Table 1), which in our case the hens that received 1 g/d were characterized by having a smaller diameter (5.8 ± 1.2 mm) and length (4.9 ± 0.3 mm) than those observed for the two other treatments (P = 0.002 to 0.04). Meanwhile, although the diameter of the heart did not vary between treatments (2.3 ± 0.2; P = 0.50), a greater weight (P < 0.02) and length (P < 0.05) were evident when the hens were supplemented with 2 g/d of C. longa.

Table 1
Least square means and standard error of the mean of morphometric evaluations of top organs of hens supplemented with different levels of C. longa.

Upper part	Treatments				P = value
	Control	T1	T2	T3
Esophagus
Weight, g	2.4 ± 0.5	1.6 ± 0.5	2.0 ± 1.0	1.6 ± 0.5	0.24
Diameter, mm	1.1 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.05	1.3 ± 0.1	1.2 ± 0.1	0.11
Length, mm	5.1 ± 0.2a	3.7 ± 0.5c	5.0 ± 0.1a	4.1 ± 0.2b	0.002
Gizzard
Weight, g	39.6 ± 6.6	41.0 ± 2.5	37.0 ± 8.9	36.0 ± 2.0	0.50
Diameter, mm	7.4 ± 0.8a	5.8 ± 1.2b	7.2 ± 0.6a	6.7 ± 0.9ab	0.05
Length, mm	5.0 ± 0.4ab	4.9 ± 0.3b	5.5 ± 0.4 a	5.5 ± 0.3a	0.03
Heart
Weight, g	11.4 ± 1.9a	11.2 ± 2.4b	12.2 ± 1.8b	8.4 ± 0.9c	0.02
Diameter, mm	2.3 ± 0.3	2.3 ± 0.1	2.2 ± 0.2	2.1 ± 0.2	0.50
Length, mm	3.9 ± 0.2a	3.8 ± 0.1ab	4.1 ± 0.3a	3.5 ± 0.4b	0.05

• Control, basal diet only, T1, basal diet + 1 g of C. longa flour, T2, basal diet + 2 g of C. longa flour and T3, basal diet + 3 g of C. longa flour. ^a-c Means with different letter in the same row differ at P < 0.05.

Table 2 documents the measurements of the organs of the lower part of the digestive tract of hens supplemented with C. longa flour. Statistical differences were observed between treatments for the liver, gallbladder and cecum (P = 0.01 to 0.001). In fact, the data yielded a lower liver weight in those hens that received 2 g/d of C. longa flour (40 ± 7.2 g) compared to what was observed for the control (53.8 ± 5.3 g) as well as when supplement with 1 g/d of C. longa (48.4 ± 7.3 g). Furthermore, although the liver length demonstrated to vary between treatments (P = 0.01; Table 2), it is notable that supplementing with 1 g/d of C. longa flour resulted in a shorter liver length. Likewise, in the present study it was evident that the gallbladder had a greater weight, diameter and length in the hens that were supplemented with 1 and 2 g/d of C. longa flour compared to the control (P = 0.04 to 0.08; Table 2). On the other hand, although the weight of the ceca was lower in the group of hens that received 1 g/d of C. longa (11 ± 1.9 g), curiously they indicated a larger diameter compared to the other treatments (8.6 vs. 1.3 ± 0.2 mm).

Table 2
Least square means and standard error of the mean of morphometric evaluations of the lower part organs of hens supplemented with different levels of C. longa.

Lower digestive system	Treatments				P = value
	Control	T1	T2	T3
Liver
Weight, g	53.8 ± 5.3x	48.4 ± 7.3 xy	40 ± 7.2 xy	42.4 ± 6.7y	0.090
Length, mm	8.8 ± 0.1a	7.1 ± 0.7b	7.8 ± 0.6 ab	7.3 ± 0.8b	0.01
Proventricular glands
Weight, g	11.4 ± 2.4	10.4 ± 1.7	12.0 ± 1.8	9.0 ± 1.4	0.10
Diameter, mm	2.2 ± 0.08	2.0 ± 0.3	2.2 ± 0.3	2.0 ± 0.2	0.35
Length, mm	4.1 ± 0.3	3.6 ± 0.6	3.7 ± 0.4	4.2 ± 0.4	0.11
Spleen
Weight, g	3.8 ± 1.8	3.2 ± 1.3	2.6 ± 0.9	2.4 ± 0.5	0.30
Diameter, mm	1.9 ± 0.3	1.6 ± 0.4	1.5 ± 0.4	1.4 ± 0.3	0.2
Length, mm	2.4 ± 0.4	2.7 ± 1.2	2.2 ± 0.4	2.4 ± 0.2	0.77
Gallbladder
Weight, g	2.4 ± 0.5y	2.6 ± 0.9 xy	3.8 ± 1.6x	2.2 ± 0.4y	0.08
Diameter, mm	1.2 ± 0.1b	1.5 ± 0.3a	1.3 ± 0.2ab	1.2 ± 0.1b	0.04
Length, mm	3.3 ± 0.3a	3.0 ± 0.1b	2.8 ± 0.3 b	2.3 ± 0.2 c	0.001
Small intestine
Weight, g	151 ± 10	161 ± 12	166 ± 17	157 ± 7	0.31
Diameter, mm	8.0 ± 0,7	8.0 ± 1,2	7.8 ± 0,1	8.6 ± 0.5	0.49
Length, mm	187 ± 20	192 ± 14	194 ± 16	187 ± 17	0.87
Large intestine
Weight, g	3.0 ± 1.0	2.8 ± 0.8	2.6 ± 0.5	2.8 ± 0.4	0.87
Diameter, mm	1.2 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.1	1.2 ± 0.1	1.2 ± 0.3	0.40
Length, mm	7.5 ± 0.4	7.8 ± 0.3	7.0 ± 1.0	7.8 ± 0.4	0.13
Cecum
Weight, g	14. 0 ± 1.2a	11.0 ± 1.9b	13.0 ± 1.5a	14.0 ± 1.3a	0.02
Diameter, mm	1.3 ± 0.2b	8.6 ± 0.5a	1.1 ± 0.1b	1.1 ± 0.1b	0.001
Length, mm	13.8 ± 0.8	14.0 ± 1.7	13.0 ± 0.2	13.0 ± 0.5	0.19

• Control, basal diet only, T1, basal diet + 1 g of C. longa flour, T2, basal diet + 2 g of C. longa flour and T3, basal diet + 3 g of C. longa flour. ^a-c Means with different letter in the same row differ at P < 0.05; ^x-y Means with different letter in the same row indicated statistical tendences at P < 0.10.

4. Discussion

Poultry farms represent an economically important activity in many developing countries (Herrero et al., 2013; Mottet and Tempio, 2017; Ding et al., 2021). Given a growing demand for protein of animal origin, different production systems must be developed rapidly, although under a framework of restriction with the use of antibiotics. Hereby, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine has been linked to the rise of antibiotic resistance worldwide (Tang et al., 2017; Idehen et al., 2017; Mobarki et al., 2019; Ponce-Arguello et al., 2022). In fact, given a growing restriction on the use of antibiotics in animal production, people worldwide have become aware of not using synthetic chemicals, such as those used in meat production, because their use is associated with risks to human and animal health (Valenzuela-Grijalva et al., 2017). In this pioneer study conducted in Ecuador, we were able to demonstrate that the use of C. longa at doses of 1 or 2 g/d the final weight of the hens did not differ from what was observed when the hens only received the basal diet. These results are fundamental since, productively, there were no adverse effects on food consumption and consequently there were no differences in final weight. In fact, Rajput et al. (2013) demonstrated that dietary supplementation of curcumin at 200 mg/kg significantly improved live body weight and feed efficiency at the marketing age, highlighting that they did not find significant differences in feed consumption compared to the control. Reference studies with broiler chickens supplemented with 1 g/kg of C. longa feed, reported to have obtained a higher feed conversion compared to the control group (Attia et al., 2017; Rahmani et al., 2018). As demonstrated, some studies have already revealed the phytochemistry and pharmacology of different species of turmeric species (Kermanshahi and Riasi, 2006; Rajput et al., 2013; Rahmani et al., 2018; Dosoky and Setzer, 2018). However, there are limited studies that have explored the effect of this bioactive compound on the morphometry of chicken organs. A big question arises because researching chickens, in the case of Ecuador, backyard breeding is a very important item in the families' economy, which justifies the development of the current research (Waters et al., 2022).

Histopathological studies performed in broiler chickens have revealed important changes in organs such as the bursa of Fabricius, liver and small intestine (AL-Sultan, 2003; Rahmani et al., 2018; Maksudi et al., 2020). In our case, turmeric administered to chickens at doses of 1 or 2 g/d generally indicated smaller livers compared to those in the control group. Results that could be interpreted as animals reaching the end of the cycle with less inflammation of this organ and, consequently, with reduced serum levels of triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and blood glucose (Rajput et al., 2013). Attia et al. (2017) states that C. longa improves liver functions, as well as biliary functions, since it increases bile secretions, protecting the stomach from ulcers and reducing liver toxins. In support of this, Rajput et al. (2013) stated that this among the biological functions of curcumin, its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, antidiabetic and antiulcer effects stand out. According to Al-Sultan and Gameel (2004), Al-Sultan (2003) and Durrani et al. (2006) in broiler chickens, these findings would have improved digestion, metabolic processes and the use of nutrients for correct growth since protein synthesis is stimulated by the hens' enzymatic system. Although in our study, no differences were observed in the morphometry of the small intestine when we compared the treatments (Table 2), a study realized by Rajput et al. (2013) observed that C. longa enhances and induces the secretion of amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin. However, the cecum indicated lower weight and diameter in the group of hens that were supplemented with C. longa at a dose of 1 g/d. Ding et al. (2021) states that the integrity of intestinal morphology is extremely important to maintain intestinal health. In this sense, Maksudi et al. (2020) comment that morphological changes in the intestine could indicate a strong association mainly with growth or nutrient absorption. Furthermore, the current research yielded that the morphometry of the spleen did not vary between treatments, which supports the hypothesis for the use of C. longa as a safe phytochemical additive in chicken farming.

5. Conclusions

Based on our results, the inclusion of C. longa in the diet of hens at doses between 1 or 2 g/d lacked to demonstrate higher final weights when compared to the control. However, the present study revealed a lower weight and length of the liver which could positively influence the metabolic digestive processes of the female chickens. Responses that could also be supported by a gallbladder with greater capacity, contributing to better digestion of lipids. Therefore, more studies at the level of immunology and histology are recommended to support the benefits of C. longa.

References

• ABD EL-LATIF, S.A., TOSO, M.A., A M ELWA, H. and S HELPAWY, E., 2019. Effect of dietary growth promoters on some physiological responses of growing rabbits. Acta Scientific Medical Sciences, vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 66-70. http://doi.org/10.31080/ASMS.2019.03.0442
  » http://doi.org/10.31080/ASMS.2019.03.0442
• AL-SULTAN, S.I. and GAMEEL, A.A., 2004. Histopathological changes in the livers of broiler chicken supplemented with turmeric (Curcuma longa). International Journal of Poultry Science, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 333-336. http://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2004.333.336
  » http://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2004.333.336
• AL-SULTAN, S.I., 2003. The effect of Curcuma longa (Tumeric) on overall performance of broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 351-353. http://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2003.351.353
  » http://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2003.351.353
• ATTIA, Y.A., AL-HARTHI, M.A. and HASSAN, S.S., 2017. Turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) as a phytogenic growth promoter alternative for antibiotic and comparable to mannan oligosaccharides for broiler chicks. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 11-21. http://doi.org/10.22319/rmcp.v8i1.4309
  » http://doi.org/10.22319/rmcp.v8i1.4309
• BELITZ, H.D., GROSCH, W. and SCHIEBERLE, P., 2009. Food chemistry: 4th revised and extended edition Germany: Springer.
• CEDANO-CASTRO, J.I., JIMÉNEZ, R., HUAMÁN, A., GUTIÉRREZ REYNOSO, G. and WURZINGER, M., 2023. Farmers’ perceptions and acceptance of crossbred guinea pigs in Mantaro Valley, Peru. Tropical Animal Health and Production, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 75. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-023-03465-y PMid:36763256.
  » http://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-023-03465-y
• CHAKRABARTY, N., MOURIN, M.M., ISLAM, N., HAQUE, A.R., AKTER, S., SIDDIQUE, A.A. and SARKER, M., 2020. Assessment of the potential of watermelon rind powder for the value addition of noodles. Journal of Biosystems Engineering, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 223-231. http://doi.org/10.1007/s42853-020-00061-y
  » http://doi.org/10.1007/s42853-020-00061-y
• CHASHMI, S.A.N., JAFARI, A.A., EBRAHIMI, M., NASEHI, S. and MALEKI, S.M.S.A.A., 2014. Studying the relationship between organizational justice and organizational entrepreneurship (case study: commerce bank supervisory branch in Mazandaran). Advances in Environmental Biology, vol. 7, no. 13, pp. 4361-4368.
• DE VRIES, M. and DE BOER, I.J., 2010. Comparing environmental impacts for livestock products: a review of life cycle assessments. Livestock Science, vol. 128, no. 1-3, pp. 1-11. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.11.007
  » http://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.11.007
• DING, S., YAN, W., MA, Y. and FANG, J., 2021. The impact of probiotics on gut health via alternation of immune status of monogastric animals. Animal Nutrition, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 24-30. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2020.11.004 PMid:33997328.
  » http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2020.11.004
• DJOUMESSI, G.F.T., TENDONKENG, F., MIÉGOUÉ, E., EMALÉ, C., WAUFFO, D.F. and HORNICK, J.L., 2021. Effects of graded levels of Curcuma longa Powder on in vivo digestibility in Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Tropicultura, vol. 39, no. 3. http://doi.org/10.25518/2295-8010.1847
  » http://doi.org/10.25518/2295-8010.1847
• DOSOKY, N. and SETZER, W.N., 2018. Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils of curcuma species. Nutrients, vol. 10, no. 9. http://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091196 PMid:30200410.
  » http://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091196
• DUNWELL, I., LAMERAS, P., DE FREITAS, S., PETRIDIS, P., STAR, K., HENDRIX, M. and ARNAB, S. 2013. Metycoon: a game-based approach to career guidance. In: 5th International Conference on Games and Virtual Worlds for Serious Applications (pp. 1-6). New York: IEEE. http://doi.org/10.1109/VS-GAMES.2013.6624237
  » http://doi.org/10.1109/VS-GAMES.2013.6624237
• DURRANI, F.R., ISMAIL, M., SULTAN, A., SUHAIL, S.M., CHAND, N. and DURRANI, Z., 2006. Effect of different levels of feed added turmeric (Curcuma longa) on the performance of broiler chicks. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 9-11.
• FERREIRA, F.D., KEMMELMEIER, C., ARROTÉIA, C.C., DA COSTA, C.L., MALLMANN, C.A., JANEIRO, V., FERREIRA, F.M., MOSSINI, S.A., SILVA, E.L. and MACHINSKI JUNIOR, M., 2013. Inhibitory effect of the essential oil of Curcuma longa L. and curcumin on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus Link. Food Chemistry, vol. 136, no. 2, pp. 789-793. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.003 PMid:23122128.
  » http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.003
• FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION – FAO, 2022. Crops and climate change impact briefs Rome: FAO.
• FUENTES-QUISAGUANO, O.G., GUAMÁN-RIVERA, S.A., ERAZO-RODRIGUEZ, F.P.G.V. and AP, A.V.E., 2023. Erythrina edulis as a potential fodder alternative for improving livestock nutrition by small livestock farmers. Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 24-28.
• HEDMAN, H.D., VASCO, K.A. and ZHANG, L., 2020. A review of antimicrobial resistance in poultry farming within low-resource settings. Animals (Basel), vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 1264. http://doi.org/10.3390/ani10081264 PMid:32722312.
  » http://doi.org/10.3390/ani10081264
• HERRERO, M., GRACE, D., NJUKI, J., JOHNSON, N., ENAHORO, D., SILVESTRI, S. and RUFINO, M.C., 2013. The roles of livestock in developing countries. Animal, vol. 7, no. 1, suppl. 1, pp. 3-18. http://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731112001954 PMid:23121696.
  » http://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731112001954
• HOPE, M.D. and SHANNON, E.D., 2005. A comparison of two procedures to fit multi-level data: PROC GLM versus PROC MIXED. In: Proceedings of the 30th Annual SAS Users Group Conference, 2005; USA. USA: SAS Institute Inc., pp. 1-7.
• HORAN, B., HENNESSY, D., O’DONOVAN, M., KENNEDY, E., MCCARTHY, B., FINN, J.A. and O’BRIEN, B., 2018. Sustainable meat and milk production from grasslands Grassland Science in Europe Sustainable meat and milk production from grasslands. Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers.
• IDEHEN, E., TANG, Y. and SANG, S., 2017. Bioactive phytochemicals in barley. Yao Wu Shi Pin Fen Xi, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 148-161. PMid:28911532.
• KERMANSHAHI, H. and RIASI, A., 2006. Effect of turmeric rhizome powder (Curcuma longa) and soluble NSP degrading enzyme on some blood parameters of laying hens. International Journal of Poultry Science, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 494-498. http://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2006.494.498
  » http://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2006.494.498
• MAKSUDI, M., MANIN, F., WIGATI, S., INSULISTYAWATI, A. and AZIZ, N., 2020. The effects of Temu Ireng (Curcuma aeruginosa), Kunyit (Curcuma longa) and Jahe Merah (Zingiber officinale) on bursa of fabricius and Histo-morphological intestine characteristics of local Indonesian chickens. International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research, vol. 5, pp. 36-39.
• MOBARKI, N.S., ALMERABI, B.A. and HATTAN, A.H., 2019. Antibiotic resistance crisis. International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries., vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 561-564. http://doi.org/10.24911/IJMDC.51-1549060699
  » http://doi.org/10.24911/IJMDC.51-1549060699
• MORALES, E.R. and RUIZ, D.R.Y., 2022. Microbiota ruminal e implicaciones ambientales. An Microbiota Probióticos Prebióticos., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 95-98.
• MOTTET, A. and TEMPIO, G., 2017. Global poultry production: current state and future outlook and challenges. World’s Poultry Science Journal, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 245-256. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933917000071
  » http://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933917000071
• NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL – NRC, 1994. Nutrient requirements of poultry Washington: National Academies Press.
• OGUNNUSI, O.J., TOYE, C.O. and AKINWEMOYE, A.A., 2023. Feed management as a paradigm for profitable poultry enterprise. Animal Research International, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 4684-4693.
• PATIL, B.S., JAYAPRAKASHA, G.K., CHIDAMBARA MURTHY, K.N. and VIKRAM, A., 2009. Bioactive compounds: historical perspectives, opportunities, and challenges. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 57, no. 18, pp. 8142-8160. http://doi.org/10.1021/jf9000132 PMid:19719126.
  » http://doi.org/10.1021/jf9000132
• PÉREZ-URRIA, E., 2014. Cúrcuma I (Curcuma longa L.). Reduca, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 84-99.
• PONCE-ARGUELLO, M., ABAD-SARANGO, V., CRISANTO-PERRAZO, T. and TOULKERIDIS, T., 2022. Removal of METH through tertiary or advanced treatment in a WWTP. Water (Basel), vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 1807. http://doi.org/10.3390/w14111807
  » http://doi.org/10.3390/w14111807
• PRAGYA, M., RAGHVENDRA, R.M. and CHARLES-OLUWASEUN, A.E., 2020. Innovations in Food Technology: Current Perspectives and Future Goals Singapore: Springer.
• RAHMANI, M., GOLIAN, A., KERMANSHAHI, H. and REZA BASSAMI, M., 2018. Effects of curcumin or nanocurcumin on blood biochemical parameters, intestinal morphology and microbial population of broiler chickens reared under normal and cold stress conditions. Journal of Applied Animal Research, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 200-209. http://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2017.1284077
  » http://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2017.1284077
• RAJKUMARI, S. and SANATOMBI, K., 2017. Nutritional value, phytochemical composition, and biological activities of edible Curcuma species: A review. International Journal of Food Properties, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. S2668-S2687. http://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2017.1387556
  » http://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2017.1387556
• RAJPUT, N., MUHAMMAD, N., YAN, R., ZHONG, X. and WANG, T., 2013. Effect of dietary supplementation of curcumin on growth performance, intestinal morphology and nutrients utilization of broiler chicks. Journal of Poultry Science, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 44-52. http://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.0120065
  » http://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.0120065
• REPO-CARRASCO-VALENCIA, R. and TOMÁS, M.C., 2011. Andean Indigenous Food Crops : Nutritional Value and Bioactive Compounds Boca Raton: CRC Press.
• TANG, K.L., CAFFREY, N.P., NÓBREGA, D.B., CORK, S.C., RONKSLEY, P.E., BARKEMA, H.W., POLACHEK, A.J., GANSHORN, H., SHARMA, N., KELLNER, J.D. and GHALI, W.A., 2017. Restricting the use of antibiotics in food-producing animals and its associations with antibiotic resistance in food-producing animals and human beings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. Planetary Health, vol. 1, no. 8, pp. e316-e327. http://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30141-9 PMid:29387833.
  » http://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30141-9
• VALENZUELA-GRIJALVA, N.V., PINELLI-SAAVEDRA, A., MUHLIA-ALMAZAN, A., DOMÍNGUEZ-DÍAZ, D. and GONZÁLEZ-RÍOS, H., 2017. Dietary inclusion effects of phytochemicals as growth promoters in animal production. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 8. http://doi.org/10.1186/s40781-017-0133-9 PMid:28428891.
  » http://doi.org/10.1186/s40781-017-0133-9
• VAN BOECKEL, T.P., BROWER, C., GILBERT, M., GRENFELL, B.T., LEVIN, S.A., ROBINSON, T.P., TEILLANT, A. and LAXMINARAYAN, R., 2015. Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 112, no. 18, pp. 5649-5654. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503141112 PMid:25792457.
  » http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503141112
• VAN BOECKEL, T.P., PIRES, J., SILVESTER, R., ZHAO, C., SONG, J., CRISCUOLO, N.G., GILBERT, M., BONHOEFFER, S. and LAXMINARAYAN, R., 2019. Global trends in antimicrobial resistance in animals in low-and middle-income countries. Science, vol. 365, no. 6459, pp. 1944. http://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw1944 PMid:31604207.
  » http://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw1944
• WATERS, W.F., BACA, M., GRAHAM, J.P., BUTZIN-DOZIER, Z. and VINUEZA, L., 2022. Antibiotic use by backyard food animal producers in Ecuador: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 685. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13073-4 PMid:35395759.
  » http://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13073-4
• WIETHOELTER, A.K., BELTRÁN-ALCRUDO, D., KOCK, R. and MOR, S.M., 2015. Global trends in infectious diseases at the wildlife–livestock interface. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 112, no. 31, pp. 9662-9667. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422741112 PMid:26195733.
  » http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422741112
• WILLER, H. and LERNOUD, J., 2019. The world of organic agriculture: statistics and emerging trends 2019 Switzerland: Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, IFOAM Organics International.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  27 Jan 2025
• Date of issue
  2024

History

• Received
  17 Apr 2024
• Accepted
  25 Oct 2024