Irrigation depth and biochar doses on the vegetative growth of cherry tomatoAbstract
Cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) cultivation has become a very profitable option due to its high added value. Therefore, using technologies for water control and soil conditioners is a possible way to increase profitability for producers. Thus, the objective of the present study was to assess the effects of irrigation and poultry litter biochar on the vegetative growth of cherry tomato, ‘Carolina’ cultivar. The experiment was conducted in a semi-protected greenhouse of UAEA/UFCG campus in Campina Grande, PB, Brazil, using a completely randomized design, in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme with 3 replicates and in split plots. The factors studied were four levels of irrigation (70, 80, 90 and 100% of soil field capacity) and four doses of poultry litter biochar (0, 4, 8 and 12 t.ha-1). In the evaluation of plant height in relation to irrigation depth, a percentage increase of 33.19% was observed between the highest and lowest irrigation depths (70% and 100% of field capacity) at the end of the experiment. Regarding stem diameter in relation to irrigation depth variation, there was an increase of 5.5 mm from 47 to 107 days after germination. Poultry litter biochar influenced stem diameter, resulting in a percentage gain of 6.91% between the lowest and highest doses (0 and 12 t.ha-1). For leaf area, there was a percentage increase of 18.1% when comparing the lowest and highest irrigation depths (70% and 100% of field capacity).
Keywords:
Solanum lycopersicum var. Cerasiforme; pyrolysis; sustainable agriculture; poultry litter
Resumo
O cultivo do tomateiro cereja (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) vem se tornando uma opção muito rentável devido ao seu elevado valor agregado. Desse modo, o uso de tecnologias para o controle da água e a utilização de condicionadores de solo, vem como uma possível forma de aumentar a rentabilidade para os produtores. Objetivou-se, assim, com o presente estudo, avaliar a variação de lâminas de irrigação e o uso do biocarvão de cama de aviário no crescimento vegetativo do tomate cereja vermelho cultivar ‘Carolina’. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação da UAEA/ UFCG campus Campina Grande –PB, utilizando delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 com 3 repetições e em parcelas subdivididas. Os fatores estudados foram quatro lâminas de irrigação (70, 80, 90 e 100% da capacidade de campo) e quatro doses de biocarvão de cama de aviário (0, 4, 8 e 12 t.ha-1). Na avaliação da altura de planta em relação à lâmina de irrigação, foi verificado um aumento percentual de 33.19% entre a maior e menor lâmina de irrigação (70 e 100% da capacidade de campo) ao final do experimento. Quanto ao diâmetro caulinar em relação à variação das lâminas de irrigação, houve um incremento de 5.5 mm dos 47 aos 107 dias após a germinação. O biocarvão de cama de aviário influenciou no diâmetro caulinar, conferindo um ganho percentual de 6.91% entre a menor e maior dose (0 e 12 t.ha-1). Para a área foliar, houve um incremento percentual de 18.1% quando avaliado entre a menor e maior lâmina de irrigação (70 e 100% da capacidade de campo).
Palavras-chave:
Solanum lycopersicum var. Cerasiforme; pirólise; agricultura sustentável; cama de aviário
1. Introduction
Vegetable production has great social and economic importance worldwide, being an activity that produces food and generates employment and income for the populations, strengthening agriculture, reducing rural exodus and enabling greater development of producing regions. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is studied within the group of vegetables because it is part of the human diet, and according to Barros et al. (2014) it stands out from both an economic and a social point of view. In this context, according to IBGE (2024), tomato production in 2023, with reference to the state of Paraíba, was 25,638 tons, with a yield of 29,777 kg per hectare, over an area of 861 hectares. Additionally, according to the same source, the national production was 4.166,017 million tons, with an expectation of increasing national production to 4.295,250 million tons in 2024, representing a 3.10% variation compared to the two years.
Cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) cultivation has become a profitable option for many producers, due to its high added value and simpler cultural practices, with also good rusticity, resistance to various pests and diseases, and high market value (Lucini et al., 2016; Zanin et al., 2018; Dias et al., 2019).
In order to achieve a satisfactory yield and consequent economic return in cherry tomato cultivation, it is extremely important to employ production technologies, such as irrigation and cultivation in a protected environment (Silva et al., 2013). In this context, the use of irrigation methods such as localized irrigation is quite common in protected environments, especially in crops sensitive to water stress and excess moisture, such as tomato (Santana et al., 2010; Soares et al., 2013).
Another relatively new technology is the use of conditioners to improve the physical, chemical and biological parameters of the soil. In view of this, the use of biochar as a conditioner incorporated into the soil has been widely studied, since its physical-chemical properties favor water retention, complement fertility and favor the environment due to the use of its biomass. According to Mendes (2020), biochar is the transformation of biomass when subjected to decomposition, degradation, or modification of composition through the action of heat (pyrolysis) quickly or slowly and in the presence of little or no oxygen.
Therefore, due to the above-mentioned circumstances, the present study aimed to evaluate the variation in irrigation depths and the application of poultry litter biochar on the vegetative growth of the red cherry tomato, cultivar 'Carolina,' in a protected environment.
2. Material and Methods
The experiment was conducted from July to November 2021 in a greenhouse belonging to the Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering (UAEA), located at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), with geographic coordinates 7° 12’ 52” South latitude and 35° 54’ 23” West longitude, at an altitude of 551 m.
The experimental design adopted in the present study was completely randomized, analyzed in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme with three replicates, in split plots, with four irrigation depths (70, 80, 90 and 100% of soil field capacity - FC) and four levels of poultry litter biochar (0, 4, 8 and 12 t.ha-1). In the mentioned scheme, the irrigation depths were set for each row, meaning the same amount of water was applied to all biochar treatments within the row. The only difference was the irrigation depth for each row, and within each irrigation depth, all poultry litter biochar treatments were applied.
The soil used was a Argissolo Acinzentado distrófico, with single samples collected at the 0-20 cm depth, and its physical and chemical characteristics (Table 1) were determined according to Teixeira et al. (2017). After collection, the soil was deposited in 20 dm3 pots, with a 2-cm-thick layer of crushed stone at the base and a polyester mesh to prevent soil loss.
Physical-chemical analysis of the soil (Argissolo acinzentado distrófico arênico - Ultisol).
The biochar used in the present study was produced from poultry litter (mixture of sugarcane bagasse and broiler manure) by pyrolysis at 350 °C for three hours and chemically characterized afterwards (Table 2). The biochar was incubated along with the soil for 45 days before transplanting the seedlings, at a depth of 5 cm relative to the soil surface.
Tomato seedlings were produced in disposable 300 mL cups, containing the substrate composed of pine bark and coconut fiber, and were grown under greenhouse conditions. Three seeds were planted in each container, and thinning was performed ten days after sowing, leaving only one plant per container. At 30 days after germination (DAG), the seedlings had four complete leaves and were transplanted to the definitive pots, arranged at spacing of 1.00 m between rows by 0.50 m between plants.
Nitrogen (N) fertilization was carried out as the biochar had 3.06% N in its composition, so the crop could have shown nutritional deficiency of this element. Thus, at 30 DAG (day of seedling transplant) and according to the chemical analysis of the soil, nitrogen fertilization was carried out based on the book Recomendações de Adubação Para o Estado de Pernambuco: 2° Aproximação, by the Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco (IPA) (Cavalcanti, 2008). N fertilization was performed, considering the pot area of 0.070 m2. Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 was used as a source of N, 34.28 g per plant, split into two applications, the first at 30 DAG and the second at 50 days after the first one.
Irrigation was applied with a localized drip system, using pressure-compensating drippers with flow rate of 2 L/h. For automation of the irrigation system, the following components were used: four 12 VDC normally closed solenoid valves and four soil moisture sensors adapted to 10 cm long copper rods, all of which controlled by the Arduino MEGA2560 microcontroller, programmed to activate the valves when the soil moisture sensors detected moisture content below that required for each depth and turn it off as soon as the soil moisture exceeded that required for each depth. Pumping in the irrigation system was carried out using an electric pump from a washing machine, which had working pressure of 286.0 millibars. Temperature and relative humidity of the air inside the greenhouse were measured with the DHT 11 sensor from Newark®. Recording the minimum, average, and maximum temperatures (Figure 1), as well as the maximum and minimum relative humidity of the air values (Figure 2) throughout the duration of the experiment.
Monthly variation of minimum, average and maximum temperature and during the conduct of the experiment.
Maximum and minimum relative humidity of the air values in relation to the days of the year during the experiment.
For correct determination of soil moisture, it was necessary to calibrate the sensors according to the field capacity of the soil. For the present study, the calibration of the soil moisture sensors was performed ex situ, by gravimetry, using four PVC cylinders with dimensions of 28 cm in height by 5 cm in diameter, containing 1 kg of soil each, filter paper and a polyethylene screen at the base to allow upward capillary flow of water and avoid soil loss. After the cylinders were set up, they were placed in a container with water to saturate the soil by capillary rise. Subsequently, the cylinders were removed from the water and put to drain until they reached a constant weight on a precision scale with accuracy of 0.01g; theoretically, from that point, the soil reached field capacity. Then, the sensors were installed in the cylinders to read the moisture content, obtaining the value equivalent to 100% field capacity. The values for the other treatments were obtained by interpolation.
Due to the appearance of silverleaf whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), control was performed at 40 DAG with a single application of 3 mL diluted in 5 liters of water of a commercial systemic insecticide with the active ingredient Imidacloprid, using a 10-L knapsack sprayer and fan-type nozzle.
In order to avoid losses in production, lateral branches or unproductive branches were eliminated weekly and, at 83 DAG, cleaning pruning was carried out to mitigate the spread of powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fugilinea), caused by the high humidity resulting from the irrigation depths equivalent to 90% and 100% field capacity. Powdery mildew control was carried out using a natural solution of 10% cow’s raw milk in the production stage, with three applications, one each week, for three consecutive weeks.
For the vertical training of the tomato crop, the technique of vertical staking was used, employing polypropylene twine tied around the plant collar. This allows for better use of sunlight on the leaves and improved orchard ventilation, reducing leaf wetting time and mitigating the severity of diseases. Thus, the polypropylene twine was tied around the plant collar and loosely attached to a wire fixed 2.50 m above each row.
The results of the treatments on the vegetative growth characteristics of the red cherry tomato, cultivar 'Carolina,' were evaluated at 35, 47, 59, 71, 83, 95, 107, and 120 DAG, focusing on the effects on plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), and leaf area (LA) in relation to the irrigation depths and poultry litter biochar.
The results were subjected to analysis of variance using the F-test at a 1% and 5% probability level, and significant variables were analyzed using linear and quadratic polynomial regression. For this, the statistical analysis was carried out with the help of the SISVAR statistical software, according to Ferreira (2011).
3. Results and Discussion
In general, and except for the results found at 35 DAG, attributed to the short period of five days of the plants in the definitive pots, irrigation depths had a significant effect on plant height and stem diameter (Table 3) and (Table 4).
Summary of the analysis of variance for plant height (PH) of cherry tomato as a function of different irrigation depths at 35, 47, 59, 71, 83, 95, 107 and 120 days after germination.
Summary of variance analyses for the variable stem diameter (SD) as a function of different irrigation depths and biochar doses.
The effects of biochar doses were slightly significant on plant height (PH), but were significant at 1% probability level at 47, 59, 71, 83 and 95 DAG and at 5% probability level at 107 and 120 DAG on stem diameter (SD), which may be associated with the supply of nutrients by the biochar, resulting in larger plants.
Laurentino et al. (2021), in an experiment with poultry litter biochar on papaya seedling growth, identified better results in the increase of stem diameter when using doses of 12.375 t. ha-1, attributing this outcome to water retention conditioned by the biochar used.
When analyzing the effects of irrigation depths separately, it was found that a linear regression model fitted to the data at 71 (B), 83 (C), 95 (D), 107 (E) DAG, while a quadratic model fitted to the data at 47 DAG (A) (Figure 3). In any case, it was observed that the irrigation depth corresponding to 100% field capacity resulted in an increase in plant height (Figure 3).
Plant height of cherry tomato as a function of irrigation depths at 47 (A), 71 (B), 83 (C), 95 (D) and 107 (E) days after germination. **1% probability level.
At 47 DAG (A), the highest mean of plant height (59.5 cm), obtained with the 100% FC irrigation depth, was 11.84% higher than that obtained with the 70% FC depth, resulting in a mean of 53.2 cm per plant. At 71 DAG (B), the best result was 112.9 cm, with the plant being 11 cm taller when compared to the one that received the 70% FC irrigation depth, whose mean was 101.9 cm per plant.
For 83 DAG (C), the highest mean of plant height was 138.6 cm, which is 19.1 cm higher than the value obtained in plants subjected to 70% irrigation depth, equal to 119.5 cm. Similarly, for 95 (D) and 107 (E) DAG, resulted in plant heights of 158.7 cm and 187.7 cm were obtained respectively with the highest irrigation depth (100% of field capacity), and heights of 137.4 cm and 157.7 cm were recorded with the lowest irrigation level (70% of field capacity). This shows that plant height was directly influenced by greater soil water availability, resulting in a 19.02% increase between the highest and lowest irrigation depth up to 107 DAG (days after germination).
Sousa et al. (2019), when evaluating the effects of different irrigation depths on cherry tomato development and production, found a greater increase in plant height when using 100% ETr.
The biochar doses had a significant effect on plant height (PH) at 5% probability level only at 47 DAG (A) and 59 DAG (B), with an increasing linear behavior (Figure 4). At 47 DAG (A) and 59 DAG (B), the best response for plant height occurred with the dose of 12 t.ha-1, which led to differences of 2.4 cm and 3.9 cm, respectively, when compared to the treatment with 0 t.ha-1, or control.
Plant height of cherry tomato as a function of biochar doses at 47 (A) and 59 (B) days after germination. ** 1% probability level, *5% probability level.
Thus, in the present study, at 35, 71, 83, 95, 107, and 120 (DAG), there was no significant effect on the variable plant height (PH) in relation to biochar in isolation. This result can be attributed to the effect of the complementary nitrogen fertilization at the base, which possibly overshadowed the effect of the poultry litter biochar.
Lima et al. (2019), when studying the effect of poultry litter biochar on bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), ‘IKEDA’ cultivar, observed a positive linear effect on plant height, attributing it to the amount of residual N found in the biochar, as the source material is rich in this nutrient.
Regarding the interaction between the factors irrigation depths and biochar doses, there was a significant effect at a 5% probability level at 59 (A) and 120 (B) DAG, as represented by the graphs in (Figure 5). This demonstrates that the irrigation depth of 100% field capacity influenced plant height when higher biochar doses (12 t ha−1) were applied.
Plant height as a function of the interaction of irrigation depths within each biochar level at 59 (A) and 120 (B) days after germination. ** 1% probability level, ns not significant.
Thus, at 120 (B) DAG in (Figure 5), the difference in the variable plant height (PH), considering the largest and smallest irrigation depths (70 and 100% of field capacity), was an average of 179.12 and 238.57 cm, respectively, representing a percentage increase of 33.19%.
Regarding stem diameter (SD) as a function of the isolated effect of irrigation depths, at 47 (A), 59 (B), 83 (C), 95 (D), 107 (E), and 120 (F) DAG (Figure 6), a linear behavior was observed, with the best results for all measurements obtained with irrigation depths at 100% of field capacity. The corresponding values were 9.33 mm (A), 10.9 mm (B), 14.2 mm (C), 14.5 mm (D), 14.8 mm (E), and 14.3 mm (F), respectively, demonstrating that the 100% field capacity irrigation depth increased stem diameter by 5.5 mm from 47 to 107 DAG. From 107 to 120 DAG, there was a decrease of 0.5 mm in this variable, which may be associated with plant senescence at the end of the cycle.
Stem diameter of cherry tomato as a function of irrigation depths at 47 (A), 59 (B), 83 (C), 95 (D), 107 (E) and 120 (F) days after germination . ** 1% probability level, *5% probability level.
Santana et al. (2010), when working with “Andréa” hybrid tomato plants, obtained the largest stem diameter when the 100% FC depth was applied at 55, 70, 85 and 100 days after planting (DAP), showing that the applied water depth is very important for the growth in stem diameter in tomato plants, which corroborates the results found in the present study.
Thus, from 107 to 120 DAG, as the crop approached the end of its cycle and plant senescence began, stem diameter decreased by 0.5 mm, so a quadratic polynomial model fitted to the data shown in Graph (F), with the best result obtained under the 94.77% irrigation depth.
For the different doses of biochar in relation to stem diameter, it can be observed that the data were described by a quadratic polynomial model at 47 (A), 59 (B) and 95 DAG (D) (Figure 7), with increments up to the doses of 7.48, 10.4 and 8.76 t.ha-1, respectively. At 47, 59 and 95 DAG, the highest values of stem diameter for cherry tomato plants were 8.52, 10.76 e 13.83 mm, with increase of 5.31mm from 47 to 95 DAG. For Graphs 83 (C), 107 (E) and 120 (F) (Figure 7), the model that best fitted to the data was linear, and the best biochar dose was 12 t.ha-1, which led to stem diameter of 13.2, 13.9 and 14.0 mm respectively, representing a percentage gain of 6.91% when comparing the lowest and highest biochar doses (0 and 12 t.ha-1).
Stem diameter of cherry tomato as a function of the individual effect of biochar doses at 47 (A), 59 (B), 83 (C), 95 (D), 107 (E) and 120 (F) days after germination. ** 1% probability level, *5% probability level.
Lima et al. (2019) observed positive results with the use of poultry litter biochar for stem diameter in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), emphasizing that the increase in stem diameter with the use of biochar is directly linked to the supply of nutrients and its efficiency in optimizing nutrient concentrations in the soil, with a consequent increase in plant biomass production.
For stem diameter (SD) at 71 DAG (Figures 8 and 9), there was an interaction effect. In the breakdown of irrigation depths within each biochar level (Figure 8), the 100% field capacity irrigation depth resulted in an increase in stem diameter when using dose of 8 t.ha-1, which can be attributed to improved moisture retention and/or nutrient availability, or perhaps the effect became more evident during a specific period of the plant's vegetative development. Similarly, in Figure 9, observing the breakdown of biochar doses within each irrigation depth level, the largest stem diameter at 71 DAG occurred in treatments with 8 t.ha-1 of poultry litter biochar and 100% field capacity irrigation depth. Thus, the interaction between irrigation level and the presence of biochar may have reached a point where differences in stem diameter became more apparent.
Stem diameter as a function of the interaction of irrigation depths within each biochar level at 71 days after germination. ** 1% probability level, *5% probability level. ** 1% probability level, *5% probability level.
Stem diameter as a function of the interaction of biochar doses within each irrigation depth level at 71 days after germination. ** 1% probability level and ns not significant. ** 1% probability level, ns not significant.
Leaf area (LA) was significantly affected by irrigation depths at 1% probability level (Table 5), an effect that can be associated with the adequate availability of water for tomato plants, as they develop little under water deficit, becoming stunted and consequently producing small leaves.
Summary of the analysis of variance for leaf area (LA) of cherry tomato as a function of different irrigation depths and biochar doses.
As can be seen in the graph related to leaf area (Figure 10), the increase in irrigation depths promoted a linear growth response, proving that the 100% field capacity depth produced the best results, with a leaf area of 5966.3 cm2, a percentage increase of 18.1% when compared to the 90% field capacity depth (5050.1 cm2) and 85.4% compared to the 70% depth (3217.7 cm2).
Effect of irrigation depth variation on leaf area (LA) of cherry tomato. ** 1% probability level, ns not significant.
Matos (2016) obtained similar results using irrigation depths, with the largest leaf area (6761.0 cm2) obtained under irrigation depth of 130% ETr.
In relation to poultry litter biochar, there was no significant effect on leaf area (LA), a result that can be associated with the basal N fertilization applied, since N ensures plant growth and consequently increases leaf area.
4. Conclusion
According to the present study, the irrigation depth of 100% field capacity promoted greater vegetative development in cherry tomato plants, considering the variables of plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), and leaf area (LA). Poultry litter biochar influenced the stem diameter (SD) and initially the plant height, but the results highlight that the use of irrigation and biochar promotes the interaction between the two factors, indicating better outcomes in both plant height and stem diameter. Therefore, irrigation levels close to field capacity and biochar doses between 8 and 12 t.ha-1 bring benefits to the vegetative development of cherry tomato plants, representing a viable alternative for tomato cultivation.
References
- BARROS, P.C.S., COSTA, A.R., SILVA, P.C. and COSTA, R.A., 2014. Torta de filtro como biofertilizante para produção de mudas de tomate industrial em diferentes substratos. Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 265-270.
- CAVALCANTI, F.J. A., 2008. (Coord.). Recomendações de adubação para o estado de Pernambuco: 2a. aproximação 3. ed. Recife: IPA, 212 p.
-
DIAS, D.M., RESENDE, J.T.V., ZEIST, A.R., GABRIEL, A., SANTOS, M.H., RESENDE, N.C.V. and GUERRA, E.P., 2019. Resistance of processing tomato genotypes to leafminer (Tuta absoluta). Horticultura Brasileira, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 40-46. http://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620190106
» http://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620190106 -
FERREIRA, D.F., 2011. Sisvar: a computer statistical analysis system. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1039-1042. http://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542011000600001
» http://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542011000600001 -
INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA - IBGE, 2024. Levantamento Sistemático da Produção Agrícola [online]. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE. Available from: https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/economicas/agricultura-e-pecuaria/9201-levantamento-sistematico-da-producao-agricola.html
» https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/economicas/agricultura-e-pecuaria/9201-levantamento-sistematico-da-producao-agricola.html -
LAURENTINO, L.G.S., CHAVES, L.H.G., CAVALCANTE, A.R., GUIMARÃES, J.P., SOUZA, F.G., DE LIMA, W.B., FERNANDES, J.D., DANTAS, E.R.B., DA SILVA, A.A.R. and GUERRA, H.O.C., 2021. Growth of papaya seedlings on substrate consisting of poultry litthe biochar. Semina, vol. 42, no. 6, suppl. 2, pp. 3721-3740. http://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6Supl2p3721
» http://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6Supl2p3721 -
LIMA, W.B., CALVACANTE, A.R., BONIFÁCIO, B.P., OLIVEIRA, L.D. and CHAVES, L.H.G., 2019. Potencial nutricional do biocarvão e nitrogênio na cultura do pimentão [online]. In: Anais do Congresso Técnico Científico da Engenharia e da Agronomia, 17-19 setembro 2019, Palmas-TO. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lucia-Helena-Chaves/publication/339065553_Congresso_Tecnico_Cientifico_da_Engenharia_e_da_Agronomia_POTENCIAL_NUTRICIONAL_DO_BIOCARVAO_E_NITROGENIO_NA_CULTURA_DO_PIMENTAO/links/5e3b7a7f458515072d82f2cd/Congresso-Tecnico-Cientifico-da-Engenharia-e-da-Agronomia-POTENCIAL-NUTRICIONAL-DO-BIOCARVAO-E-NITROGENIO-NA-CULTURA-DO-PIMENTAO.pdf
» https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lucia-Helena-Chaves/publication/339065553_Congresso_Tecnico_Cientifico_da_Engenharia_e_da_Agronomia_POTENCIAL_NUTRICIONAL_DO_BIOCARVAO_E_NITROGENIO_NA_CULTURA_DO_PIMENTAO/links/5e3b7a7f458515072d82f2cd/Congresso-Tecnico-Cientifico-da-Engenharia-e-da-Agronomia-POTENCIAL-NUTRICIONAL-DO-BIOCARVAO-E-NITROGENIO-NA-CULTURA-DO-PIMENTAO.pdf -
LUCINI, T., RESENDE, J.T.V., OLIVEIRA, J.R.F., SCABENI, C.J., ZEIST, A.R. and RESENDE, N.C.V., 2016. Repellent effects of various cherry tomato accessions on the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: tetranychidae). Genetics and Molecular Research, vol. 15 no. 1, pp. gmr.15017736. http://doi.org/10.4238/gmr.15017736 PMid:27050983.
» http://doi.org/10.4238/gmr.15017736 - MATOS, R.M., 2016. Crescimento e produção do tomateiro tipo cereja sob diferentes taxas de reposição da evapotranspiração e tipos de adubação Campina Grande: Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 65 p. Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental.
- MENDES, J.S., 2020. Biocarvão: caracterização, uso como condicionador de solo e influência no desempenho agronômico do milho. Campina Grande: Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 150 p. Tese de Doutorado em Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental.
-
SANTANA, M.J., VIEIRA, T.A., BARRETO, A.C. and CRUZ, O.C., 2010. Resposta do tomateiro irrigado a níveis de reposição de água no solo. Irriga, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 443-454. http://doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2010v15n4p443
» http://doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2010v15n4p443 -
SILVA, J.M.S., FERREIRA, R.S., MELO, A.S., SUASSUNA, J.F., DUTRA, A.F. and GOMES, J.P., 2013. Cultivo do tomateiro em ambiente protegido sob diferentes taxas de reposição da evapotranspiração. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 40-46. http://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662013000100006
» http://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662013000100006 - SOARES, L.A. A., BRITO, M.E.B., DA SILVA, E.C.B., SÁ, F.V.S. and ARAÚJO, T.T., 2013. Componentes de produção do tomateiro sob lâminas de irrigação nas fases fenológicas. Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, vol. 8, pp. 84-90.
-
SOUSA, F.G.G., CARVALHO, R.S.C., MELO, M.R.M., SARTORI, M.M.P. and GRASSI FILHO, H., 2019. Desenvolvimento e produção do tomate cereja irrigado com diferentes concentrações e disponibilidade de água residuária. Irriga, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 582-593. http://doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2019v24n3p582-593
» http://doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2019v24n3p582-593 - TEIXEIRA, P.C., DONAGEMMA, G.K., FONTANA, A. and TEIXEIRA, W.G., 2017. Manual de métodos de análise de solo 3. ed. Brasília, DF: Embrapa.
-
ZANIN, D.S., RESENDE, J.T., ZEIST, A.R., OLIVEIRA, J.R., HENSCHEL, J.M. and LIMA FILHO, R.B., 2018. Selection of processing tomato genotypes resistant to two spotted spider mite. Horticultura Brasileira, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 271-275. http://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620180221
» http://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620180221
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
31 Jan 2025 -
Date of issue
2024
History
-
Received
23 Feb 2024 -
Accepted
05 Nov 2024
