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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 84 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.284807 linkcopy

Open-access Wildlife roadkill hotspots on roads crossing Conservation Units in the State of Sergipe, Brazil

Hotspots de atropelamento de fauna silvestre em estradas que atravessam Unidades de Conservação no estado de Sergipe, Brasil

AuthorshipSCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

    Abstract

    Roadkill of wild animals is a significant threat to biodiversity in Brazil, causing numerous animal deaths annually. This study aimed to identify the main locations of roadkill of wild animals on two highways that pass through Conservation Units in the state of Sergipe, Brazil, examining the correlation between roadkill and dry and rainy seasons. From November 2021 to October 2022, 49 surveys were carried out along BR-235, near Serra de Itabaiana National Park, and on the Adil Dantas do Amor Cardoso highway (ADAC), crossing the Mata do Crasto Private Natural Heritage Reserve. The campaigns were carried out on motorcycles, traveling at a speed between 20 and 60 km/h. To identify roadkill points for each highway, Kernel density estimation and species accumulation curves with area extrapolation (Bootstrap) were used, and mortality rates, the 2D K-Ripley test to test the randomness of roadkills and Shannon's diversity index (H'). On BR-235, 63 roadkills were recorded and an average mortality rate of 0.0652 individuals/Km/day, while on the Adil Dantas do Amor Cardoso highway, which has implemented mitigating measures, 15 occurrences were recorded with an average mortality rate of 0.1430 individuals/Km/day. Attraction points generated by the presence of improperly discarded carcasses on BR-235 were also identified. Although not significant, the BR-235 highway showed a positive correlation between precipitation and the frequency of roadkill (rs=0.1426, p=0.5851), while ADAC showed a negative correlation for the same variables (rs=-0.1749, p=0.5675). Understanding the patterns of roadkill and the needs of highways is essential for the development of effective strategies and the establishment of effective mitigation measures, thus minimizing the negative impacts of highways on biodiversity.

    Keywords:
    Atlantic Forest; attractiveness; biodiversity; mitigating measures; protected area

    Resumo

    Os atropelamentos de animais silvestres são uma ameaça significativa à biodiversidade no Brasil, causando inúmeras mortes de animais anualmente. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar os principais locais de atropelamentos de animais silvestres em duas rodovias que passam por Unidades de Conservação no estado de Sergipe, Brasil, examinando a correlação entre os atropelamentos e os períodos de seca e chuvas. De novembro de 2021 a outubro de 2022, foram realizados 49 levantamentos ao longo da BR-235, próximo ao Parque Nacional da Serra de Itabaiana, e na rodovia Adil Dantas do Amor Cardoso (ADAC), atravessando a Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Mata do Crasto. As campanhas foram realizadas em motocicleta, trafegando a uma velocidade entre 20 e 60 km/h. Para identificar pontos de atropelamentos para cada rodovia, foi utilizada a estimativa de densidade de Kernel e curvas de acumulação de espécies com extrapolação de área (Bootstrap), sendo ainda calculadas as taxas de mortalidade, o teste K-Ripley 2D para testar a aleatoriedade dos atropelamentos e o índice de diversidade de Shannon (H'). Na BR-235 foram registrados 63 atropelamentos e taxa de mortalidade média de 0.0652 indivíduos/Km/dia, enquanto na rodovia Adil Dantas do Amor Cardoso, que possui medidas mitigadoras implementadas, registrou-se 15 ocorrências com taxa de mortalidade média de 0.1430 indivíduos/Km/dia, foram identificados ainda pontos de atratividade gerados pela presença de carcaças descartadas indevidamente na BR-235. Apesar de não significativa, a rodovia BR-235 apresentou uma correlação positiva entre a precipitação e a frequência de atropelamentos (rs=0.1426, p=0.5851), enquanto que ADAC apresentou uma correlação negativa para as mesmas variáveis (rs=-0.1749, p=0.5675). Compreender os padrões dos atropelamentos e necessidades das rodovias, é essencial para o desenvolvimento de estratégias eficazes e o estabelecimento de medidas de mitigação eficazes minimizando assim os impactos negativos das rodovias na biodiversidade.

    Palavras-chave:
    Mata Atlântica; atratividade; biodiversidade; medidas de mitigação; área de proteção

    1. Introduction

    Road transport plays a significant role in Brazil for moving people and goods. According to the National Transport Confederation (CNT, 2022), approximately 77 million tons of corn, soy, and bran were transported in 2022. Moreover, road transport accounts for over 90% of passenger transportation (ANTT, 2022).

    Despite numerous benefits, highways negatively affect the wild environment. The main impacts are wildlife roadkills, contributing to the population decline or even local extinction of smaller populations (Fahrig and Rytwinski, 2009; Kroeger et al., 2022). Roadkill incidents are among the leading causes of biodiversity reduction (Forman and Alexander, 1998; Trombulak and Frissell, 2000; Laurance et al., 2009; González-Suárez et al., 2018).

    The Atlantic Forest biome is the country's most threatened, covering 15% of the national territory and housing an average of 72% of the Brazilian population across 17 states (SOS Mata Atlântica, 2021). Only 10% of this biome is protected by Conservation Units, of which about 72% have highways or roads within their area, putting the biodiversity there at risk (Alves et al., 2021).

    In Brazil, González-Suárez et al. (2018) estimate that roadkill mortality rates ranged from 0.001 to 7.61 individuals/km/year for Birds, 0.0007 to 18.52 individuals/km/year for mammals and 0.021 individuals/km/year for reptiles (Rahhal et al., 2023), medium and large mammals tend to be the most affected (Pinto et al., 2022). However, these numbers are underestimated because of carcass removal, either by scavenger animals (Santos et al., 2016) or human action (Medici and Abra, 2019). Specific ecological traits and behaviors influence species' vulnerability (Rytwinski and Fahrig, 2015), such as large mammals that, due to their high mobility and need for large living areas, have more encounters with roads, increasing the chance of roadkill (Chiarello, 1999).

    Increasing urbanization and expansion of road infrastructure have contributed significantly to the increase in wildlife mortality on highways. Studies indicate that collisions between vehicles and wildlife not only threaten biodiversity, but also result in significant economic and social impacts (Forman et al., 2003). The application of mitigation measures, based on scientific data, is crucial to minimize these impacts. Such measures, when based on preliminary research and targeted to the specific needs of the affected species, can considerably increase the effectiveness of conservation efforts (Van der Ree et al., 2015). The use of well-planned mitigation methods can therefore provide a balance between the need for human development and the preservation of wildlife (Rytwinski et al., 2016).

    Mitigation measures are tools used to reduce the number of wildlife roadkills, reconnection and reestablishment of populations affected by the barrier effect, also helping with road safety, reducing and preventing accidents with medium and large animals (Bueno et al., 2015; Pessanha et al., 2023). Preliminary studies are necessary for their correct application. Such measures can be directed at specific groups, like amphibians (Zank et al., 2019), or applied to various groups in general (Gomes et al., 2019).

    This study aimed to identify the main roadkill hotspots for wildlife on two highways crossing Conservation Units in the state of Sergipe and propose mitigation measures appropriate to the current scenario.

    2. Material and Methods

    2.1. Study area

    The study was conducted on two highways associated with Conservation Units in the state of Sergipe, and the presence or absence of mitigation measures was used as the criterion for selecting the two study areas.

    The federal highway BR-235 spans 2,093 Km, starting in Sergipe and ending in Pará, crossing the states of Sergipe, Bahia, Pernambuco, Piauí, Maranhão, Tocantins, and Pará. In Sergipe, it covers approximately 120 kilometers, crossing the state from east to west. Collections were carried out in the first 37 Km between the municipalities of Aracaju (kilometer zero) and Itabaiana, where the Serra de Itabaiana National Park is located (10° 46' 43” S 37° 20' 53” W). In the 3.4 Km stretch that crosses the Conservation Unit, no mitigation measures were recorded to prevent wildlife roadkill, besides a few wildlife warning signs.

    The state highway Adil Dantas do Amor Cardoso (ADAC), connecting the municipality of Santa Luzia do Itanhy to the Crasto settlement, is 6.9 Km long and crosses the Mata do Crasto Private Natural Heritage Reserve (11° 22’ 26” S 37° 25’ 80” W). The section of the highway that crosses the Conservation Unit (2.3 Km) has mitigation measures such as: speed reducers, signage, underground and aerial wildlife crossings. Both sampled stretches are surrounded by fragments of the Atlantic Forest and areas of anthropogenic influence (pastures, residences, sugarcane plantations, corn, among others), and were traversed biweekly by motorcycle, at speeds between 20 and 60 Km/h (Oliveira et al., 2021). Thirty campaigns were carried out on the BR-235 highway from November 2021 to February 2023 and 19 on the ADAC highway from November 2021 to October 2022, totaling a sampling effort of 2,220 and 262.2 kilometers, respectively, being two-way highways. The sampling was performed in both directions on the same day by a single observer.

    2.2. Data collection

    Observations and collections were made in the early hours of the day to minimize the action of scavenger animals and the deterioration of carcasses due to temperature rise and vehicle flow (Pedroso et al., 2021). All found roadkill animals were photographed and georeferenced using the Timestamp Camera® (Susamp Infotech, Surate, India). Meteorological data related to the day of the field campaign were obtained from the National Institute of Meteorology database, collected by the automatic station in Aracaju (A409) (INMET, 2022).

    The animals found were identified based on keys for each taxonomic group, being Segalla et al. (2021) for amphibians, Costa and Bérnils (2018) for reptiles, Pacheco et al. (2021) for birds, and Reis et al. (2011) for mammals.

    2.3. Data analysis

    To determine the heterogeneity of the roadkilled fauna, the Shannon diversity index (H') was calculated, considering the richness and evenness of the sampled species. Aiming to estimate richness, the species accumulation curve was evaluated, and for extrapolation calculations, Bootstrap estimators were used. The data underwent 100 randomizations in EstimateS software (Colwell, 2009), adopting a 95% confidence interval.

    The Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated and the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to verify the relationship and comparison between the frequency of roadkills and the dry (September to March) and rainy (April to August) periods, using the Statistica 7.1 software (StatSoft, 2005) and adopting a significance level of 5%.

    The roadkill rates (daily roadkill rate (individuals/day) and roadkill rate per kilometer (individuals/Km/day)) were calculated using the Siriema V2.0 software (Coelho et al., 2014). Aiming to evaluate the non-randomness in the spatial distribution of roadkills, the 2D K-Ripley test was applied, considering the total number of animals roadkilled. The value of the function L (K(r) – Ks(r)) allows the interpretation of the different scales used in the evaluation by the difference between the value of the statistic K(r) observed for the scale r and an average value of Ks(r), simulated by means of distributions of random events. For this analysis, an initial radius of 100 m, a radius increment of 500 m, 1,000 simulations and a 95% confidence interval were adopted, also with the aid of the Siriema V2.0 software (Coelho et al., 2014).

    The Kernel density estimator was applied to determine hotspots on both highways, based on georeferencing and the frequency of roadkills, regardless of the species identified. The maps were created using QGIS v. 3.26.2 (General Public License – GNU) software (QGIS Development Team, 2022).

    2.4. Authorizations and registrations

    The project was submitted to the Biodiversity Information and Authorization System – SISBIO, obtaining authorization for activities with a scientific purpose, under number 79209-1, and registered in the National System for the Management of Genetic Heritage and Associated Traditional Knowledge – SisGen, obtaining the registration code ADDECD3.

    3. Results

    On the BR-235 highway, 63 individuals of wildlife roadkill were recorded, classified into four classes: Amphibia (38.1%, N=24), Reptilia (9.5%, N=6), Birds (25.4%, N=16), and Mammalia (27.0%, N=17) (Table 1). The animals were identified at the lowest possible taxonomic level, except three specimens—one from the order Testudines and two from Rodentia, due to the injuries caused by the accident, they did not present clear morphological characteristics sufficient for identification at any lower taxonomic level.

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    Table 1
    Group (Class), Number (total), H’ (Shannon-Wiener index), Mortality rate (individuals/day) and Mortality rate per km (individuals/Km/day) of wild vertebrates roadkilled along the sampled sections of the BR-235, Sergipe, Brazil, and Adil Dantas do Amor Cardoso, Sergipe, Brazil highways, between November 2021 and November 2022.

    The three most abundant species were the Rhinella jimi (Stevaux, 2002), the Crotophaga ani Linnaeus, 1758, and the Cerdocyon thous Linnaeus, 1766 (Figure 1A, 1B, and 1C). The sampled stretch of the BR-235 highway showed an daily roadkill rate of 2.4138 individuals/day and an roadkill rate per kilometer of 0.0652 individuals/Km/day, the Shannon diversity index, indicating a moderate level of diversity: (H') of 2.34. Concerning the species accumulation curve, a value of 19 was found; for the extrapolation of this value, the Bootstrap mean was then applied, resulting in a value of 25.66 (Figure. 2A).

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    Figure 1
    Species with the highest frequency of being roadkill on the sampled section of the BR-235 federal highway. A – Cane toad Rhinella jimi, B – Smooth-billed Ani Crotophaga ani. C – Wild dog Cerdocyon thous and on the sampled stretch of Adil Dantas do Amor Cardoso state highway, D. Miranda's White-lipped Frog Leptodactylus macrosternum, Sergipe, Brazil, from October 2021 to November 2022.

    On the ADAC highway, 15 roadkills were recorded, classified into four classes: Amphibia (40.0%, N=6), Reptilia (26.7%, N=4), Birds (13.3%, N=2), and Mammalia (20.0%, N=3) (Table 1).

    The two species with the highest abundance were Leptodactylus macrosternum Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 (Figure 1D), and the R. jimi. The sampled stretch of the highway revealed an daily roadkill rate of 0.7895 individuals/day and an roadkill rate per kilometer of 0.1144 individuals/Km/day, alongside a Shannon diversity index (H') of 2.27. Regarding the species accumulation curve, a value of 13 was noted with an extrapolation of 14.7 (Figure 2B). The roadkill rates were also calculated separately for the classes recorded on each highway (Table 2).

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    Figure 2
    Extrapolation curve of collections carried out on the record of wildlife being roadkilled: A) BR-235 federal highway: Bootstrap Mean – 25.66; species accumulation curve – 19, from October 2021 to February 2023; B) Adil Dantas do Amor Cardoso state highway: Bootstrap Mean – 14.7; species accumulation curve – 13, in the period from October 2021 to October 2022. C.I. – Confidence Interval.
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    Table 2
    Number (total), frequency (%), feeding habits, and Conservation status of wild vertebrates roadkilled along the sampled sections of the BR-235, Sergipe, Brazil, and Adil Dantas do Amor Cardoso, Sergipe, Brazil highways, between November 2021 and November 2022.

    Although not significant, the BR-235 highway presented a positive correlation between precipitation and the frequency of roadkills (rs=0.1426, p=0.5851 and p=0.8296 for KW), while ADAC presented a negative correlation for the same variables (rs=-0.1749, p=0.5675 and p=0.1349 for KW). On the BR-235, a reduction in roadkills was noted from May to July, followed by an increase at the beginning of August. However, from October 2022 to January 2023, any wildlife roadkill records were absent during the monitoring campaigns (Figure 3A).

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    Figure 3
    Precipitation and frequency of animals collisions: A) from October 2021 to February 2023, on the BR-235 federal highway. B) in the period from October 2021 to October 2022, on the Adil Dantas do Amor Cardoso state highway.

    On the ADAC highway, the reduction in roadkill frequency occurred in April and May, with a subsequent increase in June. Similar to the BR-235, from July 2022 onwards, no wildlife roadkills were recorded during the monitoring campaigns (Figure 3B).

    From the coordinates obtained for each roadkilled specimen, aggregation points (hotspots) were generated, indicating the locations on the highways with the highest aggregation of animal roadkills.

    On the BR-235, the locations with the highest aggregation of roadkilled animals were precisely at kilometer 28.3 and the segment between kilometers 30.9 and 33.3, at the beginning and end of the stretch where the highway crosses the Serra de Itabaiana National Park (Figure 4A). The Adil Dantas do Amor Cardoso highway had a higher concentration of records in the stretch between kilometers 0.2 and 1.5 outside the Mata do Crasto Private Natural Heritage Reserve, with low aggregation between kilometers 3.6 and 4.7 (Figure 4B).

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    Figure 4
    Hotspots for wildlife being roadkilled in Sergipe, Brazil: A) on the BR-235 federal highway, from October 2021 to November 2022. B) on the Adil Dantas do Amor Cardoso state highway, from October 2021 to November 2022.

    During the sampling period on the BR-235 highway, various wildlife attraction points were observed, which could temporarily influence the presence of animals on the road. Most attractions were remains of birds improperly disposed of, probably by local poultry farms, with the strong odor likely attracting scavenger animals, such as the Coragyps atratus. In another section, a nesting bag containing strips of animal skin exuding a strong putrid odor was found. There was also a report of an accident involving a grain transport truck that scattered its load on a section of the highway.

    The Adil Dantas do Amor Cardoso highway had a single record of attraction during the collection period, which was a bovine carcass in an advanced state of decomposition. At the time of observation, no scavenger animals were seen near the attractant.

    4. Discussion

    The frequency of roadkills recorded on the two highways found in this study is lower than what has been shown in similar studies conducted in other areas. Batista et al. (2022) over two years, with a sampling effort of 7,839 km and 39 collections, recorded 650 roadkilled specimens with a roadkill rate of 0.08 individuals/Km/day on a federal highway crossing a Conservation Unit in the Amazon region. Cavallet et al. (2023), over 12 months, sampled two highways (PR-407 and PR-508) that cross areas of Atlantic Forest in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil, recording a total of 209 roadkills, 68 on the PR-407 highway (roadkill rate of 0.105 individuals/Km/day) and 141 on the PR-508 highway (roadkill rate of 0.111 individuals/Km/day).

    In this type of study, the actual number of roadkill deaths is generally underestimated due to variables such as the removal of carcasses from the road and detectability. Carcass removal is determined by weather, vehicle traffic, road safety, and the attractiveness of scavenger animals, which, depending on the size of the roadkilled animal, is removed from the site of occurrence (Ratton et al., 2014; Pedroso et al., 2021). Detectability is directly influenced by road characteristics, monitoring speed, and the size of the animals (Coelho et al., 2008; Pracucci et al., 2012).

    One aspect that may influence the frequency of roadkills is the volume and speed of vehicle traffic. Ramp et al. (2006) state that a highway with moderate traffic and high speed can contribute to the presence of animals on the road, compared to a highway with a more intense flow. During this study, it was observed that vehicles were traveling above the speed limits allowed on that road, especially in sections not monitored by radar. The road avoidance effect highlights vehicle noise as the most significant disturbing factor that causes animals to avoid approaching highways (Forman and Alexander, 1998; Forman et al., 2003; Coffin, 2007).

    Silva et al. (2022) recorded 75 roadkilled specimens, the roadkill rate was 0.156 individuals/Km/day covered on the section of the BR-235 highway that crosses the Serra de Itabaiana National Park, between August 2020 and June 2021, totaling 480 km of sampling effort. It is worth noting that the period sampled by Silva et al. (op. cit.) falls within the course of social distancing, decreed by the World Health Organization due to the COVID-19 pandemic, in which vehicle flow was reduced. The low diversity indicated by the Shannon index for the areas studied here may be associated with the fact that part of the study was conducted during the initial relaxation of social distancing measures of the COVID-19 pandemic, a time when vehicle traffic was returning to normal. According to the National Department of Transport Infrastructure (DNIT, 2023), the variation in the annual average volume (VMDa) of vehicle traffic on the BR-235 highway went from 10,037 vehicles per day in 2019 to 8,755 in 2021 and 13,667 in 2022 (no record for the year 2020).

    In the study conducted by Silva et al. (2022), one of the variables that may be associated with the highest roadkill rate value found (0.156 individuals/Km/day versus 0.0652 individuals/Km/day in the present work) is the length of the sampled section of the BR 235 highway, with emphasis on the sampling effort, which is equivalent to less than 1/4 of the sampling effort applied in the present study.

    Carcass removal and searcher’s detectability are not homogeneous among taxonomic and body size groups. Amphibians and birds, predominantly small body-sized animals, were removed faster and were less detected than reptiles and mammals, which usually are of larger body size (Teixeira et al., 2013). In biomes like the Pantanal, higher indices for large animals (above 2 kg) may be observed due to the intense presence of capybaras, alligators, and other large animals (Souza et al., 2015; Curvo et al., 2021).

    According to Huijser et al. (2006), various animals, upon colliding, do not die immediately on the roadway, and may die several meters later, thus contributing to a decrease in detectability. In the present study, species such as T. tetradactyla and L. tigrinus were recorded off the road in shoulder areas or entering the vegetation strip. Due to their size, the animals may have been thrown off the road during the collision, but the possibility of late death cannot be ruled out.

    In both highways, the species with the highest abundance were R. jimi and L. macrosternum. The predominance of R. jimi may be associated with the need to search for water puddles, ponds, lakes, and rivers, which are essential parts of their foraging and for the completion of these animals' life cycles (Madelaire and Gomes, 2016). Leptodactylus macrosternum are highly adaptable to various environments but have the same needs, using flooded areas for feeding and reproduction (Chaves and Silva, 2015); this may explain their presence only on the ADAC highway, which has a greater quantity of water bodies in its vicinity.

    Studies conducted by Castro et al. (2020) in an Atlantic Forest area in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and by Cavallet et al. (2023) on highways in the state of Paraná, Brazil, found that amphibians and reptiles were the vertebrate classes most affected and recorded a result similar to that found in both areas of this study. Both cited studies showed relationships between increased rainfall and the presence of water bodies with amphibian roadkill points, coinciding with the results obtained in the present study.

    The records made during the rainy period do not allow for a conclusion on the influence of precipitation on the reduction of roadkill on the ADAC highway. However, the two species with the highest number of occurrences during this period were L. macrosternum and R. jimi, both amphibians whose reproductive cycle is associated with the rainy season (Haddad et al., 2013).

    Secco et al. (2014) also report intentional roadkills against snakes from studies conducted on highways in the same state. In the present study, most of the recorded snakes presented a high degree of crushing characteristic of re-roadkill, however such characteristics may be associated with factors such as the time of the roadkill and local vehicle traffic.

    The BR-235 highway does not have mitigating measures along the stretch that crosses the Serra de Itabaiana National Park, which may explain the higher index of roadkills compared to the other highway in the study. In Figure 4A, roadkill hotspots are observed in two locations provided with wildlife crossing signage. In contrast, highway sections where speed control devices, such as radars, were in effect did not register roadkill occurrences. It is important to emphasize that the mentioned roadkill events are located in a critical area, namely the stretch where the highway cuts through the Serra de Itabaiana National Park, and despite this, the road speed is 60km/h.

    The ADAC highway, although not equipped with electronic speed control devices (radar), adopts distinct mitigating measures, such as speed reducers in specific sections and aerial and underground wildlife crossings. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that the speed limits on the ADAC highway differ from those on the BR-235; initially, the allowed speed on the highway is 60 km/h, dropping to 30 km/h until the end of the stretch that crosses the Mata do Crasto Private Natural Heritage Reserve (Figure 4B).

    The hotspots on both highways are located in interface areas between the UC and the anthropized landscape. The characteristics of the landscape surrounding the highways are factors that also affect roadkill rates as they influence the ecology and ethology of the species (Coelho et al., 2008; Bueno et al., 2015; Freitas et al., 2015; Araújo et al., 2020). Bueno et al. (2015) and Batista et al. (2022) show an association between the proximity of rivers, vegetation cover, and agricultural activity with most vertebrate roadkills crossing Atlantic Forest areas.

    The landscape of the ADAC highway features elevated soil formations, creating a physical barrier between the two sides of the road, and this fact reduces crossing incidents for various species in these sections. Additionally, this highway has some mitigating measures, such as aerial and underground crossings, which may explain the lower number of events compared to the BR-235 highway.

    Dodd Junior et al. (2004) highlight the effectiveness of underground crossings in reducing wildlife roadkill rates on the highway crossing the Paynes Prairie State Preserve, Florida, compared to the construction of fences and guardrails along the roadside; 158 animals were recorded roadkilled in the same area where, a year earlier, before implementing the measures, 2,411 roadkills were registered. Santos et al. (2017), in turn, assert that mitigating measures should be employed together and with varied strategies for better effectiveness and cost-benefit (aerial and underground crossings, speed reducers, signage, etc.).

    Although none of the species found roadkilled presents a risk of extinction, both areas contain species that require greater attention, such as the oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus) – (Vulnerable - VU), the Reinhardt's lava lizard (Tropidurus hygomi) (Vulnerable - VU), and the Bahian sand dune lizard (Glaucomastix abaetensis) – (Endangered - EN), in addition to the Coimbra-Filho titi monkey (Callicebus coimbrai) (Chagas and Ferrari, 2011; Santos et al., 2016; Caldas et al., 2021).

    The disposal of biological material along the BR-235 highway constitutes a strong attractant for scavenger and opportunistic animals, such as the white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris), the black vulture (Coragyps atratus), or even the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), which, attracted by the putrid odor, may occasionally be roadkilled. These species had occurrence records within the area between kilometers 10 and 25, locations where the greatest concentration of biological waste disposal (remains of poultry) from the region's chicken farms was observed.

    Souza et al. (2022), in a survey conducted on the GO 050 highway, in Goiás, Brazil, identified an association between large amounts of trash on the roadside with the roadkills occurred in these sections. To mitigate this problem, a multifaceted approach is recommended. First, regular cleaning and maintenance schedules to remove litter from the roadsides can be implemented. In addition, enforcement campaigns can be carried out to identify those responsible for the litter. Public awareness campaigns can also be carried out to promote responsible waste disposal, addressing its negative implications for the environment and the safety of road users.

    Coffin (2007) defines “attractants” as anything that can influence the presence of animals on the road, whether of anthropogenic origin or not. These attractants trigger a succession of events, as the roadkill of animals attracted by carcasses generates new roadkills, attracting other scavengers onto the roadway and exposing these animals to new roadkills (Forman and Alexander, 1998; Santos et al., 2016).

    5. Conclusion

    The present study demonstrates that mitigation measures when applied in concert within conservation areas, can reduce roadkill mortality rates, as evidenced by the section of the ADAC highway that traverses the Mata do Crasto Private Natural Heritage Reserve. Nonetheless, it was noted that the presence of signage alone is insufficiently effective, necessitating a reevaluation of the area to identify optimal measures based on vehicle traffic volume, local vegetation characteristics, and existing wildlife, particularly in areas with high roadkill frequencies.

    A notable lack of enforcement concerning the disposal of animal remains, predominantly poultry carcasses, was observed throughout the study. This practice can contribute to increased wildlife roadkill rates in the Serra de Itabaiana National Park area. This issue is compounded by the absence of speed reduction measures and both aerial and underground wildlife crossings at critical points within the conservation unit.

    Understanding the patterns of each group and the needs of each highway, combined with the relationship between mitigation measures and wildlife mortality, can provide valuable information for developing more effective conservation strategies and minimizing the negative impacts of highways on biodiversity in the Atlantic Forest biome and other similar ecosystems.

    Acknowledgements

    The authors would like to acknowledge the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES – Financial Code 001) and the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for the scholarships granted. This work was financed with resources from the public notice CAPES/FAPITEC/SE n. 11/2016 PROEF.

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    Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      07 Feb 2025
    • Date of issue
      2024

    History

    • Received
      21 Mar 2024
    • Accepted
      17 Nov 2024
    Creative Common - by 4.0
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