New host and injury characterization of Atrypanius lignarius (Bates, 1864) (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae)

Novo hospedeiro e caracterização de injúrias de Atrypanius lignarius (Bates, 1864) (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae)

Abstract

The subfamily Lamiinae, with global distribution, includes the genus Atrypanius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). The objective was to register, for the first time, Atrypanius lignarius (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) as a pest in a commercial plantation of Paulownia fortunei var. mikado. Plants of Paulownia fortunei var. mikado with larvae in galleries, excavated in their stems and causing considerable injuries, were examined. These larvae were maintained, in the laboratory, and the adults emerged identified as A. lignarius. Injuries caused by this pest included yellowing and premature leaf drop. Atrypanius lignarius was identified as a pest of adult P. fortunei var. mikado plants in Santa Catarina state, Brazil. The demand for wood from this plant increases the importance of strategies to mitigate injuries caused by A. lignarius.

Keywords:
Atlantic Forest; Atrypanius lignarius; Japanese Kiri

Resumo

A subfamília Lamiinae, com distribuição global, inclui o gênero Atrypanius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). O objetivo foi registrar, pela primeira vez, Atrypanius lignarius (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) como praga em plantação comercial de Paulownia fortunei var. mikado. Plantas de Paulownia fortunei var. mikado, com larvas em galerias escavadas em seus caules, causando injúrias consideráveis, foram examinadas. Essas larvas foram mantidas, em laboratório, e os adultos emergidos identificados como A. lignarius. Injúrias causadas por essa praga incluíram amarelecimento e queda prematura das folhas. Atrypanius lignarius foi identificado como praga, no estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, danificando plantas adultas de P. fortunei var. mikado. A demanda por madeira, dessa planta, aumenta a importância de estratégias para mitigar injúrias por A. lignarius.

Palavras-chave:
Mata Atlântica; Atrypanius lignarius; Kiri japonês

1. Introduction

The family Cerambycidae, one of the most diverse of Coleoptera, with more than 38,000 species in the world (Tavakilian and Chevillotte, 2023) includes 4,371 species and 1,056 genera in Brazil (Monné et al., 2024). A total of 847 species in 114 genera have been described for the tribe Acanthocinini Blanchard, 1845 in South America (Roguet, 2024), a group with a cosmopolitan distribution of the subfamily Lamiinae (Roguet, 2024). Thirty-five species of the genus Atrypanius Bates, 1864 (Acanthocinini) were described in the American continent, predominantly in the Neotropical region, 20 in Brazil (Roguet, 2024).

Species of the genus Atrypanius, reported on different host plants (Monné, 2001), include Atrypanius albocinctus Melzer, 1930 and Atrypanius jauffreti (Santos-Silva, 2021) on Ficus spp. (Moraceae) (Duffy, 1960, Santos-Silva, 2021); Atrypanius ambiguus Melzer, 1930 on Centrolobium tomentosum Guillarmod ex Bentham (Fabaceae) (Silva et al. 1968); Atrypanius conspersus (Germar, 1823) on Acacia sp. (Mimosaceae), Bagassa guianensis Aublet, Brosimum utile (Kunth) Pittier and Ficus leiophylla C.C. Berg (Moraceae) (Tavakilian et al., 1997; Di Iorio, 2004); Atrypanius corticalis (Bates, 1864) on Gustavia superba (Kunt) O. Berg (Lecythidaceae) (Lanuza-Garay and Barrios, 2015); Atrypanius cretiger (White, 1855), Atrypanius implexus (Erichson, 1847), Atrypanius infimus (Bates, 1885), Atrypanius leucopygus (Bates, 1872) and Atrypanius lineatocollis (Bates, 1863) on B. utile (Moraceae) (Ødegaard, 2004); Atrypanius haldemani (LeConte, 1852) on Anacardium excelsum (Bert. y Balb. ex Kunth) Skeels (Anacardiaceae), Bursera simaruba (L.) Sargent (Burseraceae), Celtis sp. (Cannabaceae), Jatropha standleyi Steyermark (Euphorbiaceae), Inga cocleensis Pittier (Fabaceae), G. superba (Lecythidaceae), B. utile, Ficus aurea Nuttall (Moraceae) and Forestiera segregata (Jacquin) Krug & Urban (Oleaceae) (Turnbow Junior and Hovore, 1979; Ødegaard, 2004; Lanuza-Garay and Barrios, 2015); Atrypanius irrorelus Bates, 1885 on Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers (Fabaceae), B. utile (Moraceae) and Manilkara zapota (L.) van Roten (Sapotaceae) (Janzen, 1980; Ødegaard, 2004); Atrypanius polyspilus (White, 1855) on B. utile and Castilla tunu Hemsley (Moraceae) (Ødegaard, 2004); Atrypanius pulchellus (Bates, 1863) on Himatanthus bracteatus (A.P. de Candolle) Woodson, Parahancornia fasciculata (Poiret) R. Benoist ex Pichon (Apocynaceae), Hevea guianensis Aublet (Euphorbiaceae) and Brosimum guianense (Aublet) Huber (Moraceae) (Tavakilian et al., 1997; Monné, 2001); Atrypanius remissus (Erichson, 1847) on Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg (Moraceae) (Tavakilian et al., 1997); Atrypanius spretus (Bates, 1864) on Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae) (Bondar, 1939) and Atrypanius venustus (Bates, 1863) on Inga sp. (Fabaceae) (Tavakilian et al., 1997).

Atrypanius lignarius (Bates, 1864) has been reported throughout the Atlantic Forest in eight states (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo) of Brazil, besides Paraguay and Argentina (Monné, 2024). Host plants of this insect include some of economic importance such as Holocalyx glaziovii Tauberte x Glaziou, Inga sp. (Fabaceae), Persea americana P. Miller (Lauraceae), Pinus elliottii Engelmann (Pinaceae) and T. cacao (Malvaceae) (Bondar, 1925; Andrade, 1928; Silva, 1936; Bosq, 1943; Di Iorio and Fuentes, 1998, Di Iorio, 2006).

The objective of this work was to record, for the first time, the occurrence of Atrypanius lignarius damaging Paulownia fortunei (Seem.) Hemsl. var. mikado (Scrophulariaceae) in a commercial plantation.

2. Material and Methods

Adult plants of P. fortunei var. mikado were observed with injury in their stem by a borer in November 2023 in a commercial plantation established in October 2019 in an eight-hectare area with a spacing of 3x4 meters between plants (totalizing 833 plants per area) in the municipality of Riqueza, Santa Catarina state, Brazil (27° 00 29.30 sec; 53° 12 15.00 sec, elevation 390 meters).

Stems of 10 plants of P. fortunei with injury were sectioned longitudinally into logs of 0.80 m (three per plant), and larvae and pupae of a borer were observed inside them. These logs were taken to the Forest Protection Laboratory of Santa Catarina State University and placed in netted cages. Adult beetles were collected shortly after emergence, mounted with entomological pins, identified by Dr. José Osvaldo Silva Júnior (Figure 1), and deposited in the Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure Entomological Collection (DZUP) at the Federal University of Paraná in Curitiba, Paraná state, Brazil.

Figure 1
Gallery with larva (A) on the trunk of Paulownia fortunei var. mikado and pupa (B) and adults (C, D) of Atrypanius lignarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).

3. Results

Adults of a beetle that emerged from the logs of P. fortunei var. mikado were identified as Atrypanius lignarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). In total, 52 adult insects emerged.

Injury by A. lignarius larvae, between the bark and the wood in the trunk, was observed in 3% of P. fortunei var. mikado plants (25 plants), mainly in those near a forest fragment.

The diameter of the A. lignarius galleries was up to 2 cm in all logs taken from the main stems of fortunei var. mikado. Small circular or oval holes in these galleries, with occasional interruptions, contained sawdust. Emergence holes of adult insects were observed on the external surface in the wider areas of the internal galleries in P. fortunei var. mikado logs placed in cages in the laboratory

Atrypanius lignarius adults bored into the phloem for oviposition, causing drying and death of P. fortunei var. mikado plants besides yellowing and falling leaves. Small emergence holes of adults, resin spots, and dark injuries on one side of the tree, usually the southern one, were the most evident signs of A. lignarius injury in P. fortunei var. mikado plants in the field (Figure 2).

Figure 2
Sap exudation (A, B) and galleries (C, D) of Atrypanius lignarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on the main stem of Paulownia fortunei var. mikado.

Necrosis and darkening were observed in the trunks of P. fortunei var. mikado, containing several emergence holes caused by A. lignarius (Figure 2).

4. Discussion

The identification of A. lignarius adults emerged from logs of P. fortunei var. mikado agrees with reports of this insect been xylophagous, but its larvae also developed in pods and seeds of Inga sp. (Bosq, 1943; Costa Lima, 1955; Biezanko and Bosq, 1956), an unusual behavior for Cerambycidae (Marinoni et al., 2002). Individuals of A. lignarius were more abundant during the spring and summer in Paraná state, Brazil (Marinoni and Ganho, 2003).

The injury by A. lignarius larvae, between the bark and the wood in the trunk of 3% of P. fortunei var. mikado plants, mainly in those near a forest fragment confirms Cerambycidae species being more frequently in native environments of the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest biomes, important Brazilian hotspots with high biodiversity of host plants for these insects (Sousa and Nascimento, 2022).

The gallery diameters of A. lignarius reach up to 2 cm in trunks of P. fortunei var. mikado, displaying small circular or oval holes and occasional interruptions with sawdust and external openings. These characteristics resemble records of Oncideres saga and Oncideres dejeani (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in trunks of Parapiptadenia rigida (Fabaceae) (Link et al. 1994).

Atrypanius lignarius adults bore into the phloem for oviposition, which causes wilting and death of P. fortunei var. mikado. On the south side of trees, where solar radiation is lower, small adult emergence holes, resin points, and dark lesions are observed, which are the most evident signs of damage caused by A. lignarius in P. fortunei var. mikado plants in the field. This lower solar exposure may extend the development period of A. lignarius. Furthermore, the greater number of insect emergence holes may be related to wind direction.

Necrosis and darkening in trunks of P. fortunei var. mikado caused by A. lignarius foster fungal proliferation, contributing to the damage.

The identification of A. lignarius, damaging P. fortunei var. mikado plants, is the first pest insect on this plant in Brazil, perhaps due to the small area cultivated with this species, but it will probably increase with the demand for its wood for products such as cellulose, plastics, and composites (Sobhani et al., 2011), as well as biopolymers (Rodríguez-Seoane et al., 2020). Paulownia wood can also be used as a central layer between laminates (Nelis et al. 2019) and light weight particle boards (Nelis and Mai, 2019). Additionally, the wood of this plant can undergo thermal modification or be enhanced through high-pressure treatment, pyrolysis to produce gas for energy (Chen et al., 2017), besides in the production of bioethanol (Domínguez et al., 2021) and bio-hydrogen (Zhang et al., 2022). Leaves and flowers of this plant can be used for medicinal purposes (He et al., 2016) and as animal feeding (Miladinova-Georgieva et al., 2018a). Paulownia spp. accumulated metals such as cadmium, copper, and zinc with high biomass production in phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils (Miladinova-Georgieva et al., 2018b), but with variations among hybrids of this plant for lead and zinc absorption (Tzvetkova et al., 2015).

This is the first report of injuries by Atrypanius lignarius in commercial plantations of Paulownia fortunei var. mikado in the Atlantic Forest biome of Southern Brazil, highlighting the need to develop management strategies to mitigate injury caused by this pest on these plants.

Acknowledgements

We thank Machry Florestais Ltda for their support in providing records and field photographs. José Osvaldo Silva Júnior is grateful to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq process 141258/2020-9).

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  07 Feb 2025
• Date of issue
  2024

History

• Received
  22 July 2024
• Accepted
  19 Nov 2024