Effects of gamma radiations on morphological and biochemical traits of Pisum sativum L. under heavy metal (NiCl₂) stress

Efeitos das radiações gama em características morfológicas e bioquímicas de Pisum sativum L. sob estresse de metais pesados (NiCl₂)

Abstract

The exposure of plant seeds to gamma radiation is a promising prospect to crop improvement through the manipulation of their genetic makeup. Previous studies have shed light on the potential of radiation to enhance the genetic variability. In this study, we investigated the effect of gamma radiation on Pisum sativum seeds under heavy metal (nickel chloride) stress to determine the changes in morpho-biochemical attributes. Morphological parameters such as germination and photosynthetic pigments while biochemical attributes such as protein content, sugar, phenolics, and flavonoids were determined. The results showed that gamma radiation, along with (NiCl₂) has a pronounced effect on plant morphology and production. In the biochemical analysis of the range from 50 Gy to 100 Gy, photosynthetic pigments and proteins were significantly associated. Although the 50 Gy dose induced a partial reduction in sugar content while the 100 Gy dose demonstrated a slight improvement relative to the 50 Gy dose. However, the phenol content increased in response to 50 Gy, whereas the flavonoid content decreased compared to the control. In combination with heavy metal (50mM) at Gy doses, the protein, sugar, phenol, and flavonoid contents showed a gradual decrease with the increase in Gy doses. In conclusion, the current study based on observations suggests that the range of gamma radiation from 50 Gy to 100 Gy is suitable for causing the mutant form of seeds. However, further studies should be conducted to determine the precise mechanism, in order to be benefitted from full potential role of gamma radiation in improving productivity under heavy metal stress.

Keywords:
Pisum sativum L.; gamma radiation; heavy metal (NiCl₂); germination; biochemical parameters; agricultural productivity

Resumo

A exposição de sementes de plantas à radiação gama é uma perspectiva promissora para a malhoria de culturas por meio da manipulação de sua composição genética. Estudos anteriores lançaram luz sobre o potencial da radiação para aumentar a variabilidade genética. Neste estudo, investigamos o efeito da radiação gama em sementes de Pisum sativum sob estresse de metais pesados ​​(cloreto de níquel) para determinar as mudanças nos atributos morfobioquímicos. Parâmetros morfológicos, como germinação e pigmentos fotossintéticos, enquanto atributos bioquímicos, como conteúdo de proteína, açúcar, fenólicos e flavonoides, foram determinados. Os resultados mostraram que a radiação gama, juntamente com (NiCl2), tem um efeito pronunciado na morfologia e produção das plantas. Na análise bioquímica da faixa de 50 Gy a 100 Gy, pigmentos fotossintéticos e proteínas foram significativamente associados. Embora a dose de 50 Gy tenha induzido uma redução parcial no teor de açúcar, a dose de 100 Gy demonstrou uma ligeira melhora em relação à dose de 50 Gy. No entanto, o teor de fenol aumentou em resposta a 50 Gy, enquanto o teor de flavonoides diminuiu em comparação ao controle. Em combinação com metal pesado (50 mM) em doses de Gy, os teores de proteína, açúcar, fenol e flavonoides mostraram uma diminuição gradual com o aumento nas doses de Gy. Em conclusão, o estudo atual, com base em observações, sugere que a faixa de radiação gama de 50 Gy a 100 Gy é adequada para causar a forma mutante das sementes. No entanto, estudos adicionais devem ser conduzidos para determinar o mecanismo preciso, a fim de aproveitar todo o potencial da radiação gama na melhoria da produtividade sob estresse de metais pesados.

Palavras-chave:
Pisum sativum L.; radiação gama; metal pesado (NiCl₂); germinação; parâmetros bioquímicos; produtividade agrícola

1. Introduction

Common pea (Pisum sativum L.), is an annual cool season legume crop belonging to the family Fabaceae. It is widely grown in northern temperate regions and is a part of food because of enormous health benefits. It plays a vital role in sustainable agriculture as a rotation crop, fodder, manure and cash crop for food (Kumar et al., 2020). Pea is a self-pollinated versatile crop and a diploid (2n=14 chromosomes) plant. Peas have rich nutritional value with high fiber, carbohydrate, protein, vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin K, iron, zinc, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, and lutein contents (Parihar et al., 2021). Plant needs both major and micro nutrients for the proper growth and development. Apart from key elements like N, P and K, plants also require some micro nutrients like boron (B), chloride (Cl), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) for their proper growth (Cakmak et al., 2023). Ni, being a heavy metal is a constituent of urease formation and holds immense significance for some plant species (Hayyat et al., 2020). The absence of active plant urease results in the accumulation of a deleterious concentration of urea which ultimately causes necrosis in plants. Ni holds a special position in plant as a micronutrient but its toxicity is more harmful than its deficiency.

Heavy metal pollution has proved to be one of the emerging threats to safe and sustainable food production in the recent decades due to the rapid industrialization with untreated wastes accumulates heavy metals in the soil (Swain, 2024). These heavy metals absorbed by the plants from the soil accumulate in the cells of the plant species causing serious disruption in the morphological and biochemical attributes. Researchers have been trying to discovers the ways to cope up with the issue of heavy metal toxicity in plants. Mutation breeding using radiation has proven to be an important tool for introducing different desirable characteristics of agronomic values (Majeed et al., 2018). The manipulation of penetrating power of gamma rays facilitates the broad range of application of this technique for plant improvement (Qi et al., 2015). Irradiation of plant materials by gamma rays is widely used to induce mutations at the genetic level, which alters a number of biochemical processes, leading to desirable changes in the genotype. The alteration in the biochemical and morphological process depends upon the gamma radiation doses. The primary injury to plant materials due to gamma irradiation is physiological damage.

Various studies over the year have highlighted the applications of gamma radiations in plant species. The findings of these studies have proved mainly focused on the positive effect of low dose gamma radiations on the plants. Marcu et al. (2013) described the low-dose exposure of gamma radiations causes a notable increase in the vegetative growth parameters like seed germination index, shoot and root lengths in Lactuca sativa. Singh and Datta (2010) found the low dose of gamma irradiation improves the growth traits like panicle number and length, and number of seeds per panicle in Oryza sativa. Moreover, pre-exposure of gamma irradiations also shows a considerable tolerance in plants from abiotic stressors including heavy metals toxicity. The pre-exposure cowpea showed enhanced biomass production under salinity stress (Haleem, 2012; Ullah et al., 2021). Wang et al. (2017) observed the low dosage improved the heavy metal tolerance in Highland barley seedlings. Qi et al. (2015) demonstrated that pretreatment with low-dose gamma irradiation improved the tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana to cadmium and lead stress. Similarly, Brassica rapa L. under Cd stress shows positive changes in the biochemical process by the pre-exposure of gamma irradiation in the past few years, the tolerance in plants to stressors by gamma radiations have gained attention of the researchers (Abd el Hameed et al., 2012; Abo-Hamad et al., 2013).

While there have been strong evidences from the past studies that low-dose gamma radiations increases the tolerance in the plants to stressors but the effect of gamma radiations in alleviating the diverse variety heavy metal toxicity is still limited. A clear research gap exists in studying the effect of gamma irradiation on pea plant under Nickel chloride stress. The importance of pea in various regions of the world shows a decline in productivity due to the deleterious effect of heavy metal accumulation in the cells and reducing the overall productivity. We have filled this gap by carrying out the attempt to study the morphological and biochemical attributes of pea plant by different doses of gamma irradiation under NiCl₂ stress. We assessed the changes in the morphological parameters such as germination, photosynthetic pigments and biochemical attributes such as protein content, sugar, phenolics, and flavonoids by various doses of the gamma irradiation. Pisum sativum showed tolerance to heavy metal stress by the low dosage of gamma irradiations. The results of this would encourage the scientists to further explore this promising strategy to mitigate the heavy metal toxicity, the optimal dose of gamma radiation for yield improvement and elucidating the molecular mechanism to determine through which gamma radiation influences these responses in pea plants.

The objectives of this study are: 1) to examine the effect of gamma radiation on morphological parameters and biochemicals contents in pea; 2) to find out the effective dose of gamma radiation which improved the various attributes, and 3) to examine the effectiveness of gamma radiations in alleviating the NiCl₂ stress.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Experimental design

Seeds of Pisum sativum L. variety meteor N.T.L were obtained from CCRI, Nowshera. Gamma irradiation used in this study was generated from the Cobalt 60 source at Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA) Peshawar, Pakistan. Experiments were conducted over a period of 85 days (12 weeks) in the Botanical Garden of the Department of Botany, University of Swabi. Seeds were treated with different doses (50, 100, 150, 200Gy and 250GY) in gamma radiated oven while non-radiated seeds were used as control. Green house experiments were set in completely randomized design (CRD) having 6 replicates of each treatment in the Botanical Garden at the Department of Botany, University of Swabi. Seeds were sown two inches deep in the soil in 18 pots to each treatment overall 36 of two treatments, the size of pots in diameter was 30cm while the height was 25cm. Before the seedling of plants seeds were sown in 50mM concentration of heavy metal was applied to 18 pots out of 36 pots. All the pots were placed as triplicate with equal distance between two pots one feet. Water was provided uniformly across all treatments, with 500 mL of water supplied every two days. The temperature in the greenhouse was maintained at 25 ± 2 °C, and humidity was monitored and kept at approximately 60-70% throughout the experiment. Natural sunlight was supplemented with artificial lighting to ensure consistent light exposure, with plants receiving 12 hours of light per day. The pots were regularly examined for plant growth, germination rates, and overall health.

2.2. Observation of germination parameters

The agronomic parameters were analyzed in response to various doses and also in combination with heavy metal (50Mm NiCl₂) such as Germination Days, flower initiation, flower maturation, fruits intuition, fruit maturation, Number of seeds per pod, length of pods (cm). These all morphological were noted on daily bases.

Biochemical analysis

2.3. Determination of photosynthetic pigments

The protocol of Liu et al. (2022) was followed, and the following Formulas (1-4) were used for the determination of photosynthetic pigments. The fresh leaves 0.5 gram were removed from each treatment and grinded separately in 3 mL 80 percent acetone. In addition, the extractions were centrifuged for 5 minutes on 1000 rpm. Then the litters were three time separately washed with 1 of 80 percent of acetone. The obtained supernatants were mixed and the volume reached to 5 mL. The optical density was checked with 663nm, 645nm, 480nm, and 510nm.

$Chlorophylla\left(mg/g\right)=12.7A663–2.69A645$ (1)

$Chlorophyllb\left(mg/g\right)=22.9A645–4.68A663$ (2)

$Totalchlorophyll=20.2\times A645+8.02\times B663$ (3)

$\begin{array}{l}Carotenoids+Xanthophyll\left(mg/g\right)=\\ 7.6D480–1.49D510X\frac{V}{D}DX1000XW3\end{array}$ (4)

2.4. Protein determination

For the determination of protein content was analyzed using Koper et al. (2023) protocol of standard BSA. At the vegetative stage 0.5g of Fresh leaves crushed and mixed with 1.5 mL of phosphate buffer having pH 7.5 and centrifuged for 15 minutes at 1500 rpm. In the preparation for the design of the experiment two solutions were prepared first one was sodium phosphate of monobasic (1000 mL distilled water added to 27.6g) and second solution was sodium phosphate dibasic prepared (1000 mL distilled water added to 52.2g).

A quantified sample (suprentant-0.1 mL) that contain unidentified quantity of protein contents, which was shifted to test tube and also added to the distal water having volume of 1 mL. Although the 1 mL of reagent with 0.1 mL (1000 mL distilled water dissolved in 52.2g) added included second reagent (Reagent of Folin phenol was diluted in a 1:1 ratio with distil water). However, the solution was Shaked for 15 minutes and then incubated to 30 minutes, in last each sample was analyzed on absorbance value 650nm through spectrophotometer. As added above the experiment were analyzed through standard BSA (Bovine Serum Albumen), with reference to the standard curve using various concentration of BSA and absorbance were recorded with 650nm.

2.5. Sugar determination

The assessment was based on the previous approach of Arjeh et al. (2022). As per protocol the fresh leaves 0.5g were grinded in with the help of mortal with 10 distilled water. For the removing the dense particle mixture were centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 15 minutes and then incubated at room temperature. Then the 5 mL of H₂SO₄ were added to concentrated solutions and mixed with 1 mL of 80 percent phenol. The sample were kept for 5 hours and^. the OD (optical density) were set on 420nm and the blank was taken the benedict contrast to samples then the absorbance was recorded of each sample.

2.6. Phenolics determination

Phenolics concentration was counted after treatments of each sample using the protocol of Qawasmeh et al. (2012). Fresh leaves were ground (0.5 mL) volume of 80 percent methanol (sigma) was mixed with an equal volume in a test tube. The resultant mixture after crushing was centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 15 to remove the dense particles and then obtained solution incubated at 30 °C. To the mixture solution, 0.5 mL of folin-ciocalteu reagent (Merk) was added and then the mixture was 3 minutes stayed at room temperature. After room temperature 2 mL sodium carbonate of (20 percent) was added to each sample. The resultant mixture was evaporated using a water bath for 2 to 5 minutes at 35 °C which resulted in dark green color. However, the in spectrophotometer the OD (optical density) was set at 650nm against contrast to the methanol blank. The signified graphs were used and the total phenolics content was estimated as ug/mL and then values were statistically analyzed.

2.7. Flavonoid determination

The quantification of flavonoid contents was determined in Fresh leaves using the protocol of Lorensen et al. (2023). The 0.5g leaves were grinded in 80 percent ethanol from each pot and centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 10 minutes and shifted to the test tube. Then 10 percent 0.1 mL was added and 4.3 mL 80 percent methanol the volume reaches up to 5ml. the samples were incubated for 15 minutes and also two drops of 150ul AlCl3 (10%) were added to each pot. In last the concentration of content was quantified with the help of a spectrophotometer. The OD (Optical density) was set at 415 in contrast to 80 percent methanol as a blank. For obtaining the significant graphs the various concentrations of flavonoids were used and then values were statistically analyzed.

2.8. Statistical analysis

In this study, the data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test to compare treatments with the control group. The fixed factors were the radiation doses (0 Gy, 50 Gy, 100 Gy, 150 Gy, 200 Gy, and 250 Gy) and the presence or absence of 50mM NiCl₂, as these were predetermined and controlled experimental variables. The random factor was the replicate pots within each treatment group, as these represent random sampling units across the greenhouse setup. However, for biochemical analysis (chlorophyll content, protein, sugar, phenolics, and flavonoids), one-way ANOVA was applied along with Duncan’s post-hoc test to examine differences between treatments. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. Data are presented as mean ± standard error (SE), and each biochemical parameter was analyzed using SPSS software (IBMS Statistics, Amos, version 21).

3. Results

3.1. Germination parameters of treatments

3.1.1. Germination days

The germination process was observed for different doses of gamma rays, namely 50 Gy, 100 Gy, 150 Gy, 200 Gy, and 250 Gy. The control group was also included for comparison with other treatments. The germination period for the 50 Gy and 100 Gy treatments was observed to be 10 days, similar to the control group. However, a slight delay in germination was observed for the 150 Gy treatment (11 days), 200 Gy treatment (12 days), and 250 Gy treatment (14 days). Statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant effect of gamma rays on the germination period for doses ranging from 50 Gy to 150 Gy. However, as the doses increased beyond 150 Gy, a slight delay in germination was observed, particularly at the 200 Gy (12 days) and 250 Gy (14 days) doses (Table 1 and Figure 1).

Table 1
Effect of gamma radiation on different morphological parameters of pea plant.

Radiation Doses	Days of germination	Flower Initiation	Flower Maturation	Fruit Initiation	Fruit Maturation	Pod Length (cm)	Number of seeds/pods
Control	10	68	71	78	145	6.5	4.5
50Gy	10**	69*	73*	77*	145	6.7**
100Gy	10**	69*	73*	77*	137**	5.4*	3.1*
150Gy	11*	65**	68**	74**	144*	5.2*	1.7
200Gy	12	74	77	80	145	5.1	2.5
250Gy	14	74	77	80	144*	5.1	3.0*
p-values	0.788	0.00014	0.94	0.012	0.88	0.05	0.0033

• ANOVA was performed followed by a t-test (α = 0.05). A mean difference was considered statistically significant at the 0.05 level. Highly significant differences are denoted by **p < 0.01, while less significant differences are indicated by *p < 0.05.

Figure 1
Germination days of Pisum sativum L. under gamma radiation and heavy metal exposure. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: *p < 0.05 (less significant) and **p < 0.01 (highly significant).

The parameters of germination with both combined treatments of gamma radiation and heavy metal in comparison to control showed the long period of germination. The control showed the germination in (10 days) while in the addition of 50mM per doses added to each pot, which reduced the germination and enhance the period of germination. At the dose of 50Gy+50mM and 100Gy+50mM germination resulted in (13 days) each, while the dose 150Gy+50mM resulted continuous enhancement in germination period and reduced the growth in (14 days). And addition to the high doses of 50mM per pots the dose 200Gy+50mM showed germination (15 days) while the dose of 250Gy+50mM germination period enhanced in result of (18 days). The sum of all that the addition of 50mM to the doses have bad effect on the germination as compared to only application of radiation (Table 2 and Figure 1).

Table 2
The combined effect of (50Mm NiCl₂) with gamma radiation on morphological parameters of Pisum sativum L.

Radiation Doses+ Heavy metal	Days of germination	Flower initiation	Flower maturation	Fruit initiation	Fruit maturation	Pods length (cm)	Number of seeds per pod
Control	10	65	68	72	121	6.33	4.55
50Gy+50mM	13**	63*	67*	73**	150	6.01*	4.88**
100Gy+50mM	13**	61**	66**	74*	129**	5.66	2.99
150Gy+50mM	14*	64	67*	73**	142*	4.39	1.65
200Gy+50mM	15	63*	66**	76	136*	6.22*	3.56*
250Gy+50mM	18	70	74	78	143	6.33**	2.99
P-values	0.8333	0.00014	0.983	0.01615	0.3615	0.0067	0.0033

• ANOVA was performed followed by a t-test (α = 0.05). A mean difference was considered statistically significant at the 0.05 level. Highly significant differences are denoted by **p < 0.01, while less significant differences are indicated by *p < 0.05

3.1.2. Days of initiation of flowers

Gamma rays were found to have no significant impact on the initiation of flowering or germination at doses up to 150Gy. However, when the dose of gamma rays exceeded 150Gy, there was a noticeable delay in the initiation of flowering in the plant, as indicated in Table 1. In comparison to the control sample that initiated flowering in a total of 68 days while the initiation of flowers was induced at a dose of 150Gy taking 65 days which indicated the fast seedling. The delay in the initiation process began at doses of 50Gy (69 days) and 100Gy (69 days). Furthermore, the most pronounced delay in flowering initiation occurred at doses ranging from 200Gy to 250Gy, with each dose resulting in a delay of 74 days, as shown in (Table 1 and Figure 2).

Figure 2
Effects of gamma radiation on the flower initiation and maturation of Pisum sativum L. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: *p < 0.05 (less significant) and **p < 0.01 (highly significant).

The flower initiates early on the pea plant as compared to control which were treated both heavy metal and gamma rays. The control showed the result in (65 days) in comparison to the remaining samples. The doses of 50Gy+50mM reduced the time and cause the early initiation of flower in (63 days) while with dose of 100Gy+50mM showed significant result towards the early initiation of flower in observance of (61 days). In comparison the 150Gy+50mM showed the significant increase in infatuation mean reduced the initiation in observance of (64 days). The 200Gy+50mM doses showed the significant result in (61 days) might be due to mutation. The initiation of flower takes more time at the 250Gy+50mM which were observed in (70 days) (Table 2 and Figure 3).

Figure 3
Effects of gamma radiation along with heavy metal on flower initiation and maturation of Pisum sativum L. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: *p < 0.05 (less significant) and **p < 0.01 (highly significant).

3.1.3. Days of maturation of flowers

Gamma radiation has a significant impact on the maturation process of flowers. The results of the experiment demonstrated that as the dosage of gamma radiation increased, the time required for flower maturation also increased. The control group, which did not receive any radiation, exhibited a maturation period of 78 days. In comparison, the samples exposed to doses of 50Gy and 100Gy showed a maturation period of 73 days each. However, at a dose of 150Gy, the maturation period decreased to 68 days. Interestingly, the remaining two doses, 200Gy and 250Gy, resulted in the same maturation period of 77 days. This suggests that there is an enhancement in the maturation period due to gamma radiation exposure see (Table 1 and Figure 2).

The result shows that the combined effect of heavy metal and gamma rays mature flower earlier than the control. The radiation doses above from 200Gy+50mM slow down maturation of the flower. The control showed maturation in (68 days) while in comparison to the remaining samples at dose of 50Gy+50mM showed the earlier maturation rather than control, and reduced the period of maturation in (67 days). The dose of 100Gy+50mM showed very significant result as compared the control and resulted the early maturation in (66 days). At the dose of 150Gy+50mM showed maturation of flower in (68 days) while the 200Gy+50mM showed significant result due to early maturation in (66 days). The Increase in dose mean at the dose 250Gy+50mM enhanced the period of maturation resulting bad effect on flower maturation (Table 2 and Figure 3).

3.1.4. Days of fruits initiation

The findings indicate that exposure to gamma rays at a dose of 250Gy led to a rapid decrease in fruit initiation. However, doses above 150Gy significantly increased the number of days required for fruit initiation. When compared to the control group (78 days), fruit initiation was observed at the same rate at doses of 50Gy and 100Gy (77 days). At a dose of 150Gy, fruit initiation was observed after 74 days. The two higher doses, 200Gy and 250Gy, both resulted in fruit initiation occurring after 88 days (Table 1 and Figure 4).

Figure 4
Effects of gamma radiation on the Fruits initiation and maturation of Pisum sativum L. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: *p < 0.05 (less significant) and **p < 0.01 (highly significant).

The result indicates that the increasing radiation doses with heavy metal increasing the days to fruits initiation. The control showed the initiation in (72 days) while the increase in dose and addition of heavy metal reduced the initiation and enhanced the period of maturation. The dose 50Gy+50mM showed initiation in (73 days), while the dose of 100Gy+50mM showed the initiation in (74 days). while the dose of 150Gy+50mM showed the initiation in (73 days) similar to first treatment. And the dose of 200Gy+50mM showed initiation in (76 days) although the dose of 250Gy+ resulted the initiation after (78 days). The observance concludes that the radiation in combination with NiCl₂ had drastic effect on the fruit initiation (Table 2 and Figure 5).

Figure 5
Effects of gamma radiation along with heavy metal on fruits initiation and maturation of Pisum sativum L. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: *p < 0.05 (less significant) and **p < 0.01 (highly significant).

3.1.5. Days of fruits maturation

Compared to the control group, the impact of gamma rays on fruit maturation was found to be less significant. A dose of 100Gy accelerated the process of fruit maturation. In the control group, the overall maturation period of fruit seeds was observed to be 145 days, which was also observed at a dose of 50Gy. However, a significant reduction in maturation time and early ripening was observed at a dose of 100Gy, when compared to other samples. On the other hand, higher doses of 200Gy and 250Gy resulted in an enhancement of fruit maturation (Table 1 and Figure 4).

The result revealed that the combined effect of heavy metal and gamma rays have significant effect on fruit maturation. The increase radiation doses increasing the fruit maturation days. The control completed the maturation in (121 days). In comparison of control the dose of 50Gy+50mM resulted maturation in (150 days). The second dose 100Gy+50mM resulted maturation in (129 days) while with the dose of 150Gy+ 50mM showed the maturation in (142 days). The dose of 200Gy+50mM showed maturation in (136 days) while the increase of treatment at the 250Gy+50mM resulted the germination in (143 days). The observation conclude that the increase of radiation can delay the fruit maturation (Table 2 and Figure 5).

3.1.6. Effect on pods length (cm)

The length of the pods exhibited a significant decrease when compared to the control group at doses above 50Gy. This suggests that an increase in gamma rays leads to a reduction in pod length in plants. The control group had pods with a length of 6.5cm, while the low dose group at 50Gy showed a slightly increased length of 6.7cm. As the radiation doses increased, a decrease in pod length was observed. The pod length at 100Gy was 5.4cm, while at 150Gy it was 5.2cm. The high doses of 200Gy and 150Gy had a detrimental effect on pod length, resulting in both groups having the same length of 5.1cm. These observations indicate that an increase in radiation dose can lead to a decrease in pod size and directly impact the yield of the specimens (Table 1 and Figure 6).

Figure 6
Effects of gamma radiation on the Pods length and number of seeds per pod Pisum sativum L. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: *p < 0.05 (less significant) and **p < 0.01 (highly significant).

The combined treatments result shows that increase the radiation doses from 100Gy+50mM to 150Gy+50mM decrease the length of pods but higher doses increase the length of pods. The measurement of control as compared to treatments was (6.33) while the treatment one 50Gy+50mM resulted the (6.01) which conclude that reduction caused by increase of dose. The second dose 100Gy +50mM resulted (5.66) and at dose of 150Gy+50mM resulted (4.39). Also, with that in juxtaposition to increasing the size was resulted (6.22) with the dose 200Gy+50mM. In connection of 250Gy+50 treatment the size was resulted (6.33) (Table 2 and Figure 7).

Figure 7
Effects of gamma radiation along with heavy metal on the Pods length and number of seeds per pod of Pisum sativum L. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: *p < 0.05 (less significant) and **p < 0.01 (highly significant).

3.1.7. Effect on number of seeds/pods

Gamma rays have a pronounced effect on the number of seeds. The results indicate that gamma rays above 50Gy have a significant impact on seed numbers. The control group had a value of 4.5, while at a dose of 50Gy, the observed result was significantly higher with a value of 4.8. At doses of 150Gy, 200Gy, and the highest dose, the values obtained were 3.1, 2.5, and 3.0, respectively. These observations demonstrate that an increase in dose can also lead to a reduction in the number of seeds per pod (Table 1 and Figure 6).

In combined effect the result revealed that the increased radiation doses above 50Gy+50mM decrease the number of seeds per pods. The observance of seed yield of each specimen counted as per applied dose of treatment in which the control had the (4.55) number of seeds per pod. While with addition of treatments resulted the (4.88) value with the dose of 50Gy+50mM.The second dose 100Gy+ 50mM resulted the value was (2.9) and 150Gy+50mM resulted the value (1.65) which concluding the reduction in the number of seeds per pods. Also, with that the dose 0f 200Gy+50mM showed the value was (3.56) while the last high dose 250Gy+50mM showed the value (2.99) (Table 2 and Figure 7).

3.2. Biochemical analysis of treatments

Results regarding the photosynthetic pigment reveled the high dose had adverse effect on the pigment content, which were significantly decreased with the passage of increasing the dose as by adding of (50Mm NiCl₂) to each pot.

3.2.1. Chlorophyll a and b

Result regarding the photosynthetic pigment reveled the high dose had adverse effect on the pigment content, which were significantly decreased with the passage of increasing the dose as well by the adding of (50Mm NiCl₂) to each pot. In comparison to control the both pigments were significantly enhanced at the dose of 50Gy in which the chlorophyll a had the value (0.527 ± 0.0008) and chlorophyll b (0.392 ± 0.0005). Although the chlorophyll b resulted the significant result (0.385 ± 0.0005) in response of 100Gy dose while the chlorophyll a resulted the reduction with values (0.385 ± 0.0005). However, the increase of Gy dose resulted the reduction in both pigments and caused the yellowish in leaves (Table 3 and Figure 8).

Table 3
The effect of radiation on the chlorophyll content of Pisum sativum L.

Treatments	Chlorophyll a (mean ± SEM)	Chlorophyll b (mean ± SEM)	Carotenoids (mean ± SEM)	Xanthophyll (mean ± SEM)
Control	0.500 ± 0.0005f	0.383 ± 0.0005d	0.506 ± 0.001d	0.309 ± 0.0005e
50Gy	0.527 ± 0.0008e	0.392 ± 0.0005e	0.556 ± 0.002f	0.295 ± 0.0005d
100Gy	0.456 ± 0.0005d	0.385 ± 0.0005d	0.512 ± 0.0008e	0.316 ± 0.0005f
150Gy	0.428 ± 0.0005c	0.324 ± 0.0005c	0.478 ± 0.001c	0.284 ± 0.0005c
200Gy	0.375 ± 0.0005b	0.297 ± 0.0005b	0.458 ± 0.0008b	0.208 ± 0.0005b
250Gy	0.315 ± 0.002a	0.260 ± 0.0005a	0.412 ± 0.0005a	0.195 ± 0.0005a
Total	0.430 ± 0.070	0.340 ± 0.051	0.487 ± 0.011	0.267 ± 0.011

• The mean difference was considered statistically significant at the 0.05 level and homogeneous subsets were indicated with Duncan’s.

Figure 8
Response of Chlorophyll a and b of Pisum sativum L. to various treatments of gamma radiations. Absorbance was measured in arbitrary units (AU).

Beyond that the combine effect of treatments means the Gy along with (NiCl₂ 50Mm) the pigment was also examined. In comparison to control the both pigments resulted the reduction in the pigments concentration. The single application of Gy at the dose of 50Gy the both pigments results were significant and data had the association with treatments while the application along with (NiCl₂ 50Mm) resulted the reduction in both pigments chlorophyll a (0.469 ± 0.0005) and chlorophyll b (0.372 ± 0.0005). however, the observation conclude that the pigments have contrast response against the application of Gy along with Nicl₂ and also the increase of dose drastically effect the chloroplast machinery of selected species (Table 4 and Figure 9).

Table 4
The combined effect of (50Mm NiCl₂) with gamma radiation on chlorophylls content of Pisum sativum L.

Treatments	Chlorophyll a (mean ± SEM)	Chlorophyll b (mean ± SEM)	Carotenoids (mean ± SEM)	Xanthophyll (mean ± SEM)
Control	0.505 ± 0.002f	0.383 ± 0.0005f	0.503 ± 0.0005c	0.306 ± 0.002f
50Gy+50mM	0.469 ± 0.0005e	0.372 ± 0.0005e	0.535 ± 0.0005f	0.154 ± 0.0008e
100Gy+50mM	0.445 ± 0.0005d	0.355 ± 0.0005d	0.529 ± 0.0008e	0.185 ± 0.001d
150Gy+50mM	0.409 ± 0.001c	0.308 ± 0.004c	0.436 ± 0.004b	0.119 ± 0.002c
200Gy+50mM	0.316 ± 0.001b	0.306 ± 0.003b	0.458 ± 0.0008d	0.111 ± 0.003b
250Gy+50mM	0.295 ± 0.002a	0.284 ± 0.003a	0.306 ± 0.004a	0.103 ± 0.002a
Total	0.406 ± 0.018	0.334 ± 0.008	0.461 ± 0.018	0.163 ± 0.016

• The mean difference was considered statistically significant at the 0.05 level and homogeneous subsets were indicated with Duncan’s.

Figure 9
Response of Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b of Pisum sativum L. in response to combined heavy metal and gamma radiation treatments.

3.2.2. Carotenoids and xanthophyll

The carotenoids the tetraterpene pigments, which had the yellow and orange color. In comparison to control at the dose of 50Gy the carotenoids resulted (0.556 ± 0.002) the significant increase in pigment while the xanthophyll resulted reduction with values (0.295 ± 0.0005). Although at the dose of 100Gy the both pigments resulted the significant increase the carotenoids resulted (0.512 ± 0.0008) and xanthophyll resulted (0.316 ± 0.0005). Despite of that the dose range above 100Gy had resulted decrease in pigments (Table 3 and Figure 10).

Figure 10
Response of carotenoids and xanthophyll of Pisum sativum L. to different gamma radiation treatments.

In addition, the combine treatments application of radiation, the control had (0.306 ± 0.002) while in comparison the rest of doses didn’t achieve the juxtaposition range to control. Although the similarly the chlorophylls pigment the both pigments of carotenoids concluded the reduction. The colors of leaves were yellowish and orange observed which might be the indication of drastic effect of NiCl₂ on leaves (Table 4 and Figure 11).

Figure 11
Response of carotenoids and Xanthophyll of Pisum sativum L. to combined heavy metal (50Mm) and gamma radiation under different treatments.

3.2.3. Protein contents

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the impact of Gamma radiation on protein content. The control group exhibited a protein content value of 0.756 ± 0.002. However, the remaining pots exposed to a dose of 50Gy showed a significant increase in protein content, resulting in a value of 0.863 ± 0.007. Interestingly, the protein content decreased when the dose was increased to 100Gy (0.493 ± 0.001), but then increased again at 150Gy (0.616 ± 0.006). Subsequently, a further increase in radiation dose led to a continuous reduction in protein content, with values of 0.409 ± 0.001 at 200Gy and 0.387 ± 0.003 at 250Gy. These observations strongly suggest that radiation doses above 150Gy have the potential to decrease protein content (Figure 5 and Table 5). The effect of combining gamma radiation (Gy) with (50mM NiCl₂) on Pisum sativum L. was investigated. It was observed that the protein content decreased significantly when both treatments were applied together, particularly at doses above 100Gy. This suggests that the combination of gamma radiation and heavy metal had a drastic effect on the protein content. The increase in gamma radiation may have disrupted the central dogma process, as evidenced by the rigorous effect on protein analyzed through experimental analysis (Table 5 and Figure 12).

Table 5
Effect of gamma irradiation on different biochemical content of Pisum sativum L.

Treatments	Protein content (mean ± SEM)	Sugar content (mean ± SEM)	Phenol content		Flavonoids content
			(mean ± SEM)			(mean ± SEM)
Control	0.756 ± 0.002e	2.260 ± 0.002d	1.010 ± 0.003c	0.639 ± 0.012d
50Gy	0.863 ± 0.007d	2.182 ± 0.009d	2.437 ± 0.014e	0.380 ± 0.055b
100Gy	0.493 ± 0.001c	2.206 ± 0.003d	1.255 ± 0.001d	0.416 ± 0.009c
150Gy	0.616 ± 0.006b	1.788 ± 0.117c	1.014 ± 0.001c	0.334 ± 0.011d
200Gy	0.409 ± 0.001b	1.441 ± 0.005b	0.528 ± 0.003b	0.156 ± 0.006a
250Gy	0.387 ± 0.003a	0.955 ± 0.004a	0.387 ± 0.052a	0.132 ± 0.019a
Total	0.554 ± 0.191	1.805 ± 0.492	1.105 ± 0.685	0.376 ± 0.223

• The mean difference was considered statistically significant at the 0.05 level and homogeneous subsets were indicated with Duncan’s.

Figure 12
Biochemicals response of Pisum sativum L. to gamma radiation under different treatments.

In comparison to the control group, which had a protein content value of (0.772 ± 0.023), a slight reduction was observed at the dose of 50Gy+50mM (0.763 ± 0.007). Furthermore, a long-range reduction in protein content was observed when comparing the first treatment to the control. Specifically, the dose of 100Gy+50mM resulted in a content value of (0.393 ± 0.001), the dose of 150Gy+50mM resulted in a value of (0.316 ± 0.006), the dose of 200Gy+50mM resulted in a value of (0.309 ± 0.309), and the dose of 250Gy+50mM harshly reduced the content with a value of (0.296 ± 0.012). These observations are also represented in the (Table 6 and Figure 13).

Table 6
Effect of gamma radiation in combination to heavy metal (Gy+50mM NiCl₂) on biochemical content of Pisum sativum L.

Treatments	Protein contents	Sugar contents	Phenol contents	Flavonoids contents
	(mean ± SEM)	(mean ± SEM)	(mean ± SEM)	(mean ± SEM)
Control	0.772 ± 0.023c	2.270 ± 0.007f	2.437 ± 0.014d	0.405 ± 0.066b
50Gy+50mM	0.763 ± 0.007c	2.135 ± 0.004e	1.004 ± 0.006c	0.357 ± 0.141b
100Gy+50mM	0.393 ± 0.001b	2.106 ± 0.003d	1.021 ± 0.059c	0.346 ± 0.102b
150Gy+50mM	0.316 ± 0.006a	1.654 ± 0.021c	1.014 ± 0.001c	0.195 ± 0.003a
200Gy+50mM	0.309 ± 0.309a	0.555 ± 0.004b	0.195 ± 0.290a	0.156 ± 0.006a
250Gy+50mM	0.296 ± 0.012a	0.341 ± 0.005a	0.034 ± 0.005a	0.063 ± 0.057a
Total	0.475 ± 0.215	1.510 ± 0.799	0.951 ± 0.807	0.254 ± 0.143

• The mean difference was considered statistically significant at the 0.05 level and homogeneous subsets were indicated with Duncan’s.

Figure 13
Biochemicals response of Pisum sativum L. to combined heavy metal (50Mm) and gamma radiation under different treatments.

3.2.4. Sugar contents

The administration of increasing doses of treatment compared to the control group resulted in a decrease in sugar content. The control group exhibited a sugar content value of (2.260 ± 0.002), while the 50Gy dose induced a partial reduction with a value of (2.182 ± 0.009). The 100Gy dose demonstrated a slight improvement relative to the 50Gy dose. Among all the doses, the 150Gy dose exhibited a decrease in sugar content with a value of (1.788 ± 0.117), and the 200Gy dose resulted in a content value of (1.441 ± 0.005). The experiment established that increasing the dose also had an impact on sugar content, leading to a significant reduction, as demonstrated by the 250Gy dose with a content value of (0.955 ± 0.004). These findings are further illustrated in (Table 5 and Figure 12).

The combined treatments exhibited a significant impact compared to the single treatment of gamma radiation. In terms of data analysis, the control group yielded a content value of (2.270 ± 0.007), whereas the dose of 50Gy+50mM led to a slight reduction in content (2.135 ± 0.004), and the dose of 100Gy+50mM resulted in further reduction (2.106 ± 0.003) compared to the control group. Doses exceeding 150Gy in combination with 50mM NiCl₂ caused a substantial decrease in sugar content (1.654 ± 0.021). Specifically, the dose of 200Gy+50mM resulted in a content value of (0.555 ± 0.004), while the dose of 250Gy+50mM led to a content value of (0.341 ± 0.005). These observations are also depicted in (Table 6 and Figure 13).

3.2.5. Phenols and flavonoids contents

The phenols and flavonoids are the vital secondary metabolites which were analyzed in response of various doses of gamma radiation. The dose of 50Gy had the very diverse potential to enhance the primary and secondary metabolites. In contrast to control the phenol showed the significant enhanced in the content with value (2.437 ± 0.014) against the 50Gy dose while the flavonoids contents resulted reduction with (0.380 ± 0.055). Even though at the dose of 100Gy and 150Gy the phenol showed the significant enhancements with value (1.255 ± 0.001) and (1.014 ± 0.001) respectively. while the flavonoids again showed the decrease against 100Gy (0.380 ± 0.055) and 150Gy (0.416 ± 0.009). The sum of all that the single treatment can induced the content of phenol in the range 50Gy to 150Gy. However, the increase in single treatment decreases the content of flavonoids (Table 5 and Figure 12).

The combine treatments along with (50Mm NiCl₂) resulted the reduction in the phenol with high margin in comparison to control. In such parameters the low dose 50Gy resulted (1.004 ± 0.006) while the high dose 250Gy resulted (0.387 ± 0.052). So, the observance concludes that the salinity having direct effect on the phenol content which were observed in application of gamma radiation along with (50Mm NiCl₂). Although the flavonoids also showed the reduction against the gamma radiation along with addition of salinity. In comparison to control the 50Gy dose resulted reduction with resulted value (0.380 ± 0.055) while the dose of 100Gy contrast to 50Gy showed the stance against the both applications. However, the increased of the treatment dose in combination to NiCl₂ resulted the reduction such as 250Gy resulted (0.063 ± 0.057) (Table 6 and Figure 13).

4. Discussion

4.1. Effects of gamma radiation on germination

The seeds of pea plant were exposed to gamma radiations and combined effect of gamma radiations and heavy metal (NiCl₂). The result indicates that the gamma rays and heavy metal with gamma rays have a significant effect on various parameter of pea plants. Gamma rays have less or no effect on seed germination up to the treatment of 100Gy. The significant effect appeared on the germination of seed with increasing radiation doses of gamma rays above 150Gy. The germination data shows that the 150Gy radiated seeds took (15 days), 200Gy (12 days) and 250Gy (14 days). Gamma rays have a stimulatory effect on various parameters of plants and the result express that the growth of the plants, reproductive success (Zaka et al., 2002; Maity et al., 2005; Yu and Wang, 2005; Jhar et al., 2024), and seed development and ability to tolerate water scarcity (Melki and Dahmani, 2009; Muley et al., 2019; Musa et al., 2022). The days of flowers initiation of the plant delayed with increasing radiation doses compared with control the finding supported by Layek et al. (2022) and Naibaho et al. (2023). The effect of gamma rays on plant growth was appeared as previous work on germination percentage, height of the plant, length of root, number of roots decreased which proofed that an increasing the doses of gamma treatment can reduced germination parameters (Paul and Mondal, 2012; Layek et al., 2022).

4.2. Effects of gamma radiation on morphological aspects of Pisum sativum L.

In the current study the maturation of flower takes maximum days (74days) at 250Gy which were correlated with the results of Lizarazo-Pena et al. (2022). In the present investigation results shows that the initiation of fruits had become earlier in the case of control (78days) while the highest days of fruits initiation (80days) were recorded in the treatment of 200Gy and 250Gy. The gamma rays cause the damaging or destruction of apical meristem (Sellapillaibanumathi et al., 2022; Saibari et al., 2023). The ionizing radiation induce the inactivation of growth regulators leading to retarded plant growth which were stated by (Beyaz et al., 2016; Irfan and Khan, 2018; Irfan et al., 2018). In the present work it was revealed that the gamma doses had the significant effect on flower maturation especially when the level of doses above 200Gy while the fruits were matured early in the case of 250Gy. The pod length and number of seeds were significantly decreased in radiated plants like the finding of Rajabi Dehnavi et al. (2020). The lowest length value (5.1cm) of pod were recorded in 150Gy while highest (6.7cm) length value of pod length was found in 50Gy. The number of seeds were also reduced in irradiated plants as compared to control. The minimum number (1.7Gy) of seeds were recorded in 150Gy pot while maximum number (4.8 in number) of seeds per pod were found in 50Gy pot. The highest doses (250Gy) increased the pod length and number of seeds (Zanzibar and Sudrajat, 2016; Masry et al., 2019; Zanzibar et al., 2023). The heavy metal stress is one of the vital abiotic aspects for examining the limiting crop productivity (Gama et al., 2007; Rahneshan et al., 2018; Zafar et al., 2022; Abdoun et al., 2022). The present research also investigates to consider the effect of gamma rays and heavy metal on morphological parameters on the pea plants (Cahyaningsih et al., 2022; Sher et al., 2022). The result shows that the heavy metal adversely affect the morphological parameters of the plants (Gama et al., 2007; Ayaz et al., 2022). The initiation of flowers was significantly affected by the radiated doses (250Gy) and heavy metal (50mM). The pea plant develops flowers earlier at the 100Gy+50mM. The maturation of these developed flowers was prolonged (74days in 250Gy+50mM) when compared with control (68days of maturation). Previously (Amir et al., 2018; Franklin et al., 2002; Kumar et al., 2024) stated that the heavy metal decreased the shoot dry weight and shoot elongation rate. In this study the result revealed that the fruit initiation was adversely affected by radiation doses. The significant effect appeared at the level of radiation doses (250Gy and 250Gy) with heavy metal (50mM). The fruits initiated in 76 days at 200Gy+50mM, in 78days at 250Gy+50mM and in 72days in control. There was appeared a prolonged stage of fruit maturation in treated plants when compared with control. The fruit matured at 250+50mM (143days), at 200Gy+50mM (136days), at 150Gy+50mM (142days), at 100Gy+50mM (129days), at 50Gy+50mM (150days) and in control (121days). In the maturation of fruit, the control takes a very less time in comparison of treated plants (Dixit, 2024). Previously state established by Amuthavalli and Sivasankaramoorthy (2012), that the expression of heavy metal caused a significant suppression of photosynthetic pigment and growth of the plant but increased the content of proline in the tissue of the plants. The gamma doses and heavy metal decreased the number of seeds/pods which was supported by the work of Damasco et al. (2019), Irfan et al. (2019) and Sher et al. (2023).

4.3. Effects of gamma radiation on biochemical contents

In our work the 50Gy to 100 range induced the chlorophyll content which were also previously suggested by Singh (1971), while the increase in dose decreases this content which were also observed in our study which were same to the previous statements of Ling et al. (2008) and Abdullah et al. (2009). Similarly, carotenoids also showed the inducement on the low doses while the high and salinity drastically decrease the level of content same to the work of Lester et al. (2010), Irfan et al. (2017) and Antonova and Pozolotina (2024). The gamma rays and heavy metal increased the number of amino acids in plant tissues (Ilyas et al., 2020; Aly et al., 2023). The findings of sugar content were supported by the (Ognyanov et al., 2022; Kiani et al., 2022; Saadati et al., 2022) their teams were used the radiation dose 25Gy and resulted the enhancement in content of sugar, in response of our dose 50Gy the sugar contents showed minute decrease in contents, owing to the high dose. While the previously the performed experiment of Hong et al. (2022), Masamran et al. (2023) and Bhaskar et al. (2024) suggetsted that the low concentration of Gy rediation can increse the content of phenol. In obsevance the flovnoids content are showed long range decrease, supportive work was done previously (Bohnert and Jensen, 1996; Ali et al., 2019; Aly et al., 2019).

5. Conclusion

Radiation is measured as useful method to enhance the species genetic diversity through manipulation of genome owing to causing mutation with specific range of radiations. Plant breeders assume gamma radiation is the most suitable mutagen, however the current study based on observation suggest that the range of gamma radiation from 50Gy to 100Gy is suitable for causing the mutant form of seed. While the above than 100Gy can declined and suppressed the biomolecules such as protein, sugar, phenol, and flavonoids. Through this technique and with suggested range can be several mutant varieties have been effectively can introduced into the commercial market. Marker-assisted selection techniques etc. used to select a suitable mutant in a population will help the plant breeders to exploit ionizing radiations in crops breeding programs. The current study declared that the gamma radiation with specific range can be used for the producing the mutant variety of crops with tolerance potential to environmental stress. The accurate performance against gamma radiation and heavy metal may cause the shift in the gene expression.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  14 Feb 2025
• Date of issue
  2024

History

• Received
  27 May 2024
• Accepted
  01 Nov 2024