FIRST OCCURRENCE OF THE BURROWING NEMATODE (RADOPHOLUS SIMILIS) ON GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE) IN BRAZILABSTRACT
The burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis, is reported infecting ginger, Zingiber officinale, in Brazil for the first time. Also, in the sarne material, Meloidogyne javanica was detected provoking galls on the rhizomes.
KEY WORDS:
Radopholus similis
;
Meloidogyne javanica
;
Zingiber officinale
RESUMO
Detectou-se pela primeira vez no Brasil o nematóide cavernícola, Radopholus similis, infestando rizomas de gengibre (Zingiber officinale Rose.). Nesse mesmo material, proveniente do município de Planalto, SP foram encontradas galhas causadas por Meloidogyne javanica.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE:
Radopholus similis
;
Meloidogyne javanica
;
Zingiber officinale
The ginger (Zingiber officinale Rose.) is a herbaceous perennial plant cultivated in many countries due to its underground stem, also referred to as rhizome, used extensively as spice or food. Beverages and an essencial oil are obtained from the dry rhizome (DONALISIO, 1990). The largest producers of ginger are countries of tropical and subtropical regions in Asia and Africa. The ginger production in Brazil is modest, but has been increased in the last years, because of the foreign market.
In 1997, ginger rhizomes with an abnormal appearance from a plantation of Planalto, state of São Paulo, Brazil, were analyzed for nematode. Juveniles and adults of Radopholus and Meloidogyne were extracted from the material using the blendercentrifugal-flotation technique (COOLEN & D'HERDE, 1972) and nematode densities were estimated using Peters counting slide. After recognition of diagnostic characters pointed out by SHER (1968) and LOOF (1991) the Radopholus species was identified as R. similis (Cobb) Thome (Fig. 1). The genus Radopholus Thome contains 26 valid species (LUC, 1987), most of them described from the Pacific area. Two species, Radopholus similis and R. citrophilus have great economic importance and R. similis has already been reported on ginger in Fiji, India and the USA. In Fiji, a heavy infection (more than 50%) by R. similis occurred in ginger, reducing yield by almost 40%. Infected rhizomes exhibit small, shallow, sunken and water-soaked lesions (VILSONI et al., 1976). Such symptoms were not observed in the present material, probably dueto its low infection (400 juveniles+adults of R. similis/5g of rhizome).
The abnormal aspect of the rhizome (Fig. 1) was provoked by the root-knot nematode infection. The female perineal patterns of Meloidogyne were prepared from fresh rhizome material using the HARTMAN & SASSER (1985) procedure and, after comparing the perineal patterns with descriptions and photomicrographs of CHITWOOD (1949) and TAYLOR (1955), the species was identified as Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) (Fig. 1).
Slides containing females and males of Radopholus similis and perineal patterns of M. javanica from ginger rhizomes were labelled SN 35/97 and deposited in the Nematology collections of the "Centro Experimental do Instituto Biológico", Campinas, Brazil and "Departamento de Zoologia, ESALQ/USP", Piracicaba, Brazil.
This is the first report of R. similis infecting ginger in Brazil. There is one previous report of the occurrence of M. javanica in ginger in Brazil (SILVEIRA et al., 1985). Since several reports showed that such nematodes provoke bad appearance of rhizomes and reduce yields, ginger must be propagated by healthy rhizomes and produced in areas without Meloidogyne spp and R. similis.
REFERENCES
- CHITWOOD, B. G. Root-knot nematode I. A revision of the genus Meloidogyne Goeldi 1887. Proc. Helminthol. Soe. Wash. v.16, p.90-104, 1949.
- COOLEN, W.A. & D'HERDE, C.J. A methodfor the quantitative extraction of nematodes from plant tissue. Ghent: State Nematology and Entomology Research Station, 1972. 77p.
- DONALISIO, M. G. R. Gengibre, Zingiber officinalis Roscoe. In: JORGE, L.A.; LOURENÇÃO, A. L.; ARANHA, C. (Eds.) Instruções agrícolas para o Estado de São Paulo. Campinas: Instituto Agronômico, 1990. p.109.
- HARTMAN, K.M. & SASSER, J.N. Identification of Meloidogyne species on the basis of differential host test and perineal-pattem morphology. In: BARKER, K.R. et al. (Ed.) An advanced treatise on Meloidogyne. North Carolina: North Carolina State University & USAID, 1985. v.2, p.69-77.
- LOOF, P.A.A. The family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949. In: NICKLE, W.R. (Ed.) Manual of agricultura[ nematology. New York: Marcel
- LUC, M. A reappraisal of Tylnchina (Nemata). 7. The family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949. Rev. Nematol., v.10, p.203-218, 1987.
- SHER, S. A Revision of the genus Radopholus Thom, 1949 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea). Proc. Helminthol. Soe. Wash. v.35, p.219-237, 1968.
- SILVEIRA, G. P.; CURI, S. M.; HERRERA, A F. Ocorrência de nematóides do gênero Meloidogyne na cultura de gengibre (Zingiber officinale Rose.) no Estado de São Paulo. Biológico, São Paulo, v.51, n.3, p.77-78, 1985.
- TAYLOR, A.L.; DROPKIN, V.H.; MARTIN, G.C. Perineal patterns of root-knot nematodes. Phytopathol., v.45, n.1, p. 26-34, 1955.
- VILSONI, F.; McCLURE, M.; BUTLER, L.D. Occurence, host range and histopathology of Radopholus similis in ginger (Zingiber officinale). Plant Dis., v.60, n.5, p. 417-420, 1976.
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
10 Feb 2025 -
Date of issue
Jul-Dec 1998
History
-
Received
21 Aug 1998
