Agro-economic yield of taro clones in Brazil, propagated with different types of cuttings, in three crop seasons

HEREDIA ZÁRATE, NÉSTOR A.; VIEIRA, MARIA C.; TABALDI, LUCIANE A.; HEREDIA VIEIRA, DANILO A.; JORGE, ROSIMEIRE P.G.; SALLES, NATÁLIA A.

doi:10.1590/S0001-37652013005000025

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Agrarian Sciences • An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 85 (2) • June 2013 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652013005000025 copy

Agro-economic yield of taro clones in Brazil, propagated with different types of cuttings, in three crop seasons

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

The experimental studies were conducted in 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 crop seasons, in order to know the agro-economic yield of 'Chinês' and "Macaquinho" taro clones, propagated using huge, extra, large, medium, small and tiny cormels. The harvest was done on average on 202 days after planting, in three crop seasons. Based on the joint analysis of variance carried out, it was observed that taro clones showed significant differences in the yield of fresh and dry weight of leaves, cormels, and commercial and non-commercial comels; besides, there were significant differences in yield of a crop season to another and the size of the cuttings induced significant differences in yield. In the conditions that the experiments were conducted, and considering the highest average yield of fresh weight of commercial cormels (28.69 t.ha^-1) and highest net income (US $14,741.14) correspondent to the three crop seasons, it is recommended to cultivate 'Macaquinho' clone using small cuttings in propagation.

Colocasia esculenta; rhizome; production; income

Clone	Crop year	Average weight of cuttings (g)
Clone	Crop year	Huge	Extra	Large	Medium	Small	Tiny
'Chinês'	2007-08	45.77	25.69	23.93	12.60	10.29	5.61
	2008-09	47.61	38.06	33.14	26.43	22.57	16.65
	2009-10	51.71	40.03	30.46	28.75	24.93	16.16
Average (g)		48.36	34.59	29.18	22.59	19.26	12.81
Spent.ha^-1 (kg.ha^-1)		3,191.76	2,282.94	1,025.88	1,490.94	1,271.16	845.46
'Macaquinho'	2007-08	37.38	26.49	20.71	14.04	9.14	5.13
	2008-09	42.40	34.96	27.54	23.06	19.63	12.21
	2009-10	64.84	51.09	40.49	34.56	27.69	14.45
Average (g)		48.21	37.51	29.48	23.89	18.82	10.60
Spent.ha^-1 (kg.ha^-1)		3,181.64	2,475.88	1,945.68	1,576.74	1,242.12	699.60

Factors in study		Fresh weight (t.ha^-1)			Dry weight (t.ha^-1)
Clones	Cuttings	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10
'Chinês'	Huge	22.72 a^* * Average followed by same letters, in columns, for cuttings within each clone and each year, did not differ among each other by Tukey test, at 5% of probability.	11.91 ab	13.75 a	2.06 b	1.30 b	1.90 a
	Extra	17.56 ab	9.74 ab	1.52 b	1.39 b	1.36 b	0.30 b
	Large	17.03 b	8.31 b	12.19 a	1.45 b	1.01 b	2.46 a
	Medium	18.67 ab	14.74 a	5.34 b	1.81 ab	1.89 a	0.72 b
	Small	20.18 ab	13.77 ab	14.35 a	1.76 ab	1.79 ab	2.23 a
	Tiny	13.29 b	9.48 b	1.66 b	1.26 b	1.11 b	0.41 b
'Macaquinho'	Huge	7.87 a	7.93 a	6.86 a	0.85 ab	1.01 a	1.31 a
	Extra	10.31 a	8.24 a	1.96 b	1.11 a	0.97 a	0.40 b
	Large	10.86 a	7.24 a	7.74 a	1.14 a	0.83 ab	1.29 a
	Medium	10.56 a	9.56 a	2.61 b	1.26 a	1.12 a	0.61 b
	Small	9.81 a	8.43 a	7.18 a	1.04 ab	1.02 a	1.29 a
	Tiny	5.62 a	4.32 a	0.71 b	0.56 b	0.50 b	0.28 b
Standard deviation		1.08	1.15	0.72	0.10	0.09	0.12
∆q		5.30	5.62	3.54	0.49	0.44	0.59
Average		13.71	9.47	6.32	1.31	1.16	1.10
C.V. (%)		7.88	12.14	11.39	7.63	7.76	10.91

Factors in study		Fresh weight (t.ha^-1)			Dry weight (t.ha^-1)
Clones	Cuttings	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10
'Chinês'	Huge	5.21 a^* * Average followed by same letters, in columns, for cuttings within each clone and each year, did not differ among each other by Tukey test, at 5% of probability.	5.86 b	6.93 a	1.56 a	1.41 b	1.65 b
	Extra	5.13 a	2.92 c	4.12 b	1.37 ab	0.68 c	0.70 c
	Large	4.09 ab	3.21 c	7.20 a	1.17 b	0.66 c	1.34 bc
	Medium	4.10 ab	6.94 a	6.08 ab	1.10 b	2.01 a	1.31 bc
	Small	4.53 ab	3.66 c	8.59 a	1.27 a	1.26 b	2.56 a
	Tiny	3.25 b	3.44 c	3.72 b	0.97 b	0.87 c	0.78 c
'Macaquinho'	Huge	5.34 b	3.46 b	12.98 ab	0.86 b	0.60 b	2.50 a
	Extra	6.99 a	4.51 a	5.31 cd	1.30 a	0.93 a	0.86 c
	Large	6.89 a	4.34 ab	10.89 b	1.17 ab	0.80 ab	2.07 b
	Medium	5.06 bc	5.14 a	6.45 c	0.91 b	0.85 ab	1.10 c
	Small	7.15 a	4.58 a	14.16 a	1.19 ab	0.81 ab	2.83 a
	Tiny	3.73 c	2.55 b	3.82 d	0.65 b	0.56 b	0.67 c
Standard deviation		0.29	0.20	0.44	0.06	0.06	0.12
∆q		1.42	0.98	2.16	0.29	0.29	0.59
Average		5.12	4.22	7.52	1.13	0.95	1.53
C.V. (%)		5.66	4.74	5.85	5.31	6.32	7.84

Factors in study		Fresh weight (t.ha^-1)			Dry weight (t.ha^-1)
Clones	Cuttings	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10
'Chinês'	Huge	13.84 a^* * Average followed by same letters, in columns, for cuttings within each clone and each year, did not differ among each other by Tukey test, at 5% of probability.	13.38 a	17.67 a	3.90 a	3.79 a	4.38 a
	Extra	11.33 ab	3.92 b	7.44 c	3.41 b	0.84 c	1.81 f
	Large	12.00 ab	3.04 b	13.28 b	2.96 c	0.85 c	3.26 c
	Medium	8.95 ab	9.44 a	19.72 a	2.30 d	2.66 b	3.68 b
	Small	6.49 ab	3.21 b	10.36 bc	1.56 e	0.87 c	2.59 d
	Tiny	4.11 b	1.48 b	9.12 c	1.08 f	0.40 d	2.27 e
'Macaquinho'	Huge	30.05 b	14.76 b	27.00 a	6.17 b	3.65 bc	4.95 a
	Extra	36.61 ab	19.41 a	16.00 c	6.38 b	3.61 c	2.90 c
	Large	39.84 a	18.41 ab	15.63 c	6.98 a	2.81 d	2.98 c
	Medium	27.00 bc	19.54 a	16.66 c	4.61 c	3.75 b	2.96 c
	Small	43.52 a	20.41 a	22.15 b	7.34 a	3.90 a	4.55 b
	Tiny	21.46 c	10.06 c	11.35 d	3.49 d	1.99 e	2.24 d
Standard deviation		1.62	0.78	0.83	0.08	0.02	0.03
∆q		7.95	3.83	4.08	0.39	0.10	0.15
Average		21.27	11.42	15.53	4.18	2.43	3.21
C.V. (%)		5.64	6.83	5.34	1.91	0.82	0.93

Factors in study		Fresh weight (t.ha^-1)			Dry weight (t.ha^-1)
Clones	Cuttings	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10
'Chinês'	Huge	9.42 ab^* * Average followed by same letters, in columns, for cuttings within each clone and each year, did not differ among each other by Tukey test, at 5% of probability.	5.37 c	11.20 a	2.55 a	1.57 c	2.38 a
	Extra	9.53 a	6.64 bc	7.82 bc	2.58 a	1.88 b	1.87 b
	Large	6.33 b	5.31 c	9.54 ab	1.73 bc	1.46 c	2.30 ab
	Medium	10.03 a	14.04 a	9.25 b	2.67 a	3.79 a	2.30 ab
	Small	7.12 b	7.80 b	9.68 ab	1.88 b	2.21 bc	2.45 a
	Tiny	4.96 b	5.65 bc	6.26 c	1.27 c	2.29 b	1.53 b
'Macaquinho'	Huge	9.53 ab	5.28 b	17.77 a	1.76 b	1.09 a	3.34 a
	Extra	10.31 ab	6.10 ab	7.75 d	1.98 a	1.20 a	1.51 d
	Large	11.56 a	5.91 ab	13.97 b	2.31 a	1.16 a	2.57 b
	Medium	8.82 b	7.79 a	11.33 c	1.58 bc	1.53 a	2.06 c
	Small	10.97 ab	6.42 ab	16.47 a	1.91 a	1.34 a	3.33 a
	Tiny	6.86 b	5.54 ab	7.81 d	1.21 c	1.07 a	1.54 d
Standard deviation		0.47	0.49	0.39	0.10	0.13	0.10
∆q		2.31	2.41	1.91	0.49	0.64	0.49
Average		8.79	6.82	10.74	1.95	1.72	2.27
C.V. (%)		5.35	7.18	3.63	5.13	7.56	4.41

Cost components	Cost depending on the type of cutting (US $)
Cost components	Huge	Extra	Large	Medium	Small	Tiny
1. Variable costs
Inputs:
¹ 1 Cost of 1.0 kg of cutting= US $ 0.6211 Cuttings	1,982.56	1,418.05	1,196.26	967.09	789.58	525.16
² 2 Transportation cost of 1.0 t of cutting= US $ 25.8813 Transport	99.13	71.79	59.81	48.36	39.48	26.26
	2,081.69	1,489.84	1,256.07	1,015.45	829.06	551.42
³ 3 Manpower = US $ 15.5288 day man-1 (D H-1). Manpower
⁴ 4 Increase in day man-1 for planting of each type of cuttings, by increasing the cutting weight, from very small cutting Harvest= 30 D H-1 Hours of tractor= US $ 31.0575 Hours of irrigation pump= US $ 5.1763 Land rent year-1 = US $ 124.2300. Planting	232.93	217.40	201.87	186.35	170.72	155.29
Irrigation	186.35	186.35	186.35	186.35	186.35	186.35
Weeding	279.52	279.52	279.52	279.52	279.52	279.52
Harvest	465.86	465.86	465.86	465.86	465.86	465.86
	1,164.66	1,149.13	1,133.60	1,118.08	1,102.55	1,087.02
Machinery
Irrigation pump	289.87	289.87	289.87	289.87	289.87	289.87
Tractor	124.23	124.23	124.23	124.23	124.23	124.23
	414.10	414.10	414.10	414.10	414.10	414.10
Subtotal 1 (R$)	3,659.93	3,052.97	2,803.77	2,547.62	2,345.71	2,052.54
2. Fixed costs
Boon	156.84	156.84	156.84	156.84	156.84	156.84
Remuneration of land	72.47	72.47	72.47	72.47	72.47	72.47
Subtotal 2 (R$)	229.31	229.31	229.31	229.31	229.31	229.31
3. Other costs
Unforeseen (10% ST1 + ST2)	388.97	328.23	303.31	277.70	257.50	228.18
Administration (5% ST1+ ST2)	194.49	164.11	151.65	138.85	128.75	114.09
Subtotal 3	583.46	492.34	454.96	416.55	386.25	342.27
TOTAL	4,473.21	3,774.62	3,488.04	3,193.47	2,961.27	2,624.11
Quarterly interest (2.16%)	225.13	189.97	175.55	160.72	149.03	132.07
TOTAL GERAL	4,698.34	3,964.59	3,663.59	3,354.19	3,110.30	2,756.18

Cost components	Cutting types
Cost components	Huge	Extra	Large	Medium	Small	Tiny
1. Variable costs
Inputs:
¹ 1 Cost of 1.0 kg of cutting= US $ 0.6211 Cuttings	1,976.28	1.537.90	1.208.56	979.39	771.54	434.56
² 2 Transportation cost of 1.0 t of cutting= US $ 25.8813 Transport	84.34	64.08	50.35	40.81	32.15	18.11
	2,058.62	1,601.98	1,258.91	1,020.20	803.69	452.67
³ 3 Manpower = US $ 15.5288 day man-1 (D H-1). Manpower
⁴ 4 Increase in day man-1 for planting of each type of cuttings, by increasing the cutting weight, from very small cutting Harvest= 30 D H-1 Hours of tractor= US $ 31.0575 Hours of irrigation pump= US $ 5.1763 Land rent year-1 = US $ 124.2300. Planting	232.93	217.40	201.87	186.35	170.72	155.29
Irrigation	186.35	186.35	186.35	186.35	186.35	186.35
Weeding	279.52	279.52	279.52	279.52	279.52	279.52
Harvest	465.86	465.86	465.86	465.86	465.86	465.86
	1,164.66	1,149.13	1,133.60	1,118.08	1,102.55	1,087.02
Machinery
Irrigation pump	289.87	289.87	289.87	289.87	289.87	289.87
Tractor	124.23	124.23	124.23	124.23	124.23	124.23
	414.10	414.10	414.10	414.10	414.10	414.10
Subtotal 1 (R$)	3,637.38	3,165.20	2,806.62	2,552.37	2,320.33	1,953.78
2. Fixed costs
Boon	156.84	156.84	156.84	156.84	156.84	156.84
Remuneration of land	72.47	72.47	72.47	72.47	72.47	72.47
Subtotal 2 (R$)	229.31	229.31	229.31	229.31	229.31	229.31
3. Other costs
Unforeseen (10% ST1 + ST2)	386.67	339.45	303.07	278.17	254.97	218.31
Administration (5% ST1+ ST2)	193.34	169.73	151.54	139.9	127.49	109.16
Subtotal 3	580.01	509.18	454.61	417.26	382.46	327.47
TOTAL	4,446.69	3,903.69	3,490.54	3,198.93	2,932.09	2,510.55
Quarterly interest (2.16%)	223.80	196.46	174.64	161.00	147.56	126.35
GRAND TOTAL	4,670.49	4,100.15	3,665.18	3,359.93	3,079.65	2,636.90

Clones	Cutting Types	Commercial yield (t.ha^-1)	Gross income (US $.ha^-1)	Total cost (US $.ha^-1)	Net income (US $.ha^-1)
'Chinês'	Huge	14.96	9,292.41	4,698.34	4,594.07
	Extra	7.56	4,695.90	3,964.58	731.32
	Large	9.44	5,863.66	3,663.59	2,200.07
	Medium	12.70	7,888.61	3,354.19	4,534.42
	Small	6.69	4,155.49	3,110.30	1,045.19
	Tiny	4.90	3,043.64	2,756.18	287.46
'Macaquinho'	Huge	23.94	14,870.33	4,670.49	10,199.84
	Extra	24.01	14,913.82	4,100,15	10,813.67
	Large	24.63	15,298.93	3,666.21	11,632.72
	Medium	21.07	13,087.63	3,359.93	9,727.70
	Small	28.69	17,820.80	3,079.65	14,741.15
	Tiny	14.29	8,876.24	2,636.90	6,239.34

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[1] Correspondence to: Néstor A. Heredia Zárate E-mail: nahz@terra.com.br