A new angiosperm from the Crato Formation (Araripe Basin, Brazil) and comments on the Early Cretaceous Monocotyledons

The Crato Formation paleoflora is one of the few equatorial floras of the Early Cretaceous. It is diverse, with many angiosperms, especially representatives of the clades magnoliids, monocotyledons and eudicots, which confirms the assumption that angiosperm diversity during the last part of the Early Cretaceous was reasonably high. The morphology of a new fossil monocot is studied and compared to all other Smilacaceae genus, especially in the venation. Cratosmilax jacksoni gen. et sp. nov. can be related to the Smilacaceae family, becoming the oldest record of the family so far. Cratosmilax jacksoni is a single mesophilic leaf with entire margins, ovate shape, with acute apex and base, four venation orders and main acrodromous veins. It is the first terrestrial monocot described for the Crato Formation, monocots were previously described for the same formation, and are considered aquatics. Cratosmilax jacksoni is the first fossil record of Smilacaceae in Brazil, and the oldest record of this family.

Araripe Basin; Cratosmilax jacksoni ; Cretaceous; fossil leaf; Gondwana; Monocots

Authorship

FLAVIANA J. DE LIMA

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Centro de Tecnologia e Geociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Acadêmico Hélio Ramos, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-530 Recife, PE, BrasilUniversidade Federal de PernambucoBrasilRecife, PE, BrasilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Centro de Tecnologia e Geociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Acadêmico Hélio Ramos, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-530 Recife, PE, Brasil

ANTÔNIO A.F. SARAIVA

Laboratório de Paleontologia, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Rua Carolino Sucupira, s/n, 63100-000 Crato, CE, BrasilUniversidade Regional do CaririBrasilCrato, CE, BrasilLaboratório de Paleontologia, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Rua Carolino Sucupira, s/n, 63100-000 Crato, CE, Brasil

MARIA A.P. DA SILVA

Laboratório de Botânica Aplicada, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Rua Carolino Sucupira, s/n, 63100-000 Crato, CE, BrasilUniversidade Regional do CaririBrasilCrato, CE, BrasilLaboratório de Botânica Aplicada, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Rua Carolino Sucupira, s/n, 63100-000 Crato, CE, Brasil

RENAN A.M. BANTIM

JULIANA M. SAYÃO

Laboratório de Biodiversidade do Nordeste, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua do Alto Reservatório, s/n, Bela Vista, 55608-680 Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, BrasilUniversidade Federal de PernambucoBrasilVitória de Santo Antão, PE, BrasilLaboratório de Biodiversidade do Nordeste, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua do Alto Reservatório, s/n, Bela Vista, 55608-680 Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brasil

Correspondence to: Flaviana Jorge de Lima E-mail: flavianajorge@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures

Figures (6)

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Figure 1
A. Location of Araripe Basin in South America. B. The Araripe Basin bordering the states of Ceará, Piauí and Pernambuco in northeastern Brazil. C. Outline of the Araripe Plateau, indicating the approximate location of the quarry called “Mina Idemar” in Nova Olinda city, Ceará. D. Crato Formation layering at “Mina Idemar”, indicating the laminated limestone C6-level (according to Neumann and Cabrera 1999Neumann VH and Cabrera L. 1999. Una nueva propuesta estratigrafica para la tectonosecuencia post-rifte de la cuenca de Araripe, noreste de Brasil. In: BOLETIM DO 5° SIMPÓSIO SOBRE O CRETÁCEO DO BRASIL, São Paulo, p. 279-285.) where the specimen was collected. Map modified from Sayão et al. 2011Sayão JM, Saraiva AAF and Uejima AMK. 2011. New evidence of feathers in the Crato Formation supporting a reappraisal on the presence of aves. An Acad Bras Cienc 83(1): 197-210..

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Figure 2
Cratosmilax jacksoni gen. et sp. nov. A. Holotype, specimen MPSC PL 2400. B.Drawing of the Holopyte emphasizing the venation pattern. Scale bar = 150 mm.

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Figure 3
A. Detail of venation of Cratosmilax jacksoni gen. et sp. nov. B. Drawing showing the presence four orders of venation: pv - primary vein; sv - secondary vein; tv - tertiary vein; qv - quaternary vein. C. The long petiole terminates in a sheath. D. Drawing showing details of the petiole. E. Acute foliar apex. F. Details of the acute apex forming an angle of 70° in the drawing. Scale bars = 10mm in A-B; 5mm in C-D; 2mm in E-F.

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Figure 4
Distribution map of angiosperms during Mesozoic and Cenozoic: A. First records at the Upper Jurassic. B.Early Cretaceous. C. Upper Cretaceous. D.Paleogene.

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Figure 5
Comparison among the external leaf morphologies of Cratosmilax jacksoni gen. et sp. nov and seven species of Smilax. A. Smilax brasiliensis. B. Smilax campestris. C. Smilax cissoids. D. Smilax fluminensis. E. Smilax goyazana. F. Smilax oblongifolia. G. Smilax rufescens. H. Cratosmilax jacksoni. From A to G after Martins et al. 2013Martins AR, Bombo AB, Soares AN and Appezzato-da-Glória B. 2013. Aerial stem and leaf morphoanatomy of some species of Smilax. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz. J Pharmacogn 23(4) 576-584.

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Figure 6
First distribution patterns of Smilacaceae during Mesozoic and Cenozoic. A. In the Cretaceous, limited to Brazil and USA. B. In the Paleogene the records are limited, up to now to the Northern Hemisphere (USA and Europe).

Figure 1 A. Location of Araripe Basin in South America. B. The Araripe Basin bordering the states of Ceará, Piauí and Pernambuco in northeastern Brazil. C. Outline of the Araripe Plateau, indicating the approximate location of the quarry called “Mina Idemar” in Nova Olinda city, Ceará. D. Crato Formation layering at “Mina Idemar”, indicating the laminated limestone C6-level (according to Neumann and Cabrera 1999Neumann VH and Cabrera L. 1999. Una nueva propuesta estratigrafica para la tectonosecuencia post-rifte de la cuenca de Araripe, noreste de Brasil. In: BOLETIM DO 5° SIMPÓSIO SOBRE O CRETÁCEO DO BRASIL, São Paulo, p. 279-285.) where the specimen was collected. Map modified from Sayão et al. 2011Sayão JM, Saraiva AAF and Uejima AMK. 2011. New evidence of feathers in the Crato Formation supporting a reappraisal on the presence of aves. An Acad Bras Cienc 83(1): 197-210..

Figure 2 Cratosmilax jacksoni gen. et sp. nov. A. Holotype, specimen MPSC PL 2400. B.Drawing of the Holopyte emphasizing the venation pattern. Scale bar = 150 mm.

Figure 3 A. Detail of venation of Cratosmilax jacksoni gen. et sp. nov. B. Drawing showing the presence four orders of venation: pv - primary vein; sv - secondary vein; tv - tertiary vein; qv - quaternary vein. C. The long petiole terminates in a sheath. D. Drawing showing details of the petiole. E. Acute foliar apex. F. Details of the acute apex forming an angle of 70° in the drawing. Scale bars = 10mm in A-B; 5mm in C-D; 2mm in E-F.

Figure 4 Distribution map of angiosperms during Mesozoic and Cenozoic: A. First records at the Upper Jurassic. B.Early Cretaceous. C. Upper Cretaceous. D.Paleogene.

Figure 5 Comparison among the external leaf morphologies of Cratosmilax jacksoni gen. et sp. nov and seven species of Smilax. A. Smilax brasiliensis. B. Smilax campestris. C. Smilax cissoids. D. Smilax fluminensis. E. Smilax goyazana. F. Smilax oblongifolia. G. Smilax rufescens. H. Cratosmilax jacksoni. From A to G after Martins et al. 2013Martins AR, Bombo AB, Soares AN and Appezzato-da-Glória B. 2013. Aerial stem and leaf morphoanatomy of some species of Smilax. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz. J Pharmacogn 23(4) 576-584.

Figure 6 First distribution patterns of Smilacaceae during Mesozoic and Cenozoic. A. In the Cretaceous, limited to Brazil and USA. B. In the Paleogene the records are limited, up to now to the Northern Hemisphere (USA and Europe).

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A new angiosperm from the Crato Formation (Araripe Basin, Brazil) and comments on the Early Cretaceous Monocotyledons

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[1] Correspondence to: Flaviana Jorge de Lima E-mail: flavianajorge@gmail.com