Undoped haematite nanorod - UHN |
Modified haematite nanorod - MHN |
Annealing temperature (oC) |
UHN-J mA.cm-2 at 1.23 V vs RHE |
MHN-J mA.cm-2 at 1.23 V vs RHE |
year |
Reference |
X |
(N3-dye) |
550 |
0.05 |
< 0.15 |
2000 |
(Beermann et al. 2000BEERMANN N, VAYSSIERES L, LINDQUIST SE AND HAGFELDT A. 2000. Photoelectrochemical studies of oriented nanorod thin films of hematite. J Electrochem Soc 147: 2456-2461.) |
X |
------- |
550 |
0.01 |
------- |
2002 |
(Lindgren et al. 2002LINDGREN T, WANG H, BEERMANN N, VAYSSIERES L, HAGFELDT A AND LINDQUIST S-E. 2002. Aqueous photoelectrochemistry of hematite nanorod array. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 71: 231-243.) |
X |
Sn-HN |
800 |
1.24
|
1.86
|
2011 |
(Ling et al. 2011LING Y, WANG G, WHEELER DA, ZHANG JZ AND LI Y. 2011. Sn-doped hematite nanostructures for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nano Lett 11: 2119-2125.) |
X |
Ti-HN |
550-750 |
1.48
|
1.91
|
2012 |
(
Deng et al. 2012
DENG J, ZHONG J, PU A, ZHANG D, LI M, SUN X AND LEE S-T. 2012. Ti-doped hematite nanostructures for solar water splitting with high efficiency. J Appl Phys 112: 084312.
)
|
X |
Cr-HN |
750 |
0.03 |
0.05 |
2012 |
(Shen et al. 2012SHEN S, JIANG J, GUO P, KRONAWITTER CX, MAO SS AND GUO L. 2012. Effect of Cr doping on the photoelectrochemical performance of hematite nanorod photoanodes. Nano Energy 1: 732-741.) |
X |
------ |
390 |
0.9 |
----- |
2012 |
(de Carvalho et al. 2012) |
X |
N-HN |
550 |
------ |
1.8
|
2012 |
(Ling et al. 2012LING Y, WANG G, REDDY J, WANG C, ZHANG JZ AND LI Y. 2012. The influence of oxygen content on the thermal activation of hematite nanowires. Angew Chem Int Ed 51: 4074-4079.) |
X |
Co3O4-HN |
550-800 |
0.72 |
1.2 |
2012 |
(Xi et al. 2012XI L, TRAN PD, CHIAM SY, BASSI PS, MAK WF, MULMUDI HK, BATABYAL SK, BARBER J, LOO JSC AND WONG LH. 2012. Co3O4-decorated hematite nanorods as an effective photoanode for solar water oxidation. J Phys Chem C 116: 13884-13889.) |
X |
Ti-HN |
550 |
0.01 |
0.15 |
2012 |
(Miao et al. 2012MIAO C, JI S, XU G, LIU G, ZHANG L AND YE C. 2012. Micro-nano-structured Fe2O3: Ti/ZnFe2O4 heterojunction films for water oxidation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4: 4428-4433.) |
X |
Sn-HN |
750 |
1.24
|
2.25
|
2013 |
(Xi et al. 2013XI L, CHIAM SY, MAK WF, TRAN PD, BARBER J, LOO SCJ AND WONG LH. 2013. A novel strategy for surface treatment on hematite photoanode for efficient water oxidation. Chem Sci 4: 164-169.) |
X |
Ti-HN with Co (ions) |
650 |
0.3 |
1.2 |
2013 |
(Miao et al. 2013MIAO C, SHI T, XU G, JI S AND YE C. 2013. Photocurrent enhancement for Ti-doped Fe2O3 thin film photoanodes by an in situ solid-state reaction method. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5: 1310-1316.) |
X |
Ti-HN |
750 |
0.45 |
0.66 |
2013 |
(Shen et al. 2013bSHEN S, KRONAWITTER CX, WHEELER DA, GUO P, LINDLEY SA, JIANG J, ZHANG JZ, GUO L AND MAO SS. 2013b. Physical and photoelectrochemical characterization of Ti-doped hematite photoanodes prepared by solution growth. J Mater Chem A 1: 14498-14506.) |
X |
Zr-HN |
750 |
0.03 |
0.33 |
2013 |
(Shen et al. 2013aSHEN S, GUO P, WHEELER DA, JIANG J, LINDLEY SA, KRONAWITTER CX, ZHANG JZ, GUO L AND MAO SS. 2013a. Physical and photoelectrochemical properties of Zr-doped hematite nanorod arrays. Nanoscale 5: 9867-9874.) |
X |
Mn-HN |
550-750 |
0.45 |
1.4
|
2014 |
(Chiam et al. 2014CHIAM SY, KUMAR MH, BASSI PS, SENG HL, BARBER J AND WONG LH. 2014. Improving the efficiency of hematite nanorods for photoelectrochemical water splitting by doping with manganese. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6: 5852-5859.) |
X |
HN surface passivation with Au |
750 |
0.03 |
0.25 |
2014 |
(Shen et al. 2014SHEN S. 2014. Toward efficient solar water splitting over hematite photoelectrodes. J Mater Res 29: 29-46.a) |
X |
Ag-HN |
750 |
0.05 |
0.18 |
2014 |
(Shen et al. 2014SHEN S. 2014. Toward efficient solar water splitting over hematite photoelectrodes. J Mater Res 29: 29-46.b) |
X |
N-HN (layer < 100 nm) |
750 |
0.39 |
0.95 |
2015 |
(Freitas et al. 2015FREITAS AL, CARVALHO WM AND SOUZA FL. 2015. Enhanced water oxidation efficiency of hematite thin films by oxygen-deficient atmosphere. J Mater Res 30: 3595-3604.) |
X |
Ti-HN |
650 |
----- |
1.9 |
2015 |
(Li et al. 2015LI X, BASSI PS, BOIX PP, FANG Y AND WONG LH. 2015. Revealing the role of TiO2 surface treatment of hematite nanorods photoanodes for solar water splitting. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7: 16960-16966.) |
X |
ATO-HN |
500-800 |
0.60 |
2.12
|
2015 |
(Wang et al. 2015aWANG D, ZHANG Y, PENG C, WANG J, HUANG Q, SU S, WANG L, HUANG W AND FAN C. 2015a. Crystallinity Engineering of Hematite Nanorods for High‐Efficiency Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. Adv Sci 2(4): 1500005.) |
X |
Nb-HN |
750 |
0.15 |
0.65 |
2016 |
(Fu et al. 2016FU Y, DONG CL, LEE WY, CHEN J, GUO P, ZHAO L AND SHEN S. 2016. Nb‐Doped Hematite Nanorods for Efficient Solar Water Splitting: Electronic Structure Evolution versus Morphology Alteration. ChemNanoMat 2: 704-711.) |
X |
Sn-HN |
750 |
1.12
|
1.62
|
2016 |
(Carvalho and Souza 2016CARVALHO WM AND SOUZA FL. 2016. Hematite Surface Activation by Chemical Addition of Tin Oxide Layer. ChemPhysChem 17: 2710-2717.) |
X |
Sn-HN-Tanden |
650 |
0.78 |
3.12
|
2017 |
(John et al. 2017JOHN RA, BOIX PP, YI C, SHI C, SCOTT M, VELDHUIS SA, MINOR AM, ZAKEERUDDIN SM, WONG LH AND GRÄTZEL M. 2017. Atomically Altered Hematite for Highly Efficient Perovskite Tandem Water‐Splitting Devices. ChemSusChem 10: 2449-2456.) |
X |
Cobalt-Sn-HN |
800 |
1.0 < |
2.2
|
2017 |
(Li et al. 2017bLI M, YANG Y, LING Y, QIU W, WANG F, LIU T, SONG Y, LIU X, FANG P AND TONG Y. 2017b. Morphology and Doping Engineering of Sn-Doped Hematite Nanowire Photoanodes. Nano Lett 17: 2490-2495.) |
X |
CoPi-TiHN |
800 |
0.9 |
6.0
|
2017 |
(Jeon et al. 2017JEON TH, MOON GH, PARK H AND CHOI W. 2017. Ultra-efficient and durable photoelectrochemical water oxidation using elaborately designed hematite nanorod arrays. Nano Energy 39: 211-218.) |