Chen et al.34
|
Prospective cohort |
142,902 |
415 |
0.55 |
0.32–0.96 |
Non-ASA NSAIDs |
Reduction in PD risk for regular users of non-ASA NSAIDs |
|
|
0.56 |
0.86 - 1.09 |
ASA |
Chen et al.35
|
Prospective cohort |
146,565 |
413 |
0.65 |
0.48–0.89 |
Ibuprofen |
Reduction in PD risk for regular users of ibuprofen. This protective effect was not demonstrated for other NSAIDs, ASA or acetaminophen. |
|
|
0.78 |
0.60 –1.02 |
Non-ASA NSAIDs (including ibuprofen) |
Etminan and Suissa36
|
Case-control |
- |
- |
1.49 |
1.11-2.01 |
NSAIDs |
Current users of NSAIDs have shown a slightly higher risk of developing PD |
|
|
1.18 |
0.89-1.59 |
NSAIDs |
Past users of NSAIDs did not have higher risk of PD |
Hernán et al.37
|
Case-control |
7,896 |
1258 |
0.93 |
0.80–1.08 |
Non-ASA NSAIDs |
Reduction in PD risk for regular users of non-ASA NSAIDs in men but not in women. |
Bower et al.38
|
Case-control |
404 |
202 |
0.50 |
0.20–1.5 |
Non-ASA NSAIDs e SAIDs |
Only a trend of reduction in PD risk for users of non-ASA NSAIDs and SAIDs |
Ton et al.39
|
Case-control |
589 |
206 |
0.90 |
0.59–1.35 |
Non-ASA NSAIDs |
No association was found between use of NSAIDs and reduction of PD risk. |
|
|
0.89 |
0.60 –1.32 |
Ibuprofen |
|
|
0.74 |
0.49 –1.12 |
ASA |
Bornebroek et al.40
|
Prospective cohort |
6,512 |
88 |
1.50 |
0.95–2.37 |
Any NSAIDs |
No association was found between use of any NSAIDs and the risk of developing PD |
Wahner et al.41
|
Case-control |
579 |
293 |
0.80 |
0.56 - 1.15 |
Regular ASA (≥2 pills/week) |
Regular use of ASA showed a mild protective effect. The ASA effect was stronger in women, especially among long term regular users. A protective effect was observed for regular non-ASA NSAID users particularly those who reported ≥ 2 years of use. |
|
|
0.52 |
0.35 - 0.79 |
Regular Non-ASA NSAIDs |
|
|
0.44 |
0.26 - 0.74 |
≥2 years Non-ASA NSAIDs |
|
|
0.51 |
0.26 - 1.02 |
≥24 months ASA (women) |
Etminan et al.42
|
Retrospective cohort |
697,078 |
5010 |
0.84 |
0.81–1.09 |
NSAIDs |
No association was found between use of NSAIDs and reduction in PD risk. |
Samii et al.43
|
Meta-analysis of 11 observational studies |
- |
- |
0.95 |
0.80 - 1.12 |
NSAIDs |
NSAIDs do not seem to modify the risk of PD. Ibuprofen may have a slight protective effect. |
|
|
0.91 |
0.78 - 1.05 |
High-dose/long-duration NSAIDs |
|
|
1.08 |
0.93, 1.26 |
ASA |
|
|
0.76 |
0.65, 0.89 |
Ibuprofen |
Gagne and Power44
|
Meta-analysis of 7 studies |
- |
- |
0.85 |
0.77–0.94 |
Non-ASA NSAIDs |
Reduction of 15% in PD incidence among users of non-ASA NSAIDs with a similar effect for ibuprofen alone. In contrast, no protective effect was found for ASA or paracetamol. |
|
|
0.71 |
0.58–0.89 |
Non-ASA NSAIDs regular users |
|
|
0.79 |
0.59–1.07 |
Non-ASA NSAIDs long-term users |
|
|
0.75 |
0.64–0.89 |
Ibuprofen |
|
|
1.08 |
0.92–1.27 |
ASA |
|
|
1.06 |
0.87–1.30 |
Paracetamol |
Rees et al.45
|
Meta-analysis of 14 observational studies |
- |
- |
0.87 |
0.73-1.04 |
Non-ASA NSAIDs |
There were no association between use of any NSAIDs or ASA and the risk of developing PD. Exposure to non-ASA NSAIDs reduced the PD risk by 13% without statistical significance. Ibuprofen alone showed a 27% reduction in PD risk. |
|
|
0.73 |
0.63-0.85 |
Ibuprofen |
Driver et al.46
|
Case-control |
22,007 |
1181 |
1.28 |
1.05-1.56 |
Absence of non-ASA NSAIDs use |
Absence of non-ASA NSAIDs use was associated with an increased risk of PD. There was an increased risk of PD in men who had 1–2 years of regular non-ASA NSAID use. Positive association between PD and use of non-ASA. This association tended to disappear when analyses were limited to drug use ≥5 years before the disease diagnosis. |
|
|
1.35 |
1.07-1.70 |
1–2 years of regular use of non-ASA NSAID |
|
|
1.48 |
1.05-2.09 |
Use of non-ASA NSAIDs for 5 years or more |
Manthriprag-ada et al.47
|
Case-control |
11,582 |
1931 |
0.97 |
0.82 - 1.14 |
ASA |
No association was found between risk of PD and use of ASA or non-ASA NSAIDs when used shortly before the PD onset |
|
|
0.97 |
0.86 - 1.09 |
Non-ASA NSAIDs |
Becker et al.48
|
Case-control |
19,995 |
4026 |
0.94 |
0.83–1.07 |
NSAIDs long-term use |
Long-term use of NSAIDs was associated with a slightly lower PD risk. Use of ASA or acetaminophen was not associated with a significant modification in the risk of PD. |
|
|
1.16 |
1.03–1.30 |
ASA long-term use |
|
|
1.15 |
1.02–1.30 |
Acetaminophen long-term use |
Gao et al.49
|
Prospective cohort followed by meta-analysis |
136,197 |
291 |
0.62 |
0.42–0.93 |
Ibuprofen |
Ibuprofen users have shown a significantly lower PD risk than nonusers with an additional dose-response relationship between tablets of ibuprofen taken per week and lower PD risk. This effect was not observed for ASA, other NSAIDs or paracetamol. |
|
|
0.99 |
0.78–1.26 |
ASA |
|
|
1.26 |
0.86–1.84 |
Non-ASA NSAIDs |
|
|
0.86 |
0.62–1.18 |
Paracetamol |
|
|
0.73 |
0.63–0.85 |
Ibuprofen (meta-analysis) |