Thymoquinone reverses learning and memory impairments and brain tissue oxidative damage in hypothyroid juvenile rats

In this study, the effect of thymoquinone (TQ) on propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced memory impairment was investigated in juvenile rats. The rats were grouped into control, Hypo, Hypo-TQ5 and Hypo-TQ10. Propylthiouracil increased latency time in the Morris water maze test and decreased delay in entering the dark compartment in the passive avoidance test. Both 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg doses of TQ decreased latency time in the Morris water maze test and increased delay in entering the dark compartment in a passive avoidance test. The PTU also increased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide metabolites in the brain while reduced the thiol content and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and serum T4 level. Both doses of TQ decreased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide metabolites in the brain while enhanced the thiol content and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and serum T4 level. The results of the present study showed that TQ protected against PTU-induced memory impairments in rats.

hypothyroidism; propylthiouracil; memory

Authorship

Yousef Baghcheghi

Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Student Research Committee, Mashhad, Iran;Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranMashhad, IranMashhad University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Student Research Committee, Mashhad, Iran;

Mahmoud Hosseini

Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranMashhad, IranMashhad University of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;

Farimah Beheshti

Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Department of Basic Science and Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran;Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical SciencesIranTorbat Heydariyeh, IranTorbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Department of Basic Science and Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran;

Hossein Salmani

Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Mashhad, Iran;Mashhad University of Medical SciencesIranMashhad, IranMashhad University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Mashhad, Iran;

Akbar Anaeigoudari

Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Jiroft, Iran.Jiroft University of Medical SciencesIranJiroft, IranJiroft University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Jiroft, Iran.

Correspondence: Akbar Anaeigoudari; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran; E-mail: Anaeiga317@gmail.com

Conflict of interest: There is no conflict of interest to declare.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures

Figures (8)

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Figure 1
Comparison of the time latency (A) and traveled distance (B) to reach the platform and the swimming speed (C) between four groups in the Morris water maze test. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 8 in each group). The time latency and the traveled distance of the Hypo group were significantly greater than those of the control group. The animals of the Hypo-TQ5 and Hypo-TQ10 groups took less time and distance to reach the platform than the Hypo group. There was no significant difference in the swimming speed between groups. **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 compared with the control group. +p < 0.05; ++p < 0.01 compared with the Hypo group.

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Figure 2
The results of the time spent (A) and distance traveled (B) in target quadrant (Q1) on probe day, 24 hours after the last learning session. The platform was removed and the time spent and distance traveled in the target quadrant was compared between groups. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 8 in each group). ***p < 0.001 compared with the control group; ++p < 0.01; +++p < 0.001 compared with the Hypo group.

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Figure 3
Comparison of the time latency to enter the dark compartment (A) and the total time spent in the dark compartment (B) at 3, 24 and 48 hours after receiving a shock, in the experimental groups. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 8 in each group). *p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001 compared with the control group. +p < 0.05; ++p < 0.01; +++p < 0.001 compared with the Hypo group.

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Figure 4
Comparison of the MDA concentration (A), the total thiol content (B) and the level of nitric oxide metabolites (C) in hippocampal tissue of the four groups. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 8 in each group). ***p < 0.001 compared with the control group; +++p < 0.001 compared with the Hypo group.

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Figure 5
Comparison the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (A) and catalase (CAT) (B) in hippocampal tissue between the four groups. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n= 8 in each group). **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 compared with the control group; +++p < 0.001 compared with the Hypo group.

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Figure 6
Comparison of the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration (A), the total thiol content (B) and the level of nitric oxide metabolites (C) in cortical tissue of the four groups. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n= 8 in each group). *** P< 0.001 compared with the control group. + P< 0.05 and +++ P< 0.001 compared with the Hypo group.

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Figure 7
Comparison of the activities of SOD (A) and CAT (B) in cortical tissue between the four groups. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 8 in each group). **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 compared with the control group; +++p < 0.001 compared with the Hypo group.

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Figure 8
Comparison of the serum level of T4 between the four groups. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 8 in each group). ***p < 0.001 compared with the control group; +++p < 0.001 compared to the Hypo group.

Figure 1 Comparison of the time latency (A) and traveled distance (B) to reach the platform and the swimming speed (C) between four groups in the Morris water maze test. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 8 in each group). The time latency and the traveled distance of the Hypo group were significantly greater than those of the control group. The animals of the Hypo-TQ5 and Hypo-TQ10 groups took less time and distance to reach the platform than the Hypo group. There was no significant difference in the swimming speed between groups. p < 0.01; *p < 0.001 compared with the control group. +p < 0.05; ++p < 0.01 compared with the Hypo group.

Figure 2 The results of the time spent (A) and distance traveled (B) in target quadrant (Q1) on probe day, 24 hours after the last learning session. The platform was removed and the time spent and distance traveled in the target quadrant was compared between groups. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 8 in each group). ***p < 0.001 compared with the control group; ++p < 0.01; +++p < 0.001 compared with the Hypo group.

Figure 3 Comparison of the time latency to enter the dark compartment (A) and the total time spent in the dark compartment (B) at 3, 24 and 48 hours after receiving a shock, in the experimental groups. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 8 in each group). p < 0.05; p < 0.01; p < 0.001 compared with the control group. +p < 0.05; ++p < 0.01; +++p < 0.001 compared with the Hypo group.

Figure 4 Comparison of the MDA concentration (A), the total thiol content (B) and the level of nitric oxide metabolites (C) in hippocampal tissue of the four groups. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 8 in each group). ***p < 0.001 compared with the control group; +++p < 0.001 compared with the Hypo group.

Figure 5 Comparison the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (A) and catalase (CAT) (B) in hippocampal tissue between the four groups. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n= 8 in each group). p < 0.01; *p < 0.001 compared with the control group; +++p < 0.001 compared with the Hypo group.

Figure 6 Comparison of the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration (A), the total thiol content (B) and the level of nitric oxide metabolites (C) in cortical tissue of the four groups. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n= 8 in each group). *** P< 0.001 compared with the control group. + P< 0.05 and +++ P< 0.001 compared with the Hypo group.

Figure 7 Comparison of the activities of SOD (A) and CAT (B) in cortical tissue between the four groups. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 8 in each group). p < 0.01; *p < 0.001 compared with the control group; +++p < 0.001 compared with the Hypo group.

Figure 8 Comparison of the serum level of T4 between the four groups. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 8 in each group). ***p < 0.001 compared with the control group; +++p < 0.001 compared to the Hypo group.

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Thymoquinone reverses learning and memory impairments and brain tissue oxidative damage in hypothyroid juvenile rats

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[1] Correspondence: Akbar Anaeigoudari; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran; E-mail: Anaeiga317@gmail.com