Maleki et al. (2013)4242. Maleki N, Becerra L, Brawn J, McEwen B, Burstein R, Borsook D. Common hippocampal structural and functional changes in migraine. Brain Struct Funct. 2013 Jul;218(4):903-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-012-0437-y https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/...
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Not specified |
X |
fMRI, 3T, T1 weighted, echo gradient sequence. |
Painful thermal stimulation |
Decreased functional connectivity with the hippocampus in the contralateral supramarginal gyrus, bilateral temporal pole, contralateral orbitofrontal, bilateral nucleus accumbens, bilateral anterior insula, bilateral medial frontal, contralateral paracingulate in individuals having a high frequency of migraine when compared to individuals having a low frequency of attacks. |
Reduced connectivity of the hippocampus to other brain areas indicates possible memory-processing failure. |
Schwedt et al. (2014)3636. Schwedt TJ, Chong CD, Chiang CC, Baxter L, Schlaggar BL, Dodick DW. Enhanced pain-induced activity of pain-processing regions in a case-control study of episodic migraine. Cephalalgia. 2014 Oct;34(12):947-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102414526069 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/...
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Memory of pain |
X |
fMRI, 3T, T1 weighted with echo gradient sequence and T2 weighted with spin echo sequence. |
Painful thermal stimulation |
Individuals having migraine had greater activation induced by pain in the lentiform nucleus, fusiform gyrus, subthalamic nucleus, hippocampus, mid-cingulate cortex, premotor, somatosensory and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and less activation in pre-central gyrus and superior temporal gyrus. |
Most regions with increased pain induced activation participate in cognitive aspects of pain perception, such as attention to pain and memory related to pain. |
Tso et al. (2015)3939. Tso AR, Trujillo A, Guo CC, Goadsby PJ, Seeley WW. The anterior insula shows heightened interictal intrinsic connectivity in migraine without aura. Neurology. 2015 Mar;84(10):1043-50. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001330 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1212/...
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Not specified |
Interictal (out of 72 hours before or after an attack). |
fMRI, 3T, T2* weighted with planar echo sequence. Coregistration was performed with T1 weighted and echo gradient sequence. |
Resting state |
Higher connectivity between the calcarine cortex, the Heschl gyrus and the right dorsal anterior insula. The anterior right ventral insula presented increased connectivity with the left ventral medial part in patients with migraine, as well as with the left temporal lobe and the amygdala. |
Alteration in the connectivity of the dorsal anterior insula would lead to a modification in the function of organizing and sustaining cognitive processing. |
Hougaard et al. (2014)4040. Hougaard A, Amin FM, Hoffmann MB, Rostrup E, Larsson HB, Asghar MS, et al. Interhemispheric differences of fMRI responses to visual stimuli in patients with side fixed migraine aura. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014 Jun;35(6):2714-23. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22361 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/...
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Visuospatial memory |
Interictal |
fMRI-BOLD, 3T, T1 weighted with echo gradient sequence. |
Visual Stimulation |
Increased signs in the inferior frontal gyrus, superior parietal lobe; inferior parietal lobe and intraparietal sulcus, as well as the occipital cortex areas. |
Impairment of the functional network involved in oculomotor control, orientation of movement, perception of movement, visual attention, and visuospatial memory. |
Yang et al. (2018)4141. Yang FC, Chou KH, Hsu AL, Fuh JL, Lirng J, Kao HW, et al. Altered brain functional connectome in migraine with and without restless legs syndrome: a resting-state functional MRI study. Front Neurol. 2018 Jan;9:25. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.00025 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/...
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Not specified |
Interictal ‒ individuals without symptoms of migraine two days before the application of the imaging technique. |
fMRI-BOLD, 3T. Anatomical scan T1 weighted with echo gradient sequence. Spontaneous activity measured in T2 weighted with echo gradient sequence. |
Resting state |
Patients having migraine presented several weaker neural connections than control. The most affected functional brain networks were dorsal attention, salience, default mode, visual and fronto-parietal modes. |
Changes in the dorsal attention network may manifest as memory deficits during and between migraine attacks. |
Eck et al. (2011)4343. Eck J, Richter M, Straube T, Miltner WH, Weiss T. Affective brain regions are activated during the processing of pain-related words in migraine patients. Pain. 2011 May;152(5):1104-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2011.01.026 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/...
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Memory of pain |
X |
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fMRI, 1.5T, weighted in T1 and T2.
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They did not characterize the pulse sequence.
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Verbal descriptors of pain. |
Adjectives related to pain provoked increased activations in the left orbitofrontal cortex and anterior insula during imaging, and in the right secondary somatosensory cortex and posterior insula during distraction when compared to negative adjectives. |
The involvement of ventrolateral, dorsolateral and rostrolateral and prefrontal structures may be related to the demands of imagination, including processes of working memory and long-term memory. |