Young et al.16
|
Case-control |
Canada |
< 18 years |
Did not receive |
Retrospective |
Gestational diabetes, |
Children breastfed for = six months |
|
|
n = 46 (cases) |
|
breast milk, < six |
report by mother |
alcohol consumption during |
were less likely to develop T2DM |
|
|
n = 92 (two |
|
months, = six |
|
pregnancy, smoking during |
compared with those who received |
|
|
controls for |
|
months |
|
pregnancy, birth weight, |
breast milk < six months (OR: 0.36, |
|
|
each case) |
|
|
|
maternal nutritional status |
95% CI: 0.13 to 0.99) |
Owen et al.14
|
Systematic |
Seven studies |
1-71 years |
The classifications |
The studies |
Three studies had |
Individuals who were breastfed were |
|
review |
(maternal |
|
of exclusive |
defined T2DM in |
information about relevant |
less likely to have T2DM (OR: 0.61, |
|
|
breastfeeding, |
|
breastfeeding |
different ways: |
confounding factors (birth |
CI: 0.44-0.85). ORs were similar |
|
|
formula, and |
|
varied between |
oral glucose |
weight, family history of |
before and after adjustment |
|
|
diabetes) |
|
studies and were |
tolerance test - |
diabetes, socioeconomic |
|
|
|
n = 76,744 |
|
kept in the |
75g, fasting |
status, individual and |
|
|
|
(Australia, |
|
analyses as |
glucose, post-load |
maternal nutritional status) |
|
|
|
Finland, |
|
previously |
or fasting glucose, |
|
|
|
|
Sweden) |
|
classified |
data collection |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
from |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
questionnaires |
|
|
Davis et al.22
|
Retrospective |
Latin |
8-13 years |
Did not receive |
The study |
Gestational diabetes |
There was no significant effect of |
|
for |
Americans |
|
breast milk, < six |
evaluated the risk |
mellitus, age, gender, and |
breastfeeding on the risk factors for |
|
breastfeeding |
n = 240 |
|
months, = six |
of T2DM by |
body composition |
T2DM |
|
and cohort for |
|
|
months and < 12 |
intravenous |
|
|
|
nutritional |
|
|
months, = 12 |
glucose tolerance |
|
|
|
status |
|
|
months |
test |
|
|
Mayer-Davis |
Case-control |
USA |
|
Did not receive |
Retrospective |
Age, gender, current BMI, |
Individuals who were breastfed were |
et al.19
|
retrospective |
|
|
breast milk, = six |
mother’s report |
ethnicity, birth weight, |
less likely to have T2DM compared to |
|
|
n = 80 with |
|
months, and < six |
|
maternal diabetes, family |
those who were never breastfed (OR: |
|
|
T2DM |
|
months |
|
history of diabetes, |
0.26, 95% CI: 0.15 -0.46). |
|
|
n = 167 |
|
|
|
maternal age, |
Associations remained after |
|
|
(control) |
|
|
|
pre-gestational BMI, |
adjustment (OR: 0.4, 0.19 to 0.99); |
|
|
|
|
|
|
maternal schooling, |
however, when BMI was added to the |
|
|
|
|
|
|
smoking during pregnancy, |
model the association was attenuated |
|
|
|
|
|
|
consumption of alcohol |
(OR: 0.82, CI: 0.30-2.30), suggesting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
during pregnancy |
possible mediation through the |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
current weight of the child. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* The analyses that incorporated the |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
duration of breastfeeding, even after |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
adjustment, showed a dose response |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
effect (test of trend: p < 0.0001). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The results were similar among |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
races/ethnicities (Hispanic, |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
black). |
|
|
|
assessment |
breastfeeding |
method |
factors |
|
Madsen |
Cross-sectional |
Denmark |
9 months |
Did not receive |
The study |
Gender, breastfeeding up to |
Insulin levels were lower in the group |
et al.20
|
with analysis of |
n = 265 |
|
breast milk, = two |
evaluated the risk |
9 months, duration of |
breastfed until 9 months compared to |
|
data from a |
|
|
times/day, or = |
of T2DM through |
fasting and energy |
non-breastfed (23.7 pmol/L versus |
|
cohort |
|
|
three times/day |
the glycemia and |
contained in the meal |
37.0 pmol/L, p < 0.042), with |
|
|
|
|
Breastfeeding up |
insulin levels |
before fasting for the test, |
considerable low concentrations |
|
|
|
|
to 9 months of age |
|
diet, skin folds, body |
when breastfed more times per day. |
|
|
|
|
(yes or no) |
|
weight, height, and BMI at 9 |
Glucose levels did not differ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
months |
|
Fall et al.18
|
Analysis of data |
Brazil, |
15-41 years |
Only one study |
Data collection on |
Analyses were adjusted for |
There was no association. |
|
of five |
Guatemala |
|
had information |
breastfeeding was |
socioeconomic status, |
|
|
prospective |
India, |
|
on exclusive |
retrospective in |
schooling, age, smoking, |
|
|
cohorts |
Philippines, |
|
breastfeeding |
all studies |
ethnicity, housing in urban |
|
|
|
and South |
|
|
|
or rural area, and birth |
|
|
|
Africa |
|
|
|
weight |
|
|
|
n = 10,912 |
|
|
|
|
|
Veena et al.21
|
Cohort |
India |
5 and 9.5 |
< three months, |
Mother’s report |
The analyzes were adjusted |
Prolonged breastfeeding was |
|
|
n = 518 |
years |
three to five |
|
for gender, age, current |
associated with low levels of insulin |
|
|
|
|
months, six to |
|
BMI, income, parental level |
and HOMA-IR at 5 years, but not at |
|
|
|
|
eight months, nine |
|
of schooling, urban or rural |
9.5 years. The associations were |
|
|
|
|
to 11 months, 12 |
|
residence, birth weight, |
independent from potential |
|
|
|
|
to 17 months, = |
|
and gestational diabetes |
confounding factors. |
|
|
|
|
18 months |
|
|
|