Effects of handling on the subsequent developments of premature
infants6 Solkoff et al., 1969 Bibliography of
article |
Total: 20 MBW = 1360 g MBW = 1369 g |
Verify immediate and subsequent effects of handling on the behavior and
physical development 12 h after delivery, randomly assigned. |
5 min each hour, for 24 h, 10 days. While awake, the infant's
neck, back and arms were gently rubbed by a nurse or aide. |
1) Activity (polygraph reading, from a recorder) 2) WG 3)
Temperature 4) Startle responses 5) Crying 6)
Frequency of urination and defecation 7) Physical
development |
Body weight taken daily with normal nursery routine, approximately the
same time. |
Not described |
Was not performed statistically because of the small sample. It
appeared that the TG was more active, cried less, and gained weight
faster. |
Extra tactile stimulation of the premature infant7 Kramer et al., 1975 PubMed search 3 and
PEDro |
Total: 14 TG: 8 GAM = 33 w BWM = 1441
g CG: 6 GAM = 33 w BWM = 1418 g After the
random start, subjects were alternately assigned to TG or CG. |
Verify if touch such as extra tactile stimulation could result in faster
physical and social development and a greater degree of social
development of PI. Beginning when the infants were at least 2
weeks in the isolletes. |
Gentle, nonrhythmic stroking of the greatest possible skin area of the
infant's body, by trained nurse, 48 min/day, 2 min before and 2 min after
each feeding (if two in 2 h) or 3 min before and 3 min after (if three in
3 h). Stop watches were used for accurate timing. |
1) Daily WG 2) Social (Gesell development schedule) and physical
development (Bayley scale) 3) Plasma cortisol level |
Body weight take daily with normal nursery routine. Scales used to weigh
infants were checked and calibrated once a week by the researchers using
Ohaus weights. |
Not described |
TG appears to have demonstrated a higher degree of motor skill.
|
Tactile stimulation and behavioral development among low-birth
weight infants8 Solkoff Matuszak, 1975 PubMed search 3 |
Total: 11 TG: 6 GAM = 31.2 w BWM = 1375.3
g CG: 5 GAM = 31 w BWM = 1564.5 g
|
To check the effect TS on WG and behavioral by Neonatal behavioral
assessment scale. The mean age of start of stimulation was 14
days. |
7.5 min of extra-handling, for ten days, in the form of stroking, during
each hour of 16 h/day, total of 1,200 min. Applied by two
nurses. |
1) Temperamental, reflex, and “early” social behavior - Neonatal
behavioral assessment scale. 2) WG |
Not described |
Not described |
Was not performed statistically because of small sample size. |
The effects of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation on neonatal
development in the premature infant3 White Labarba, 1976 PubMed searches 2, 3, 5,
6 |
Total: 12 TG: 6 GAM = 34.3 w BWM = 1910
g CG: 6 GAM = 34.2 w BWM = 1911 g
|
Investigate some immediate effects such as WG and the development of low
birth weight infants that received T/KS in a typical hospital
nursery. Beginning after 48 h of age. |
15 min periods every hour for four consecutive hours, for ten days.
Rubbing the infant's neck, shoulder, arms, legs, chest, and back; and KS.
Performed by researcher. |
1) WG, number of feedings, amount of formula intake. 2) Body
temperature 3) HR, RR 4) Frequency of voiding and
stooling. |
All infants were routinely weighed three days each week by the nursery
staff. |
Not described |
1) TG: More WG stimulation effect (p < 0.05) and stimulation x days
interaction (p < 0.001) TG: Greater amount of formula intake
(p < 0.025) TG: Fewer number of feedings/day (p <
0.05)
|
Effects of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation on premature
infants9 Rausch, 1981 PubMed searches 2, 3, 5, 6 |
Total: 40 TG: 20 CG: 20 BW = 1000-2000
g Not randomized |
To determine the effects of a 10-day regimen of T/KS on caloric intake,
stooling, and WG. Beginning at 24-48 h of age.
|
15 min, 3x/day, at the beginning of three consecutive hours, starting 30
min after the first morning feeding, for ten weekdays; non-treatment on
weekend. Performed by researcher. With the infant awake and
keeping the baby in position. |
1) WG 2) Frequency of stooling 3) Caloric intake |
Body weight taken daily with normal nursery routine. |
Not described |
2)TG: Increase of formula intake on days 6-10 (p < 0.0001) 3)
TG: Increase stooling frequency (p < 0.004) |
Effects of tactile/kinesthetic stimulation on the clinical
course and sleep/wake behavior of preterm neonates21 Scafidi et al., 1986 PEDro |
Total: 40 TG: 20 GAM = 31 w BWM = 1280
g CG: 20 GAM = 31 w BWM = 1268 g |
It was designed to complement the already existing literature of the
effects of T/KS in PI. Beginning when clinically stable. |
T/KS: 15 min, 3x/day, at the beginning of three consecutive hours,
starting 30 min after the first morning feeding, for ten weekdays;
non-treatment on weekend. Performed by researcher. Phase
1 and 3 in prone position and phase 2 in supine. |
1) Daily WG 2) Formula intake, frequency of voiding,
stooling 3) HR, RR, body temperature 4) Number of apneic
episodes 5) Parents visiting and touch 6) Brazelton
scale 7) Sleep-wake behavioral (Thomas Scale of 1975) 8)
Length of hospital stay |
Body weight taken daily with normal nursery routine. |
Not described |
1) TG: Better WG per day (8 g/day more) (p < 0.0005) 2) More
weight per calories of intake per kg of body weight 6) TG: More
mature orientation, motor habituation, and range of state behaviors on
Brazelton Scales 7) TG: More time awake (p < 0.04) and active
(p < 0.05) 8) TG: 6 days earlier discharge (p <
0.05)
|
Tactile/kinesthetic stimulation effects on preterms
neonates10 Field et al., 1986 PubMed search
2,3,5,6 |
Total: 40 TG: 20 GAM = 31 w BWM = 1280
g 20 GC: GAM = 31 w BWM = 1268 g |
Evaluate the effects of T/KS on growth, sleep-wake behavior,
and Brazelton scale in PI Beginning when clinically
stable
|
T/KS: 15 min, 3x/day, at the beginning of three consecutive
hours, starting 30 min after the first morning feeding, for ten weekdays;
non-treatment on weekend. Not clear who applied the
technique. |
1) Daily WG, formula intake, frequency of voiding and stooling,
and parent visits 2) Length of hospital stay 3)
Sleep-wake behavior 4) Brazelton scale 5) Physiological
parameters |
Body weight taken daily with normal nursery routine. |
Not described |
1) TG: 47% more WG per day (p < 0.0005) 2) TG: 6
days earlier discharge (p < 0.05) 3) TG: More time awake and
active (p < 0.04) 4) TG: More mature orientation, motor
habituation, and range of state behaviors on Brazelton Scales |
Massage of preterm newborns to improve growth and
development22 Field et al., 1987 Bibliography–Touch
research institute |
Total: 40 TG = 20 CG = 20 Overall
average GA = 31 weeks BW = 1274 g |
To describe an effective massage procedure for facilitating WG in PI,
reviewing data that support it. Beginning when clinically stable
and bottle-fed. |
T/KS: 15 min, 3x/day, at the beginning of three consecutive hours,
starting 30 min after the first morning feeding, for ten weekdays;
non-treatment on weekend. Not clear who applied the
technique. |
1) Daily WG 2) Formula intake and number of feedings 3)
Brazelton scale at end of treatment 4) Sleep-wake
behavior–recorded for 45 min at end of treatment 5) After six
months: half of the sample received rating pediatric (weight, height, and
head circumference) and Bayley scales of infant development (1969) |
Not described |
Not described |
1) TG: more daily WG (p < 0.0005) 3) Better
performance 4) More active 5) Greater WG after six months
(p < 0.05), better performance (p < 0.05)
|
Effects of early multimodal stimulation on preterm newborn
infants39 Benavides-González et al., 1989 PubMed
searches 2, 5, 6 |
Total: 18 GAM = 31.5 w BWM = 1296 g
GC: GAM = 32.4 w BWM = 1211 g |
To study if the supplemental stimulation of PI responses improves
neurobehavioral organization, achieving greater WG and a reduction in
length of hospital stay. |
Intrahospital T/KS: 15 min, 2x/day, for ten days, non-treatment on
weekend. Period 1: TS, vestibular and proprioceptive (15
min) Period 2: lateral wedge-shaped crescent (15
min) Performed by three trained people, 30 min before feeding at 7
am and 10 am. Extra-hospital: T/KS + visual, auditory stimulation
for 5 min
|
1) Daily WG 2) Formula intake 3) Length of hospital
stay 4) Postural reflexes and neurobehavioral performance were
assessed at the time the child left the hospital and one month
afterwards. |
Body weight taken daily with normal nursery routine. Only one
scale was used. |
Not described |
1)TG: 3.2 g/day more 3) TG: 3 days less 4) Better
neurobehavioral performance and postural reflexes |
Massage stimulates growth in preterm infants: a
replication23 Scafidi et al., 1990 PEDro |
Total: 40 TG: 20 GAM = 30w BWM = 1179
g CG: 20 GAM = 30w BWM = 1180
g Stratification: < or > 30 weeks GA < or
>1100 g BW < or >20 days NICU < or > 1300
g at beginning of study |
Designed to correct previous methodological weaknesses and provide a
replication of the previous study. Not randomized, alternative
weeks. Beginning when clinically stable.
|
T/KS: 15 min, 3x/day, at the beginning of three consecutive hours,
starting 60 min after the noon feeding, for 10 weekdays; non-treatment on
weekends. Not clear who applied the technique. Never lost
contact with the infant's skin during stroking motions.
|
1) Daily WG 2) Formula intake, frequency of voiding and
stooling 3) HR, RR, body temperature 4) Number of apneic
episodes 6) Parents visiting and touch 7) Brazelton scale
(day 1 and 10) 8) Sleep/wake behavior–videotaped during
stimulation/no-stimulation period 9) Length of hospital
stay
|
The infant was weighed daily by the experimenter or research assistant
immediately prior to the 3 pm feeding. |
Not described |
1)TG: Greater daily WG (p < 0.003) Greater WG in final period
(p < 0.001) 2) Frequency of stooling was lower in TG (p <
0.05) 7) TG: Better habituation (p < 0.05); motor maturity (p
< 0.005), and number of abnormal reflexes (p < 0.001) 8)TG:
tactile phase: more active sleep, fewer periods without movement (p =
0.001) 9) 5 days less hospitalization (p < 0.05) |
Massage alters growth and catecholamine production in preterm
newborns24 Field Schanberg, 1990 Bibliography–Touch
research institute |
Total: 40 BWM = 1176 g GAM = 30 w NICU = 14
days Randomized |
To replicate the stimulation procedure and findings of the earlier
study, and to add several under-the-skin variables such as growth
hormone, cortisol, and cathecolamine activity that might provide more
information on the relationship between TS and WG. |
T/KS: 15 min, 3x/day, at the beginning of three consecutive hours,
starting 60 min after the noon feeding, for ten weekdays; non-treatment
on weekends. Not clear who applied the technique. |
1) Formula intake, daily WG 2) Frequency of urination 3)
Frequency of stooling 4) HR, RR, body temperature 5)
Number of apneic episodes 6) Parents visiting (and if touching,
holding, and feeding) 7) Sleep–wake behavior 8) Plasma
growth hormone and cortisol 9) Urine-norepinephrine, epinephrine,
dopamine, cortisol, and creatinine 10) Length of hospital
stay
|
Not described |
Not described |
1) TG: 21% greater WG (p = 0.003). 3) Better performance on the
habituation cluster following the treatment period, less time in active
sleep, and less facial grimacing, mouthing/yawning, and clenched
fists 10) 5 days less hospitalization |
Massage effects on cocaine-exposed preterm neonates25 Wheeden et al., 1993 PEDro and PubMed
searches 1, 4 |
Total: 30 TG GAM = 29.7w BWM = 1158.3
g CG GAM = 30.8 w BWM = 1265.4 g |
To observe the effects of MT in WG of cocaine-exposed
PI. Beginning when clinically stable. |
T/KS: 15 min, 3x/day, at the beginning of three consecutive
hours, for ten days. All performed by the same trained
researcher. During TS phase never lost contact with the skin,
keeping pressure even if there was some reaction from the infant, such as
tickle. |
1) Daily WG 2) Formula intake, frequency of voiding and
stooling 3) HR, RR, body temperature 4) Number of apneic
episodes 5) Parents visiting and touch 6) Brazelton
Scale 7) Postnatal complications
|
Body weight taken daily with normal nursery routine. |
Not described |
1) TG: 28% greater WG 2) More daily WG, p <
0.01 6) Brazelton scale: better motor maturity (p < 0.005),
orientation (p < 0.06), and stress behaviors (p < 0.05) |
Factors that predict which preterm infants benefit most from
massage therapy26 Scafidi et al., 1993 Bibliography–Touch
research institute |
Total: 93 GAM = 30 w BWM = 1204 g NICU = 15
days Weight at start of study = 1353 g |
This study examined individual differences to identify infant and
clinical characteristics that would predict maximal WG in control and
MT-receiving infants. Beginning when clinically stable.
|
T/KS: 15 min, 3x/day, at the beginning of three consecutive hours, for
ten days; never lost contact with the skin, or lightened the
pressure. Trained research assistant or nurse. |
1) WG and volumetric and caloric intake 2) Frequency of
voiding 3) HR, RR, body temperature 4) Number of
apneas 5) Frequency of visiting (including touch, feeding, and
holding) 6) Sleep-wake 7) Brazelton scale |
Data collected from the nurses notes and daily weighing by a research
assistant. |
The session was discontinued if behavioral signs of stress or crying
persisted for longer than 60 s continuously. |
1) TG: Greater daily WG (p < 0.01) 2) Separate
t-test analyses were performed for the low and high
weight gainers: 70% of the TG was classified as high weight gain and 40%
of the of CG (p < 0.01) Low weight gainers of the TG gained
more weight (p < 0.005) |
Effects of tactile-kinesthetic stimulation in preterms: a
controlled trial14 Mathai et al., 2001 PubMed searches 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6 |
Total: 45 TG: 25 GAM = 34.6 w BWM = 1598
g CG: 23 GAM = 34.3 w BWM = 1588 g Not
randomized- systematic allocation |
Determine the effects of T/KS in PI on physiological parameters,
physical growth, and behavioral development (Brazelton
Scale). Beginning after two days clinically stable. |
T/K: 3x/day, 15 min, for five days, 30-45 min after morning, afternoon,
and night feeding, by a trained professional. After this period
the mothers performed until 40-42 w post-menstrual age. Prone and supine
position. Used talc or mineral oil, excess removed with cotton
after finish. |
1) Anthropometric data at the beginning and end of the study 2)
Physiologic parameters 3) Brazelton scale before and after five
days of T/KS and at the end of the study. |
Body weight taken daily with normal nursery routine, on an electronic
scale (Phillips®, Amsterdam, Netherlands) with an accuracy of ± 5 g. |
If the baby started crying or passed urine or stools during the session,
it was temporarily stopped until the baby was comfortable again. |
1) TG: Greater WG (21.9%, 4.24 g/day) 2) TG: Higher HR during
stimulation (p < 0.005) 3) Improved neurobehavior during days
5-7 in orientation, range of state, supplements regulations, and
autonomic stability |
Massage therapy by mothers and trained professionals enhances
weight gain in preterm infants15 Ferber et al., 2002 PEDro and PubMed
searches 1, 4 |
Total: 57 1) TG mother: 21 GAM = 30.9
w BWM = 1318 g 2) TG prof: 17 GAM = 31.8 w
BWM = 1527 g 3) CG: 19 GAM = 31.52 w BWM = 1375
g |
Compare the results of MT performed by mothers and by trained
professionals on WG in PI. Beginning when clinically stable. |
Only TS prone and supine, moderate pressure, 15 min, 3x/daily,
early 3hs consecutive for 10 days. One group received from the prof, the
other from mothers. Each 7.5 min: Both hands were laid on the
baby's head for 10 s without movement, then the infant was stroked slowly
by hand movement from the head towards the legs, back and
forth. No massages on chest and stomach. Between day 7 and
day 9: one day without MT. |
1) WG 2) Calorie intake |
Not described |
Not described |
1) TG mother and TG prof: Greater WG (p = 0.03) more evident after five
days of intervention |
Stable preterm infants gain more weight and sleep less after
five days of massage therapy27 Dieter et al., 2003 PubMed searches 1,
4 |
Total: 32 TG: 16 GAM = 30.1 w BWM = 1359
g CG: 16 GAM = 31.1 w BWM = 1421 g |
To evaluate the effect of five days of MT in WG and sleep-wake behavior
in PI. Beginning when clinically stable. |
T/KS: 15 min for five days, 3x/day. Performed by a trained
therapist. |
1) Daily WG 2) Formula intake, kilocalories, stooling 3)
Sleep-wake behavior |
Daily WG was measured in the early morning by nurses on the preceding
night shift. |
At the sign of physiologic distress (HR greater than 200 bpm), massage
was discontinued for 15 s, or until a return to baseline levels was
observed. Massage was then resumed. The occurrence of five periods of
physiologic over reactivity was arbitrarily chosen as the criterion for
discontinuing an infant from the study. No infant discontinued. |
1) TG: 53% greater daily WG (p = 0.001) 3) TG: Less sleeping
time (p = 0.04) and drowsy longer (p = 0.007) |
Effect of oil massage on growth and neurobehavior in very low
birth weight preterm neonates33 Arora et al., 2005 PEDro and PubMed
searches 1, 4 |
Total: 62 1) TG with oil: 20 GAM = 33.9 w BWM =
1280.2 g 2) TG without oil: 19 GAM = 34.6 w BWM =
1298.6 g 3) CG: 23 GAM = 34.7 w BWM = 1327.1
g |
Studying the effect of MT with oil on growth and behavior PI with BW
< 1500 g. Beginning as soon as they received enteral feeds of
at least 100 mL/kg/day, provided they were less than 10 days of age. |
20 gentle strokes in each area, by professionals and
mothers. Prone position: both shoulders starting from the neck,
upper back to the waist. Supine position: the limbs. 28
days, 4x/day for 10 min. After discharge performed by
mothers. Used sunflower oil. |
1) WG 2) Anthropometric data 3) Serum triglyceride
levels |
Body weight taken with normal nursery routine at the time of
registration and weekly for the next four weeks. |
Temporary interruption in the trial: apnea, sepsis, and
IVH. Minor problems: oral thrush, pyoderma, and
hyperbilirubinemia |
There were three PI who had more than 20% interruption in their
procedure; all were in the oil TG. After exclusion, observed more WG in
TG with oil. |
Vagal activity, gastric motility, and weight gain in massaged
preterm neonates28 Diego et al., 2005 PubMed searches 1,
4 |
Total: 48 1) TG: 16 GAM = 29.8 w BWM = 1091
g 2) Gsham: 16 GAM = 30.3 w BWM = 1184
g 3) CG: 16 GAM = 29.6 w BWM = 1265 g |
Assess whether there alteration in VA, GM, and WG in response to
MT. Beginning when clinically stable. |
T/KS: 15 min 3x/day for five days, 1 h after feeding. Applied by
various professionals. The Gsham received the same sequence of
T/KS with light pressure. |
1) WG 2) Days of hospitalization 3) VA and GM on day 1
(15 min before, during the 15 min of treatment, and 15 min after
T/KS) |
Data collected by a blinded researcher. Body weight taken with
normal nursery routine |
Not described |
1) GM greater WG (p < 0.01), with no greater caloric
intake. 3) Increased VA and GM during and shortly after MT. |
The effect of infant massage on weight gain, physiological and
behavioral responses in premature infants19 Lee, 2005 PubMed searches 1, 2, 3, 4,
5 |
Total: 26 TG: 13 GAM = 224.2 days BWM = 1508.5
g CG: 13 GAM = 217.4 days BWM = 1377.7 g |
Evaluate the response of infants who received MT in WG, including
physiological and behavioral parameters. Beginning when
clinically stable, two days after start of enteral feeding. |
T/KS: 15 min 2x/day for ten days, 1 h after feeding in the morning and
afternoon, with infant's eyes open. Data collected 10 min before
and 10 min after the T/KS daily. Use of oil to reduce
friction. Performed by nurses. |
1) WG 2) Physiological data 3) Behavioral
responses: 10 min evaluation pre- and post-MT -
videotaped 4) Electrocardiogram |
Nurses on the preceding night shift measured daily WG in the early
morning. |
Study would be discontinued for at least one hour if: HR less than 100
bpm or greater than 200 bpm for 12 s or more, or blood oxygen saturation
levels less than 90% for longer than 30 s. Infant showed no signs
of stress during the study. |
1) Higher in VA in TG: days 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, and 9 2) Increased
O2 Sat on the 9th day in TG 3) Significant increase
in alertness and motor activity 4) There was a significant effect
for days (p = 0.001) both groups increased in WG, on the average, over
the ten-day experimental period |
Preterm infant massage elicits consistent increases in vagal
activity and gastric motility that are associated with greater weight
gain29 Diego et al., 2007 PubMed searches 1,
4 |
Total: 70 TG: 34 CG: 36 |
Determine whether the MT in PI is related to the increase in VA and GM
and if it interferes with WG. Beginning when clinically stable
and gavage-fed. |
T/KS: 15 min 3x/day for five days, one hour after feeding, early of 3hs
consecutive Performed by professional |
1) Daily WG 2) Caloric intake 3) ECGs and EGGs
collected on day one and day five, 15 min before, during the 15 min, and
15 min after the procedure. MT was performed at 12 am. |
Body weight taken with normal nursery routine. |
Not described |
1) TG: Increased WG (30% more) 3) TG: Increased VA and
GM during MT period, on days one and five (p < 0.001)
|
Insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 increased in preterm
neonates following massage therapy30 Field et al., 2008 PubMed searches 1,
4 |
Total: 42 TG: 95 GAM = 29.3 w BWM = 1178.5
g CG: 42 GAM = 2.8 w BWM = 1292.5 g |
Determine if the MT increased serum insulin and insulin-like growth
factor 1 (IGF-1) in PI. Beginning when clinically stable. |
T/KS: 15 min 3x/day for five days, one hour after the morning feeding
(12 am), early of 3hs consecutive. Conducted by a therapist. |
1) Daily WG 2) Daily caloric intake 3) Vital signs
before, during, and after the MT 4) Serum insulin and IGF-1 on
days one and five 5) VA measured at intervals |
Body weight taken with normal nursery routine (weighed daily prior to
the 8 am feeding) |
Not described |
1) TG: Greater WG (p = 0.02) 4) TG: Increase in insulin (p =
0.001) and greater increase in IGF-1 (p = 0.05) 5) TG: greater VA
(p < 0.001) |
Massage therapy reduces hospital stay and occurrence of
late-onset sepsis in very preterm neonates16 Mendes Procianoy, 2008 PubMed search 1 |
Total: 104 TG: 52 GAM = 29.7 w BWM = 1186.8
g CG: 52 GAM = 29.4 w BWM = 1156.7 g |
Studying the effects of massage on maternal hospital stay in very low
birth weight (VLBW) who were already submitted to skin-to-skin
care. Beginning after 48 hours of life.
|
MT applied only by mothers, 4x/day for 15 min each time, intervals of 6
h. TS: temporal, frontal, periorbital, nasal, and perilabial regions of
the face and the external side of the upper and lower limbs + KS (3x
each: wrist, elbow, ankle, and knee)
|
1) Length of hospital stay 2) Growth 3) Age of start of
partial or total enteral feeding 4) Age which partial and total
oral feeding started 5) Occurrence of late onset sepsis–clinical
and blood and or/cerebrospinal fluid 6) Presence of necrotizing
enterocolitis and 7) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia |
Body weight taken with normal nursery routine, always verified by a
blinded researcher, in the afternoon and using the same digital baby
scale equipment |
Not described |
1) TG: Fewer days of hospitalization (p = 0.084) 2) TG: Lesser
rate of late-onset sepsis (p < 0.01) |
Weight gain in preterm infants following parent-administered
Vimala massage: a randomized controlled trial17 Gonzalez et al., 2009 PEDro and PubMed
searches 1, 4 |
Total: 60 TG: 30 GAM = 31.4 w BWM = 1235
g CG: 30 GAM = 31.7 w BWM = 1220 g |
Evaluate the WG in PI receiving MT, correlate with length of hospital
stay and check for other effects. Beginning when clinically
stable, with orogastric tube feeding. |
Vimala massage 2x/day for ten days, 1 h after feeding. Conducted
by the mother or father, trained and supervised: face, upper limbs,
chest, abdomen, lower limbs, and back, without ever losing touch, even in
cases of PI discomfort. Used oil or cream. |
1) Daily WG 2) Daily caloric intake 3) Length of
hospitalization |
Body weight taken with normal nursery routine with a digital scale,
(Seca®, Hamburg, Germany). At 8 am every day, 1 h before the next
scheduled feeding. The nurse was blinded. |
Not described |
1) TG: Greater WG over 10 days and daily WG (p < 0.001) 3)
TG: Shorter hospital stay (p = 0.03) |
Massage with kinesthetic stimulation improves weight gain in
preterm infant31 Massaro et al., 2009 PEDro and PubMed
searches 1, 4 |
Total: 60 TS G: 20 GAM = 29 w BWM = 1097
g T/KSG: 20 GAM = 29 w BWM = 1124 g CG:
20 GAM = 27 w BWM = 959 g |
To evaluate the effect of MT with and without kinesthetic phase in WG
and in the length of PI hospitalization. Beginning when
clinically stable. |
TS (only phase 1 and 3) or T/KS 2x/day for 15 min, performed by trained
nurses, from the beginning of the study until discharge. |
1) Daily WG 2) Daily caloric intake 3) Length of
hospitalization |
Body weight taken with normal nursery routine. |
Not described |
T/KS G: with birth weight > 1000 g = higher daily WG (stratification
by BW) |
Massage therapy improves neurodevelopment outcome at two years
corrected age for very low birth weight infants36 Procianoy et al., 2010 PubMed searches 1,
4 |
Total: 73 TG: 35 GAM = 30 w BWM = 1192
g CG: 38 GAM = 29.7 w BWM = 1151 g both
groups Skin-skin care |
Assess the outcome of MT growth and neurodevelopment of PI assessed at 2
years corrected age. Beginning after 48 h of life. |
MT applied only by mothers, 4x/day for 15 min, intervals of 6 hours of
TS: temporal, frontal, periorbital, nasal, and perilabial regions of the
face and the external side of the upper and lower limbs + KS (3x each:
wrist, elbow, ankle, and knee) |
1) Anthropometric 2) Bayley scales of infant development, second
edition (BSID-II). Measured at 2 years of corrected age
|
Body weight taken with normal nursery routine. |
Mothers of the TG were instructed to observe the newborns’ tolerance
signs, avoiding excessive stimulations. |
2) TG: Greater mental development index (p = 0.035) |
Sensorimotor interventions improve growth and motor function in
preterm infants18 Fucile & Gisel, 2010 PubMed searches 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6
|
Total: 75 OS G: 19 T/KS G: 18 OS + T/KS G:
18 CG: 20 |
To evaluate the effect of OS and T/KS alone on WG and motor function in
PI and if OS + T/KS have greater influence on these
parameters. Beginning when clinically stable, receiving all
feedings by tube. |
OS: 15 min 2x/day for ten days (7 min: cheek, chin, lips, 5 min on gum
and tongue, and 3 min of non-nutritive pacifier sucking). T/KS
for 15 min 2x/day. TS: Prone and supine, stroking the body starting from
the head, followed by the neck, shoulders, back, legs, and arms +
KS. Performed by researcher. |
1) Daily WG (g/kg/day) 2) Motor Function. Test of Infant
Motor Performance-1969 (TIMP) |
Body weight taken with normal nursery routine, nurse was blinded and
always used the same scale. |
Stop procedure: if fussing, vomiting, growing oxygen demand, frequent
episodes of apnea, bradycardia, or desaturation in the 24 h that preceded
the intervention; or interventions such as sight or hearing tests
performed 30 min before T/KS. |
1) OS G and T/KS G: greater WG (p = 0.014) 2) T/KS G and
OS+ T/KS G: greater TIMP scores (p < 0.003) |
Behavioral analysis of preterm neonates included in a tactile
and kinesthetic stimulation program during hospitalization20 Ferreira Bergamasco, 2010 PubMed searches
2, 3 |
Total: 32 TG: 16 GAM = 33.4 w BWM = 1910.3
g CG: 16 GAM = 33.3 w BWM = 1872.8 g Not
randomized |
To evaluate the effect of T/KS evolution behavioral and clinical newborn
PI during hospitalization. Beginning when clinically stable. |
8 min/week filming until discharge: behavioral evaluation. TS:
performed 4-5x/week for 5-15 min, focusing on alertness. Soft touches,
slow and continuous, no rigid sequence, with cerebrospinal flow direction
on the trunk, and proximal-distal direction on the limbs, supine or
lateral position. KS: flexion and extension of the
limbs. Conducted by researcher. |
1) Daily WG 2) Length of hospitalization 3) Behavioral
evaluation: adapted from the Manual for the Naturalistic Observation of
Newborn Behavior (Pre-term and Full-term) |
Body weight taken with normal nursery routine. |
Not described. Cites some internal events inherent to the nursery that
can interfere with behavioral responses, such as time after the last
feeding, sleep, pain, noise, light, and temperature. |
3) TG: Greater % time with: Regular respiration (p =
0.002) State active warning (p = 0.036) Postures mixed (p
= 0.013) Balanced tone (p < 0.001) TG: Higher number
of movements hand side, suction, grip and support (p = 0.013), more
coordinated movements and more frequent (p < 0.001) CG: More
frequent extensor posture (p = 0.001) and hypotonia (p < 0.001) |
A randomized placebo-controlled trial of massage therapy on the
immune system of preterm infants32 Ang et al., 2012 PubMed searches 1, 4 |
Total: 120 TG: 58 GAM = 30 w BWM = 1389
g CG: 62 GAM = 30 w BWM = 1286
g Randomized |
To investigate the effects of MT on the immune system of
PI. Beginning when clinically stable. |
T/KS: 15 min, 3x/day, at the beginning of three consecutive
hours, behind two wide screens, for a minimum of five days and maximum of
four weeks or until hospital discharge. CG: nurse remained behind
the two wide screens the same amount of time. |
1) Immunologic evaluation (absolute NK cells, T and B cells, T
cell subsets, and NK cytotoxicity 2) WG 3) Number of
infections 4) Length of hospital stay |
Not described |
Not described |
1) TG: NK cytotoxicity higher (p = 0.05) 2) TG: Greater
daily WG (p = 0.01) and higher final weight (p = 0.05) |
Massage improves growth quality by decreasing body fat
deposition in male preterm infants37 Moyer-Mileur et al., 2013 PubMed searches
1, 4 |
Total: 44 TG: 22 GAM = 31.4 w BWM = 1574
g CG: 22 GAM = 31 w BWM = 1618
g Randomized |
To assess the effect of MT on WG and body fat deposition in
PI. Beginning when tolerating enteral feeding volumes > 100
mL/kg/day. |
20 min 2x/day at 7 am and 7 pm, 6 days/week (except Sunday), performed
behind a privacy screen by a licensed massage therapist. The MT was
modeled after the Infant Massage USA protocol and modified for PI by
eliminating massage of the abdomen. |
1) WG 2) Length of hospital stay 3) Ponderal
index 4) Body circumferences 5) Skinfold
thickness 6) Insulin-like growth factor I, leptin, adiponectin
levels 7) Daily dietary intake |
Body weight on an electronic infant scale (Air shields- vickers®, Ohio,
USA) was recorded to the nearest gram. |
All massage therapists were trained to recognize clinical signs of
distress. |
3) TG: Male infants had smaller ponderal index 5)TG: Male
infants had triceps, subscapular, and mid-thigh skinfold thickness
increases (p < 0.05) TG: Female had larger subscapular (p <
0.05) 6) Circulating adiponectin increased over time in GC male
infants (p < 0.01) and was correlated to ponderal index (p <
0.01) |
Effect of oil massage on growth in preterm neonates less than
1800g: a randomized control trial34 Kumar et al., 2013 PubMed searches 1,
4 |
Total: 48 TG: 25 GAM = 32.9 w BWM = 1466.6
g CG: 23 GAM = 32.6 w BWM = 1416.6
g Randomized |
To study the effect of oil massage on growth in preterm babies less than
1800 g. Beginning < 48 h of age and on at least 100 mL/kg/d of
feed oral or tube feed.
|
10 min, 4x/day, 4 w massage was carried out first over both
shoulders starting from the neck with the baby in prone position. Then it
was carried out from the upper back to the waist. Each of the two upper
and lower limbs was separately massaged in the supine position. Twenty
gentle strokes in each area. Massage was provided with 2.5 mL/kg
(10 mL/kg/day) of sunflower oil, by researcher or mother (if discharged
before 4 w)
|
1) WG after 28 days 2) Length and head circumference after 28
days 3) Loss of weight after 7 days 4) Difference in
serum triglyceride levels after 28 days
|
Were measured using standard techniques, at enrollment and then weekly
for next 4 weeks.
|
Not described |
1) TG: Greater WG over 28 days (p < 0.05) 3) TG: Less weight
loss after 7 days (p = 0.003)
|
The efficacy of massage on short and long term outcomes in
preterm infants35 Abdallah et al., 2013 PubMed searches 1, 3,
4 |
Total: 66 TG: 32 GAM = 32.2 w BWM = 1747
g CG: 34 GAM = 32.6w BWM = 1684 g The
first 34 infants were assigned for the CG and then 32 for the TG
|
To assess the short and long term benefits of MT on stable PI.
|
TS, without KS, for 10 min, for at least 10 days, 1x/day, performed by
trained mothers, using 2 mL of olive oil (6 drops). |
1) PIPP after MT 2) PIPP at discharge 3) Cognitive score
(Bayley scales) 4) WG 5) Length of stay 6)
Breastfeeding duration 7) Motor score (Bayley scales) |
Not described |
The infant's reaction to TS was monitored by a research assistant for
any adverse physical or behavioral signs, Sat O2, HR, and RR.
At any sign of physiologic distress (HR greater than 200 bpm or Sat
O2 less than 95%), massage was discontinued for 15 s, or
until a return to baseline levels then resumed. None of the infants
experienced any of the above signs.
|
1) Lower scores on the PIPP after MT (p = 0.041) 2) Lower PIPP
scores on discharge (p = 0.011) 3) Higher cognitive scores of TG
at 12 months corrected age (p = 0.004) |