Prediction equations for spirometry in four- to six-year-old children

França, Danielle Corrêa; Camargos, Paulo Augusto Moreira; Jones, Marcus Herbert; Martins, Jocimar Avelar; Vieira, Bruna da Silva Pinto Pinheiro; Colosimo, Enrico Antônio; Mendonça, Karla Morganna Pereira Pinto de; Borja, Raíssa de Oliveira; Britto, Raquel Rodrigues; Parreira, Verônica Franco

doi:10.1016/j.jped.2015.10.005

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Original articles • J. Pediatr. (Rio J.) 92 (4) • Jul-Aug 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2015.10.005 copy

Prediction equations for spirometry in four- to six-year-old children^☆ ☆ Please cite this article as: França DC, Camargos PA, Jones MH, Martins JA, Vieira BP, Colosimo EA, et al. Prediction equations for spirometry in four- to six-year-old children. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2016;92:400–8.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objective

To generate prediction equations for spirometry in 4- to 6-year-old children.

Methods

Forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 0.5 s, forced expiratory volume in one second, peak expiratory flow, and forced expiratory flow at 25–75% of the forced vital capacity were assessed in 195 healthy children residing in the town of Sete Lagoas, state of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil. The least mean squares method was used to derive the prediction equations. The level of significance was established as p < 0.05.

Results

Overall, 85% of the children succeeded in performing the spirometric maneuvers. In the prediction equation, height was the single predictor of the spirometric variables as follows: forced vital capacity = exponential [(−2.255) + (0.022 × height)], forced expiratory volume in 0.5 s = exponential [(−2.288) + (0.019 × height)], forced expiratory volume in one second = exponential [(−2.767) + (0.026 × height)], peak expiratory flow = exponential [(−2.908) + (0.019 × height)], and forced expiratory flow at 25–75% of the forced vital capacity = exponential [(−1.404) + (0.016 × height)]. Neither age nor weight influenced the regression equations. No significant differences in the predicted values for boys and girls were observed.

Conclusion

The predicted values obtained in the present study are comparable to those reported for preschoolers from both Brazil and other countries.

Keywords
Spirometry children; Child; Prediction equations; Quality control; Preschool; Equipment

Spirometric variables	Coefficient of determination (r²)				Prediction equations	Lower limit of normal
	H	H + W	H + A	H + W + A
FVC	0.56^a a p < 0.05.	0.57^a a p < 0.05.	0.56^a a p < 0.05.	0.57^a a p < 0.05.	Exp [(−2.255) + (0.022 × height)]	Exp (predicted value − 0.253)
FEV_0.5	0.51^a a p < 0.05.	0.51^a a p < 0.05.	0.51^a a p < 0.05.	0.52^a a p < 0.05.	Exp [(−2.288) + (0.019 × height)]	Exp (predicted value − 0.225)
FEV₁	0.45^a a p < 0.05.	0.44^a a p < 0.05.	0.44^a a p < 0.05.	0.44^a a p < 0.05.	Exp [(−2.767) + (0.026 × height)]	Exp (predicted value − 0.294)
PEF	0.35^a a p < 0.05.	0.34^a a p < 0.05.	0.35^a a p < 0.05.	0.35^a a p < 0.05.	Exp [(−2.908) + (0.019 × height)]	Exp (predicted value − 0.220)
FEF_25–75	0.24^a a p < 0.05.	0.24^a a p < 0.05.	0.24^a a p < 0.05.	0.25^a a p < 0.05.	Exp [(−1.404) + (0.016 × height)]	Exp (predicted value − 0.191)

Age (n)	Success rate (%)	Height (cm)	Weight (kg)	FVC (L)	FEV_0.5 (L)	FEV_0.5/FVC	FEV₁ (L)	FEV₁/FVC	PEF (L/min)	FEF_25–75 (L/s)	FET (s)	BEV (%)
Boys
4 (30)	76	107 ± 5 (105–110)	19 ± 3 (17–20)	1.15 ± 0.20 (1.06–1.24)	0.86 ± 0.15 (0.80–0.94)	0.76 ± 0.08 (0.72–0.80)	1.04 ± 0.26 (0.92–1.16)	0.90 ± 0.18 (0.81–0.98)	151 ± 29 (139–166)	1.59 ± 0.39 (1.39–1.75)	1.90 ± 0.60 (1.62–2.18)	3.39 ± 1.08 (2.91–3.87)
5 (31)	81	115 ± 6 (113–117)	21 ± 4 (19–22)	1.33 ± 0.21 (1.24–1.42)	0.99 ± 0.13 (0.94–1.04)	0.75 ± 0.08 (0.72–0.79)	1.24 ± 0.17 (1.16–1.31)	0.93 ± 0.05 (0.91–0.95)	173 ± 36 (157–188)	1.74 ± 0.32 (1.61–1.88)	1.88 ± 0.60 (1.62–2.13)	3.22 ± 1.29 (2.67–3.76)
6 (31)	90	118 ± 5 (116–120)	22 ± 3 (20–23)	1.42 ± 0.23 (1.33–1.51)	1.01 ± 0.16 (0.95–1.08)	0.72 ± 0.06 (0.70–0.74)	1.28 ± 0.20 (1.21–1.36)	0.91 ± 0.04 (0.89–0.92)	172 ± 33 (159–185)	1.69 ± 0.36 (1.55–1.83)	2.32 ± 0.56 (2.10–2.54)	3.24 ± 1.03 (2.84–3.64)

Girls
4 (35)	81	109 ± 5 (107–111)	19 ± 4 (18–21)	1.10 ± 0.24 (1.01–1.20)	0.81 ± 0.16 (0.75–0.87)	0.74 ± 0.07 (0.71–0.76)	1.01 ± 0.21 (0.94–1.09)	0.92 ± 0.05 (0.91–0.94)	135 ± 32 (123–147)	1.41 ± 0.34 (1.28–1.54)	2.09 ± 0.66 (1.83–2.33)	3.13 ± 1.05 (2.73–3.54)
5 (36)	89	115 ± 5 (113–117)	20 ± 3 (19–21)	1.25 ± 0.18 (1.18–1.31)	0.93 ± 0.13 (0.88–0.98)	0.75 ± 0.07 (0.73–0.78)	1.16 ± 0.15 (1.10–1.21)	0.93 ± 0.05 (0.91–0.95)	166 ± 34 (154–179)	1.67 ± 0.40 (1.53–1.82)	1.89 ± 0.69 (1.64–2.14)	3.60 ± 1.17 (3.17–4.03)
6 (32)	100	120 ± 7 (117–122)	24 ± 6 (22–26)	1.48 ± 0.25 (1.39–1.57)	1.08 ± 0.19 (1.01–1.14)	0.73 ± 0.06 (0.71–0.75)	1.35 ± 0.22 (1.27–1.43)	0.91 ± 0.04 (0.90–0.93)	185 ± 36 (172–197)	1.86 ± 0.47 (1.69–2.03)	2.26 ± 0.70 (2.01–2.51)	3.41 ± 6.80 (3.12–3.70)

Total (195)	85	114 ± 7^a a p < 0.05 between the 4- and 5-year-old children. ,^b b p < 0.05 between the 5- and 6-year-olds. ,^c c p < 0.05 the between the children aged 4 and 6 years by one-way ANOVA with a post hoc Hochberg test. (113–115)	21 ± 4^b b p < 0.05 between the 5- and 6-year-olds. ,^c c p < 0.05 the between the children aged 4 and 6 years by one-way ANOVA with a post hoc Hochberg test. (20–22)	1.30 ± 0.26 (1.26–1.33)	0.95 ± 0.18^a a p < 0.05 between the 4- and 5-year-old children. ,^b b p < 0.05 between the 5- and 6-year-olds. ,^c c p < 0.05 the between the children aged 4 and 6 years by one-way ANOVA with a post hoc Hochberg test. (0.93–0.98)	0.74 ± 0.07 (0.73–075)	1.19 ± 0.24^a a p < 0.05 between the 4- and 5-year-old children. ,^b b p < 0.05 between the 5- and 6-year-olds. ,^c c p < 0.05 the between the children aged 4 and 6 years by one-way ANOVA with a post hoc Hochberg test. (1.15–1.22)	0.92 ± 0.08 (0.91–0.93)	164 ± 30^a a p < 0.05 between the 4- and 5-year-old children. ,^c c p < 0.05 the between the children aged 4 and 6 years by one-way ANOVA with a post hoc Hochberg test. (159–170)	1.66 ± 0.41^a a p < 0.05 between the 4- and 5-year-old children. ,^c c p < 0.05 the between the children aged 4 and 6 years by one-way ANOVA with a post hoc Hochberg test. (1.60–1.73)	2.07 ± 0.66^b b p < 0.05 between the 5- and 6-year-olds. (1.97–2.17)	3.34 ± 1.07 (3.17–3.50)

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[1] * Corresponding author. E-mail:veronicaparreira@yahoo.com.br veronica.parreira@pq.cnpq.br (V.F. Parreira).

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Prediction equations for spirometry in four- to six-year-old children☆ ☆ Please cite this article as: França DC, Camargos PA, Jones MH, Martins JA, Vieira BP, Colosimo EA, et al. Prediction equations for spirometry in four- to six-year-old children. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2016;92:400–8.

Abstract

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Prediction equations for spirometry in four- to six-year-old children^☆ ☆ Please cite this article as: França DC, Camargos PA, Jones MH, Martins JA, Vieira BP, Colosimo EA, et al. Prediction equations for spirometry in four- to six-year-old children. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2016;92:400–8.