| Appannah et al., 20151010 Appannah G, Pot GK, Huang RC, Oddy WH, Beilin LJ, Mori TA, et al. Identification of a dietary pattern associated with greater cardiometabolic risk in adolescence. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;25:643-50.
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Physical activity, smoking status, gender, age, dietary underreporting |
1. Energetically dense.
2. High in fat.
3. Poor in fiber. |
High scores on dietary patterns were associated with higher chance of belonging to the high metabolic risk group for boys (OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.01-1.41), but not for girls (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.87-1.22) when adjusted for physical activity and smoking status. Higher scores on dietary patterns were associated with higher insulin levels (F and M-β: 3.0, 95% CI: 1-7%) and HOMA-IR (F and M-β: 4.0, 95% CI: 1-7%) in both genders. |
| Karatzi et al., 201488 Karatzi K, Moschonis G, Barouti AA, Lionis C, Chrousos GP, Manios Y. Dietary patterns and breakfast consumption in relation to insulin resistance in children. The Healthy Growth Study. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17:2790-7.
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Gender, breakfast consumption, pubertal stage, waist circumference, parents' BMI, socioeconomic status, birth weight, physical activity. |
1. Fried potatoes, red meat, and sweetened drinks.
2. Processed meats and cheese.
3. Margarine, sweets, and savory snacks.
4. Vegetables and fruits.
5. Increased egg consumption and lower consumption of fish. |
The dietary pattern containing margarines, sweets, and snacks was positively associated with HOMA-IR (β = 0.08; p = 0.02) after adjustment for confounding factors. Children who had higher adherence to this eating pattern (consumption in the highest tertile) were 2.51 times more likely to have insulin resistance compared to children in the first tertile (95% CI: 1.30-4.90). |
| Bibiloni et al., 20131616 Bibiloni MM, Maffeis C, Llompart I, Pons A, Tur JA. Dietary factors associated with subclinical inflammation among girls. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67:1264-70.
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Age, physical activity, smoking, energy intake, BMI, WtHR. |
1. Mediterranean diet.
2. Western diet. |
Western diet score was inversely related to plasma concentrations of adiponectin and IL-6 after control for possible confounding factors (β = −0.177, p < 0.050 and β = 0.183, p < 0.050, respectively) and with additional adjustment for the BMI and WtHR (β = −0.168, p = 0.050 and β = 0.177, p < 0.050, respectively). |
| Park et al., 20131414 Park SJ, Lee SM, Kim SM, Lee M. Gender specific effect of major dietary patterns on the metabolic syndrome risk in Korean pre-pubertal children. Nutr Res Pract. 2013;7:139-45.
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Age, gender, energy intake, height, blood pressure. |
1. Balanced pattern.
2. Western pattern. |
In girls, the mean concentration of triglycerides decreased in the highest consumption quintile of the balanced pattern (mean: 72.6, SD: 8.27, p = 0.032). The highest score in the Western pattern was present in the girls who had more than one risk factor for MS (mean: 29.5, SD: 1.37, p = 0.026). No association was found for the male gender. |
| Shang et al., 20121717 Shang X, Li Y, Liu A, Zhang Q, Hu X, Du S, et al. Dietary pattern and its association with the prevalence of obesity and related cardiometabolic risk factors among Chinese children. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e43183.
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Gender, age, birth weight, eating profile in the 4th month after birth, total energy intake, physical activity, parents' weight, level of schooling, income. |
1. Healthy dietary pattern.
2. Transition pattern.
3. Western pattern. |
The fasting glucose level was higher in the western food pattern than in the healthy pattern (4.53 mmol/L vs. 4.46 mmol/L, p = 0.0082). Children with the Western pattern had higher concentrations of LDL-c (2.156 mmol/L vs. 2.07 mmol/L, p = 0.0023) and lower HDL-c concentrations (p < 0.001) compared to those with the healthy pattern. Children with the Western pattern profile were 1.80 times (95% CI: 1.15- 2.81) more likely to be obese than those with the healthy pattern. Transition (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.09-1.56) and Western (OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.13-2.56) food patterns were associated with abdominal obesity. |
| Romero-Polvo et al., 20121515 Romero-Polvo A, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Rivera-Paredez B, Castañón S, Gallegos-Carrillo K, Halley-Castillo E, et al. Association between dietary patterns and insulin resistance in mexican children and adolescents. Ann Nutr Metab. 2012;61:142-50.
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Gender, age, sexual maturation, BMI, physical activity, screen time, energy intake, use of medication, supplements, multivitamins. |
1. Western pattern.
2. Prudent pattern.
3. High protein/fat consumption pattern. |
Insulin resistance was associated with the highest consumption quintiles of the Western dietary pattern (OR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.08-3.43). The other identified patterns showed no significant association. |
| Dishchekenian et al., 201199 Dishchekenian VR, Escrivão MA, Palma D, Ancona-Lopez F, Araújo EA, Taddei JA. Padrões alimentares de adolescents obesos e diferentes repercussões metabólicas. Rev Nutr. 2011;24:17-29.
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Gender, age, ethnicity, income, maternal schooling, BMI. |
1. Traditional pattern.
2. Transition pattern
3. Fast food pattern. |
The traditional pattern had a positive association with insulin (β = 0.156, p < 0.001), glycemia (β = 0.329, p = 0.027), and TG (β = 0.513, p < 0.001), and negative association with HDL- = −0.297; p = 0.020) after adjusting for confounding factors. The fast food pattern was associated with insulin (β = 0.176; p < 0.001) when adjusted only by gender and ethnicity. When adjusted by income, maternal education, and BMI, this pattern showed a positive association with LDL-c (β = 0.334, p < 0.001), SBP (β = 0.469, p < 0.001), and DBP (β = 0.615, p < 0.001), and a negative one with HDL-c (β: −0.250, p < 0.001). |
| Ambrosini et al., 201077 Ambrosini GL, Huang RC, Mori TA, Hands BP, O'Sullivan TA, Klerk NH, et al. Dietary patterns and markers for the metabolic syndrome in Australian adolescents. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2010;20:274-83.
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Gender, energy intake, physical activity, screen time, maternal schooling, parents' marital status, BMI, WC. |
1. Western pattern.
2. Healthy pattern. |
The mean BMI and WC did not vary according to the quartiles for each dietary pattern. For girls, the chances of metabolic risk were approximately 2.5 times higher (p < 0.05; 95% CI: 1.05-5.98) in the highest quartile of the "Western" food pattern when compared to the lowest. |
| Mikkilä et al., 20071818 Mikkilä V, Räsänen L, Raitakari OT, Pietinen JMP, Rönnemmaa T, Viikari J. Major dietary patterns and cardiovascular risk factors from childhood to adulthood. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Br J Nutr. 2007;98:218-25.
|
Age, smoking status, total energy consumption, smoking, physical activity, years of follow-up in the study. |
1. Traditional pattern.
2. Health-conscious pattern. |
The health-conscious pattern was associated with lower risk factors, but mainly among females. The levels of TC (β: −0.06, p = 0.02), LDL-c (β: −0.07, p = 0.01), Apo B (β: −0.07, p = 0.03), and CRP (β: −0.09; = 0.04) showed a negative association with the score of the health-conscious pattern in females, all affected by the BMI insertion in the final model. Additionally, the score of the health-conscious pattern showed an independent inverse association with homocysteine levels (F-β: −0.11, p = 0.03 and M-β: −0.14; p < 0.01) in both genders. |
