Zegher et al., 2013 |
Absorptiometry Z-score (95% CI) |
4 m and 12 m |
n = 48 |
FM 4 m: -0.98 (-1.27 -0.69) * 12 m: -0.83 (-1.07 -0.59) * LM 4 m: -0.39 (-0.78 -0.01) 12 m: -0.52 (-0.99 0.66) |
FP = 28 FPT = 23 |
FM 4 m: -1.27 (-1.77 -0.79) * 12 m: -0.58 (-0.98 0.19) * LM 4 m: -0.02 (-0.60 -0.56) 12 m: -0.61 (-0.99 -0.23) * FM 4 m: -1.21 (-1.63 -0.80) * 12 m: -0.37 (-0.69 -0.05) LM 4 m: -0.34 (-0.76 0.07) 12 m: -0.42 (-0.79 0.05) |
*p-value compared to the AGA BF group (n = 31) FM 4 m (SGA BF vs . AGA BF p
< 0.0001). (SGA SF vs. AGA BF p
< 0.0001). (SGA PTF vs . AGA BF p
< 0.0001) FM 12 m (SGA BF vs. AGA BF p
< 0.0001). (SGA SF vs . AGA BF p
= 0.03) (SGA BF vs. SGA PTF p
= 0.03) LM 12 m (SGA SF vs. AGA BF p
= 0.02) |
Fasting glycemia Z-score (Me [95% CI]) |
4 m 12 m |
n = 48 |
4 m: -0.16 (-0.57 0.24) 12 m: -0.43 (-0.62 -0.23) |
SF PTF |
4 m: -0.37 (-1.00 0.26) 12 m: -0.32 (-0.61 -0.03) 4 m: 0.14 (-0.33 -0.60) 12 m: -0.49 (-0.82 -0.15) |
n.s. with the group AGA BF or between the SGA groups |
Insulin Z-score (Me [95% CI]) |
4 m 12 m |
n = 48 |
4 m: -0.25 (-0.05 -0.01) 12 m: -0.41 (-0.59 -0.23) |
SF PTF |
4 m: 0.38 (-0.28 -1.05) 12 m: -0.10 (-0.46 -0.26) 4 m: 0.33 (-0.15 -0.81) 12 m: -0.16 (-0.59 -0.27) |
n.s. with the AGA BF group 4 m (SGA BF vs. SGA PTF p
= 0.02) |
Adiponectin Z-score (Me [95% CI]) |
4 m 12 m |
n = 48 |
4 m: 0.37 (0.01 -0.73) 12 m: -0.41 (-0.08 -0.01) |
SF PTF |
4 m: 1.47 (0.70 -2.24) * 12 m: -0.25 (-0.90 -0.40) 4 m: 0.59 (0.12 -1.29) 12 m: -0.88 (-1.41 -0.35) * |
*p value vs. AGA BF (n = 31) 4 m (SGA SF vs. AGA BF p
= 0.001) 12 m (SGA PTF vs. AGA BF p
= 0.005) n.s. between the SGA groups |
IGF-1 Z-score (Me [95% CI]) |
4 m 12 m |
n = 48 |
0.17(-0.15 0.49) 0.37 (-0.12 0.85) |
SF PTF |
4 m: 1.12 (0.65 -1.58) * 12 m: 0.52 (-0.07 -1.11) 4 m: 2.38 (1.10 -3.66) * 12 m: 1.28 (0.28 -2.28) * |
*p-value vs. AIG BF (n = 31) 4 m (SGA SF vs. AGA BF p
< 0.0001). (SGA PTF vs. AGA BF p
< 0.0001) (SGA BF vs. SGA PTF p
< 0.0001) (SGA SF vs . SGA PTF p
< 0.05) |
HOMA-IR Z-score (Me [95% CI]) |
4 m 12 m |
n = 48 |
4 m: -0.28 (-0.51 -0.05) 12 m: -0.43 (-0.60 -0.26) * |
SF PTF |
4 m: 0.43 (-0.32 -1.18) 12 m: -0.10 (-0.46 -0.27) 4 m: 0.39 (-0.16 -0.94) 12 m: -0.21 (-0.61 -0.18) |
*p-value vs . AGA BF (n = 31) 4 m (SGA BF vs. SGA PTF p
= 0.03) 12 m (SGA BF vs. AGA BF p
= 0.04) |
Zegher et al., 2012 |
Absorptiometry (kg) |
2 wks. - 4 m |
n = 46 |
FM: 2 wks.: 0.46 (0.41 -0.53) 4 m: 2.3 (2.2 -2.4) LM: 2 sem: 2.4 (2.3 -2.5) 4 m: 3.8 (3.7 -4.0) |
SF = 56 |
FM: 2 wks.: 0.40 (0.35 -0.45) 4 m: 2.3 (2.2 -2.4) MM: 2 wks.: 2.4 (2.3 -2.5) 4 m: 3.9 (3.8 -4.1) |
n.s. with the AGA BF group or between the SGA groups |
IGF-1 (ng/mL) |
0 -4 m |
n = 46 |
At birth: 48 (37 -60) 4 m: 54 (46 -61)
|
SF = 56 |
2 wks.: 44 (38 -50) 4 m: 81 (69 -93)
|
n.s. with 2 wks. 4 m (SGA BF vs . SGA SF p < 0.001) |
Adiponectin (µg/mL) |
0 -4 m |
n = 46 |
At birth: 27(23 -32) 4 m: 29 (26 -33)
|
SF = 56 |
2 wks.: 25 (21 -28) 4 m: 38 (34 -43)
|
n.s. with 2 wks. 4 m (SGA BF vs. SGA SF p
< 0.005) |
Diaz et al., 2015 |
GLP-1 (pmol-1) |
0 -4 m |
n = 28 |
At birth: 17 ± 2 4 m: 35 ± 2 |
SF = 26 |
At birth: 19 ± 2 4 m: 44 ± 3 */** |
**<0.05 (SGA BF vs. SGA SF) *<0.05 (SGA BF vs . AGA BF) |
IGF-1 (ng ml-1) |
0 -4 m |
n = 28 |
At birth: 50 ± 13 4 m: 43 ± 3 |
SF = 26 |
At birth: 46 ± 5 4 m: 66 ± 5 */
**
|
**<0.05 (SGA BF vs. SGA SF) *<0.05 (SGA BF vs . AGA BF |
Adiponectin (mg-1) |
0 -4 m |
n = 28 |
At birth: 30 ± 3 4 m: 32 ± 3 |
SF = 26 |
At birth: 26 ± 3 * 4 m: 41 ± 4 |
*<0.05 (SGA BF vs. AGA BF) |
BMI (kg/m2) |
0 -4 m |
n = 28 |
At birth: 12 ± 0.3 * 4 m: 16.6 ± 0.2 * |
SF = 26 |
At birth: 11.4 ± 0.3 * 4 m: 16.8 ± 0.3 |
*<0.05 (SGA BF vs . AGA BF) |
Singhal et al., 2007 |
Blood pressure (mmHg) |
6 -8 years |
n = 97 |
DBP Me (SD) = 62.5 (8.6) SBP Me (SD) = 101.7 (9.4) MBP Me (SD) = 78.2 (7.8) |
SF = 83 PTF = 70 |
PAD Md (DP) = 61.3(8.2) PAS Md (DP) = 100.5 (10.2) PAM Md (DP) = 76.9 (8.3) PAD Md (DP) = 64.5 (8.3) PAS Md (DP) = 102.2 (9.8) PAM Md (DP) = 79.5 (7.8) |
n.s. between the groups SGA BF × SGA SF × SGA PTF (SGA SF × SGA PTF) Difference of the adjusted mean DBP (95% CI) = -3.2 (-5.8 to -0.5).
p
= 0.02 MBP (95% CI) = -3.0 (-5.6 to -0.3).
p
= 0.03
|
Singhal et al., 2010 |
1993 -1995: |
6 -8 years |
|
|
|
|
p-value adjusted for confounders |
BMI (kg/m2) |
6 -8 years |
n = 97 |
16.0 ± 1.8 |
SF = 83 PTF = 70 |
16.0 ± 1.8 16.3 ± 2.9 |
p = 0.2 |
Body composition (BIA) |
6 -8 years |
n = 97 |
FM: 1.6 (97) LM: 20.8 ± 3.0 |
SF = 83 PTF = 70 FP = 83 FPT = 70 |
FM: 2.0 (88) FM: 2.7 (74) LM: 19.3 ± 3.0 LM: 19.8 ± 3.6 |
p= 0.01 p = 0.3 |
Skinfolds |
6 -8 years |
n = 97 |
Sum of skinfolds 26.3 (33) FM 3.7 (34) |
SF = 83 PTF = 70 SF = 83 PTF = 70 |
Sum of skinfolds: 29.4 ± 27 Sum of skinfolds: 28.1 ± 37 FM: 3.9 (29) FM: 3.8 (41) |
p = 0.7 p = 0.5 |
Gupta et al., 2010 |
Fasting insulin (micromol/L) |
At birth and 3 m |
n = 26 0 m 3 m n = 26 0 m 3 m
|
EBF Me (SD) = 1.44 (1.19) Me (SD) = 6.95 (4.27) BF + Fort. Me (SD) = 1.73 (1.38) Me (SD) = 15.73 (3.29)
|
n = 0 |
- |
n.s. at birth <0.001, at 3 m |
Fasting glycemia (mg/dL) |
At birth and 3 m |
n = 26 0 m 3 m n = 26 0 m 3 m
|
EBF Me (SD) = 63.9 (9.8) Me (SD) = 79 (9.4) BF + Fort. Me (SD) = 64.3 (8.0) Me (SD) = 85.6 (8.4)
|
n = 0 |
- |
n.s. at birth <0.001, at 3 m
|
Modi et al., 2006 |
% of adiposity MRI Adjusted Me (95% CI) |
At birth |
EBF n = 3 Mixed n = 2 |
Not described Not described |
n = 3 |
Not described |
Not described |
6 wks. |
EBF n = 3 Mixed n = 2 |
Me (95% CI): 33.5 (29.5 -37.5) Me (95% CI): 24.1 (20.8 -27.5) |
n = 3 |
Me (95% CI): 26.3 (23.4 -29.2) |
p-value described to compare the SGA group vs. AGA group in % adiposity. Me (SD) At birth: SGA 17.54 (2.35) vs. AGA 23.32 (3.72) p
< 0.001 6 wks.: SGA 24.7 (5.3) vs. AGA 28.3 (4.7) p = 0.08 |