To identify the effect of music on anxiety levels in Chinese patients before cardiac catheterization(1212 Lee D, Henderson A, Shum D. The effect of music on procedure anxiety in Hong Kong Chinese day patients. J Clin Nurs [Internet]. 2004[cited 2014 May 15];13(3):297-303. Available from: Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00888.x/full
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.10...
).
Jadad Scale:0 |
Intervention group: music therapy according to the patient's preference (sounds related to the East European/ Western style and popular Chinese music), with a duration of 20 to 40 minutes, in a reclining chair before cardiac catheterization. In addition to music therapy, patients received routine pre-procedure information such as guidance about cardiac catheterization.
Control group: routine pre-procedure information such as guidance about the cardiac catheterization, after which the patients performed relaxation activities for 20 to 40 minutes, such as reading or watching television in a waiting room. |
Total sample: 113
Intervention group: 58
Mean age: 50.0
Gender: 27 females
Control group: 55
Mean age: 51.9
Gender: 28 females |
Instruments: anxiety: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate: instrument that assesses vital signs.
Time points: anxiety: on the day of the procedure, after the patient's arrival, and 10 minutes after the intervention; vital signs: on the day of the procedure, after the patient's arrival, and 10 minutes after the intervention. |
All the participants chose popular Chinese music. In the first evaluation, the vital signs and level of anxiety of the two groups were similar.
There was significant reduction in the level of anxiety in the intervention group, compared with the control group (42.5 versus 46.4; p=0.005).
Upon analyzing each group individually, it was observed that the control group patients had their diastolic blood pressure (74.0 versus 72.0; p = 0.030), heart rate (74.1 versus 70.1; p<0.01) and respiratory frequency (17.6 versus 16.7; p<0.01) reduced from the first to the second evaluation. In the intervention group, there was a reduction in systolic blood pressure (127.7 versus 124.2; p<0.01), heart rate (74.3 versus 71.1; p<0.01), respiratory frequency (17.7 versus 16.6; p<0.01) and anxiety states (46.1 versus 42.5; p = 0.040). |
To examine whether exposure to music therapy and psychoeducational training reduce objective and subjective anxiety, leading to a reduction in anxiolytic medication(1515 Argstatter H, Haberbosch W, Bolay HV. Study of the effectiveness of musical stimulation during intracardiac catheterization. Clin Res Cardiol [Internet]. 2006[cited 2015 Jul 30];95(10):514-22. Available from: Available from: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00392-006-0425-4
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007...
).
Jadad Scale: 3 |
Intervention group (exposed to music therapy): patients listened to a pre-selected song through earphones immediately after being placed on the catheterization table and until they left the room where the procedure was performed.
Intervention group (training group): patients received music therapy the day before the cardiac catheterization and during the procedure. Psycho-educational training focused on cognitive behavior was performed for 50 minutes, in addition to which patients were given guidance concerning the procedure and some relaxation training and stress control through music therapy. Observation: music for both intervention groups was relaxing.
Control group: patients received the prescribed medications but did not receive any verbal or nonverbal intervention. |
Total sample: 83
Intervention group (exposure to music therapy): 28
Mean age: 65.8
Gender: 12 females
Intervention group (training group): 28
Mean age: 66.2
Gender: 12 females
Control group: 27
Mean age: 67.5
Gender: 12 females |
Instruments: objective anxiety: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; subjective anxiety: 10-point Visual Analog Scale; vital signs: instruments that assess vital signs.
Time points: objective and subjective anxiety: before and after the procedure; heart rate and blood pressure: baseline, before arrival at the unit and after the procedure. |
Music therapy was effective in reducing subjective anxiety (11.0 versus 4.0 versus 6.0; p = 0.033) in both intervention groups when compared to the control group. The hypothesis that the training group would further reduce its anxiety levels in comparison with the other intervention group was rejected. Regarding the use of medications and the physiological variables, it was ascertained that there was no difference between the groups. |
To investigate the effects of music on patients' anxiety, angina, pain, relaxation and comfort during angiographic procedures and to evaluate the differences between genders(1616 Nilsson U, Lindell L, Eriksson A, Kellerth T. The effect of music intervention in relation to gender during coronary angiographic procedures: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs[Internet]. 2009[cited 2014 Dec 12];8(3):200-6. Available from Available from http://cnu.sagepub.com/content/8/3/200.full
http://cnu.sagepub.com/content/8/3/200.f...
).
Jadad Scale: 3 |
Intervention group: calm and relaxing music, with different melodies and 60 to 80 beats per minute. Music was played from the moment the patient was placed on the catheterization table until he or she left the unit. The volume was controlled according to patient's preference and was not enough to disturb communication with the team.
Control group: routine care for patients submitted to cardiac catheterization. Observation: both groups were divided by gender (male and female). |
Total sample: 238
Intervention group: 121
Mean age: 67.0
Gender: 60 females
Control group: 117
Mean age: 64.0
Gender: 59 females |
Instruments: anxiety before the procedure, pain, discomfort from lying down, easy music: 0-10 Numerical Value Scale; anxiety after the procedure: State- Trait Anxiety Inventory - short version).
Time points: anxiety and pain: before the procedure; pain, discomfort lying down, easy music and anxiety: after the procedure. |
There were no differences between the control group and the intervention group for any of the outcomes evaluated: anxiety (2.0 versus 2.0; p = 0.479), angina (0.0 versus 0.0; p = 0.741), pain (3 versus 3; p = 0.487), relaxation (8 versus 8; p = 0.218), comfort (3 versus 2; p = 0.260) and ambient sound (10 versus 10; p = 0.764). The female group was more anxious in comparison with the male group (3 versus 1; p = 0.001). |
To examine the effect of music on the levels of anxiety, stress and depression experienced by patients undergoing coronary angiography(1717 Moradipanah F, Mohammadi E, Mohammadil AZ. Effect of music on anxiety, stress, and depression levels in patients undergoing coronary angiography. East Mediterr Health J [Internet]. 2009[cited 2015 Jul 30];15(3):639-47. Available from: Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19731780
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19731...
.
Jadad Scale: 3 |
Intervention group: music therapy before and after the procedure. The music lasted for 20 minutes, containing parts of three distinct songs, with 70 to 80 beats per minute and with stable, slow rhythms. The patients remained seated in comfortable chairs and were advised neither to read, nor to watch television.
Control group: participants were evaluated before and after the procedure and remained seated in comfortable chairs for 20 minutes, being advised neither to answer the telephone, listen to the radio nor watch television -although they were allowed to read books, newspapers and magazines. |
Total sample: 74
Intervention group: 37
Mean age: 50.6
Gender: 15 females
Control group: 37
Mean age: 50.6
Gender: 22 females |
Instruments: anxiety: Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale - DASS 21.
Time points: anxiety: 1 hour and 30 minutes before the procedure, immediately after the music therapy in the intervention group, or after 20 minutes of rest in the control group; immediately after transfer to the unit and after the second intervention after the procedure. |
Upon comparing the two groups, a statistically-significant difference was found for anxiety (0.71 versus 2.70; p = 0.006), stress (2.30 versus 5.19; p = 0.001) and depression (0.84 versus 2.19; 0.002). These variables, in the intervention group, had a significant reduction when compared to the control group. |
To evaluate the effect of music on psychophysiological aspects of patients awaiting cardiac catheterization(1818 Hui-Kuan C, Peng TC, Wang JH, Lai HL. Psychophysiological responses to sedative music in patients awaiting cardiac catheterization examination: a randomized controlled trial. J Cardiovasc Nurs [Internet]. 2011[cited 2015 Jul 30];26(5):E11-8. Available from: Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21372737
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21372...
.
Jadad Scale: 1 |
Intervention group: music therapy (sedative) for thirty minutes at rest and lying with the bed between 45 and 60°. The patients chose one of six songs (piano, harp, orchestra, jazz, Chinese orchestra, and synthesizer). Songs ranged from 60 to 80 beats per minute, the melodies were gentle and without dramatic changes in volume or rhythm.
Control group: usual care at rest for the patients awaiting cardiac catheterization. |
Total sample: 54
Intervention group: 27
Mean age: the article did not provide this information
Gender: the article did not provide this information
Control group: 27
Mean age: the article did not provide this information
Gender: the article did not provide this information |
Instruments: assessment of how the patient felt: 3-point Likert scale; anxiety: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; heart rate, heart rate variability and ST segment: System BIOPA MP 150®; what they thought about the music: Visual Analogue Scale containing a 10 cm horizontal line in which 0 cm represents "didn't like it" and 10 cm represents "liked it a lot".
Time points: assessment of how the patient felt: before intervention; state anxiety: baseline and after music therapy; physiological evaluations: six, with reviews every five minutes during the music in the intervention group or at rest in the control group; music preference: after the last assessment of physiological variables. |
Anxiety was reduced in both groups between the first and second evaluations. This reduction, however, was statistically greater in the intervention group (9.41 versus 4.96; p = 0.003). Regarding the physiological variables (heart rate and ST segment), although a reduction was obtained in their scores, no significant difference was observed between the groups. When each group was evaluated individually, however, significant differences were observed between the first and the second evaluation in both groups (p<0.001).
Regarding the variability of heart rate, there was no significant difference in any of the evaluations between the groups. Regarding musical preference, piano music was most commonly chosen. There was no correlation between musical preferences and alterations in the scores of physiological variables. However, there was a significant difference in musical preference and anxiety (p=0.05), indicating that the greater the patients' satisfaction in choosing the music type, the lower their anxiety. |
To assess the anxiolytic effects of different music styles in patients submitted to cardiac catheterization(191 Goertz W, Dominick K, Heussen N, Dahl JV. Music in the cath lab: who should select it? Clin Res Cardiol[Internet]. 2011[cited 2015 Jul 30];100(5):395-402. Available from: Available from: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00392-010-0256-1
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007...
).
Jadad Scale: 2 |
Intervention group: patients who chose one of the following options during the procedure: classical music (35), modern relaxing music (42), jazz (23), no music (0).
Control group: patients who were allocated, without choosing the type of music, in one of the following options, during the procedure: classical music (25), modern relaxing music (25), jazz (25), no music (25).
Observation: all music had 60 to 80 beats per minute, a regular rhythm, and the volume was adjusted according to the permitted limit. |
Total sample: 200
Intervention group: 100
Mean age: the article did not provide this information
Gender: 27 females
Control group: 100
Mean age: the article did not provide this information
Gender: 36 females |
Instruments: anxiety: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; music perception: questionnaire on music perception, with scores ranging from 10 to 40 points; blood pressure and heart rate: questionnaire assessing vital signs.
Time points: Trait anxiety: a day before the procedure; state anxiety: immediately before and immediately after the procedure; questionnaire on music perception: after the procedure; assessment of vital signs: 7 a.m.; five minutes before the procedure and five minutes after cardiac catheterization. |
In the intervention group, modern relaxing music was the most effective for anxiety reduction compared to other music styles, and in the control group, classical music and jazz were the most effective.
Patients who listened to a specific type of music had a statistically significant anxiety reduction when compared to the group that did not undergo this intervention (14.9 versus 6.2; p<0.0001), and patients who did not choose the type of music had a significant reduction in anxiety levels when compared with the other group (16.8 versus 13.3; p = 0.0176). |
To determine whether music therapy and sensory information are effective in reducing anxiety, uncertainty, heart rate and breathing, and whether it improves mood before cardiac catheterization(2020 Taylor- Piliae RE, Chair SY. The effect of nursing interventions utilizing music therapy or sensory information on Chinese patients" anxiety prior to cardiac catheterization: a pilot study. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs[Internet]. 2002[cited 2015 Jul 30];1(3):203-11. Available from: Available from: http://cnu.sagepub.com/content/1/3/203.long
http://cnu.sagepub.com/content/1/3/203.l...
).
Jadad Scale: 3 |
Intervention group (music therapy): music using only instrumental sounds before the procedure.
Intervention group (sensory information): audio cassette containing sensory information, i.e., the possible sensations during the procedure related to sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch.
Control group: routine nursing care related to the cardiac catheterization. |
Total sample: 45
Intervention group with music therapy: 15
Mean age: 56.9
Gender: 3 females
Intervention group with sensory information: 15
Mean age: 52.9
Gender: 2 females
Control group: 15
Mean age: 65.0
Gender: 9 females |
Instruments: anxiety: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; mood: Profile of Mood States (POMS); uncertainty in illness: Mishel's Uncertainty in Illness Scale.
Time points: anxiety, mood swings and uncertainty in illness: baseline, 1 hour before the procedure and 1 hour after cardiac catheterization. |
None of the intervention groups (music therapy and sensory information) nor the control group significantly reduced anxiety (3.07 versus 0.07 versus 2.47), improved mood (0.07 versus 0.80 versus 3.53), or reduced uncertainty (2.07 versus 0.40 versus 1.20); furthermore, there was an increase in cardiac (1.42 versus 4.20 versus 2.0) and respiratory frequency (0.74 versus 0.20 versus 0.2). |
To determine the effect of music on controlled psychophysiological stress response to cardiac catheterization(2121 Bally K, Campbell D, Chesnick K, Tranmer JE. Effects of patient-controlled music therapy during coronary angiography on procedural pain and anxiety distress syndrome. Crit Care Nurse [Internet]. 2003[cited 2014 Nov 23];23(2):50-8. Available from: Available from: http://ccn.aacnjournals.org/content/23/2/50.full
http://ccn.aacnjournals.org/content/23/2...
).
Jadad Scale: 3
|
Intervention group: in addition to the same standard care received by the control group, patients listened to music before, during and after the procedure, using earphones. The music therapy started after patients had completed the questionnaires prior to the procedure, and they continued to listen to music (provided they wanted to) during and after the catheterization, before the second evaluation.
Control group: standard care, including physical assessment before the procedure, and guidance about cardiac catheterization as well as about the routine administration of anxiolytic drugs and local anesthesia doing the procedure. |
Total sample: 107
Intervention group: 56
Mean age: 59.0
Gender: 24 females
Control group: 51
Mean age: 58.0
Gender: 25 females |
Instruments: anxiety: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; pain, fatigue and dyspnea: 10 cm Visual Analogue Scale; heart rate: external heart rate monitor; systolic and diastolic blood pressure: indirect blood pressure measurement.
Time points: anxiety and pain: before and after the procedure and after removing the introducer; apical heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure: baseline (before application of the questionnaire, prior to the start of the procedure), immediately before inserting the introducer, after the procedure and before removing the patient from the cactheterization table, after the procedure) immediately before introducer removal). |
There was no significant difference in the levels of anxiety and pain between the groups before (40.7 versus 39.0; p = 0.28, and 0.3 versus 0.1; p = 0.10, respectively) and after the procedures (33.6 versus 31.5; p = 0.17, and 0.5 versus 0.4; p = 0.23, respectively). Anxiety, however, was reduced after the procedure in both groups. Patients showed high levels of anxiety before the procedure, reduced to moderate levels after the catheterization. Thus, music therapy did not interfere in patients' levels of anxiety or pain. In relation to the physiological variables, there was an increase in heart rate and blood pressure during the procedure. |
To measure the effectiveness of an educational video on reducing levels of uncertainty and anxiety for Chinese patients submitted to cardiac catheterization(1313 Chair SY, Chau MY, Sit JWH, Wong EML, Chan AWK. The psychological effects of a videotape educational intervention on cardiac catheterization patients. Contemp Nurse [Internet]. 2012[cited 2014 May 15];40(2):225-33. Available from: Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.5172/conu.2012.40.2.225
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.51...
).
Jadad Scale: 1 |
Intervention group: educational video lasting 12 minutes, containing information on the cardiac catheterization, the feelings to be expected during the procedure and coping strategies. After the video, patients were asked if they had any doubts. In total, the intervention lasted approximately 20 minutes. In addition to the intervention through the video, patients received the same routine care as the control group.
Control group: routine care for patients receiving cardiac catheterization, including a pamphlet about the procedure containing information on diet, preparation of the skin, the routine of hemodynamic observation and pain control. |
Total sample: 128
Intervention group: 64
Mean age: 60.5
Gender: 20 females
Control group: 64
Mean age: 62.11
Gender: 25 females |
Instruments: anxiety: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: uncertainty: Mishel's Uncertainty in Illness Scale; satisfaction level and perception of knowledge about the procedure: Visual Analogue Scale.
Time points: anxiety and uncertainty: baseline (before video), 2 hours before the procedure and after the intervention; satisfaction and perception of knowledge about the procedure: from 20 to 24 hours after cardiac catheterization and before discharge of the patient. |
The use of the educational video was effective in reducing levels of anxiety (4.9 versus 1.4; p<0.001) and uncertainty (15.2 versus 2.7; p<0.001) in patients who underwent cardiac catheterization. In addition, the educational video increased these patients' satisfaction and levels of knowledge in comparison with the control group. |
To examine the effect of a psychoeducational nursing intervention in patients' anxiety early in the waiting period for elective cardiac catheterization(1414 Harkness K, Morrow L, Smith K, Kiczula M, Arthur HM. The effect of early education on patient anxiety while waiting for elective cardiac catheterization. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2003[cited 2015 Jan 25];2(2):113-21. Available from: Available from: http://cnu.sagepub.com/content/2/2/113.long
http://cnu.sagepub.com/content/2/2/113.l...
).
Jadad Scale: 3 |
Intervention group (nursing education): nursing education one hour before cardiac catheterization, including a nursing visit, and presentation of written and visual material.
Control group: these patients received the unit routine care for patients who undergo cardiac catheterization. |
Total sample: 228
Control group: 114
Mean age: 62.9
Gender: 49 females
Intervention group: 114
Mean age: 64.7
Gender: 41 females |
Instruments: anxiety: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and 0-10 Verbal Scale; quality of life: SF36; disease self-management functional status: SAQ.
Time points: baseline (two weeks before the cardiac catheterization); pre-cardiac catheterization (after the educational intervention). |
Anxiety increased in both groups over the waiting time (1.3 versus 1.6; p = 0.028). Anxiety was significantly higher in the control group (4.0 versus 5.2; p = 0.002). Regarding quality of life and disease self-management functional status, in the first evaluation there was no significant difference between the groups. However, a difference in quality of life (0.4 versus 3.2; p = 0.06) was observed when the first and second assessments were compared. |
To investigate, in two studies, if palm therapy is effective in reducing anxiety in patients submitted to cardiac catheterization(2323 Blaer Y, Jafari J, Podberezsky A, David T, Reizin L, Benjamin J. Single-blind and double blind randomized controlled trials of palmtherapy, an alternative medical approach, for anxiety before cardiac catheterization. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med [Internet]. 2008[cited 2015 Jul 30];5(1):103-5. Available from: Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2249735/pdf/nel111.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles...
).
Jadad Scale: 4 |
First study:
Intervention group: palm therapy for 45 minutes and conversation between the patient and the therapist during the session.
Control group: pressure on the palms of their hands in places that have no effect. Second study:
Intervention group: palm therapy for 45 minutes and conversation between the patient and a second person during the session.
Control group: pressure on the palms of the hands in places that have no effect. |
First study:
Total sample: 23
Control group: 9
Mean age and gender: the article did not provide this information
Intervention group: 14
Mean age and gender: the article did not provide this information Second study:
Total sample: 17
Control group: 10
Mean age and gender: the article did not provide this information
Intervention group: 7
Mean age and gender: the article did not provide this information |
Instruments: patients' self-report of anxiety; patients' and nurses' perception about patients' anxiety: Visual Analogue Scale.
Time points: before and after treatment. |
First study: Patients of both groups had similar levels of anxiety before the intervention. After the intervention, anxiety was lower in the patients who had received palm therapy, both in relation to self-reported anxiety (7.1 versus 40.1; p = 0.0001) and according to the nurses' perception of their anxiety (4.6 versus 12.6; p = 0.0001). Second study: Patients of the intervention group had significantly lower anxiety in comparison with the control group, but only regarding self-reported anxiety (11.8 versus 30.0; p = 0.005). |
To evaluate the efficacy of a 20-minute massage in the reduction in patient levels of pain, anxiety and stress before an invasive cardiovascular procedure; to assess patient satisfaction with the massage; to assess the feasibility of therapeutic massage practices before the procedure(2222 Wentworth LJ, Briese LJ, Timimi FK, Sanvick CL, Bertel DC, Cutshall SM, et al. Massage Therapy reduces tension, anxiety, and pain in patients awaiting invasive cardiovascular procedures. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs [Internet]. 2009[cited 2015 Jul 30];24(4):155-61. Available from: Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-7117.2009.00054.x/epdf
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.11...
).
Jadad Scale: 4 |
Intervention group: therapeutic massage for 20 minutes. The patients chose the area (head, nape, shoulders, arms, hands, back, legs and feet) and the strength used in the massage.
Control group: 20 minutes of standardized care, lying on the bed or sitting in the chair, relaxing, reading a book, or conversing with family members or with the nursing team. |
Total sample: 130
Intervention group: 64
Mean age: 67.2
Gender: 22 females
Control group: 66
Mean age: 59.7
Gender: 22 females |
Instruments: anxiety, pain, muscle tension and satisfaction: 10-point Visual Analogue Scale.
Time points: anxiety, pain, muscle tension and satisfaction: in the morning (immediately before the therapeutic massage), 2 to 5 minutes after the intervention. |
In the intervention group, pain (-1 versus -0.1; p<0.001), muscle tension (-2.1 versus -0.3; p<0.001) and anxiety (-2.1 versus 0.0; p<0.001) were reduced more effectively and their levels of satisfaction were greater (p = 0.002). |
