DIFFEY et al, 2000(77 Diffey B, Vaz M, Soares MJ, Jacob AJ, Piers LS. The effect of leprosy-induced deformity on the nutritional status of index cases and their household members in rural South India: a socio-economic perspective. Eur J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2017 Jul 27];54(8):643-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10951513
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1095...
. |
India |
1997 |
Cross-sectional |
871 subjects, of these, 155 cases with deformity, 100 cases without deformities and 616 household contacts. |
Presence or absence of physical impairment. |
Age of the index case (test t p <0.0005), number of wage earners (test t p <0.05), income from inside houses contacts (test t p <0.01), weekly expenses on food (test t p <0.05 ), proportion of deformity in the lowest socioeconomic classes (4 and 5) (x2 p <0.01), proportion of male contacts in lower socioeconomic classes (x2 p <0.006), educational level among male cases (x2 p <0.002), illiteracy among women (x2 p <0.001), wage among sex (p <0.01), and unemployment among groups (p <0.0005). |
FERREIRA; IGNOTTI.; GAMBA, 2011(8 8. Ferreira SM, Ignotti E, Gamba MA. Factors associated to relapse of leprosy in Mato Grosso, Central-Western Brazil. Rev Saude Publica[Internet]. 2011 [cited 2017 Jul 27]; 45(4):756-64. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsp/v45n4/en_2587.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsp/v45n4/en_25...
. |
Brazil. |
2005-2007 |
Case control |
53 cases with recurrence from 2005 to 2007. 106 controls with discharge for cure in 2005. |
Recurrence cases |
They were associated with the recurrence: -those who lived in rented places (OR= 4.1; CI95%: 1.43; 12.04), in a place made of wood/ wattle and daub(OR= 3.2, CI95%: 1.16, 8.76) -they lived with more than five people (OR= 2.1; CI95%: 1.03, 4.36) -with alcohol disorders (OR= 2.8; CI95%: 1.17, 6.79) -with treatment irregularities (OR= 3.8; CI95%: 1.44, 10.02) -without clarification about the disease/treatment (OR= 2.6; CI95%: 1.09, 6.13) -they used public transportation to access the health care unit (OR= 5.5; CI95%: 2.36, 12.63), -clinical form of the disease (OR= 7.1; CI95%: 2.48, 20.52) -therapeutic scheme (OR= 3.7; CI95%: 1.49, 9.11) |
FABRI, 2011(99 Fabri ACOC. Prevalência de infecção pelo Mycobacterium leprae na população da microrregião de Almenara - [Dissertação] Belo Horizonte (MG): Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. 2011.. |
Brazil |
2010-2011 |
Cross-sectional |
2,726 people |
Seropositivity |
-Family income <1 minimum wage (p=0.035, CI95%, 1.06-4.86) -Number of people living in the house 4 - 7 (p=0.04, CI95%, 0.07-0.94) >8 (p=0.075, CI95%, 0.09-1.12) -Number of rooms in the house 1 - 5 (p=0.122, CI95%, 0.85-3.84) |
HEGAZY et al., 2002(1010 Hegazy AA, Abdel-Hamid IA, Ahmed el SF, Hammad SM, Hawas SA. Leprosy in a high-prevalence Egyptian village: epidemiology and risk factors. Int J Dermatol [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2017 Jul 27]; 41(10):681-6. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2002.01602.x
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/...
. |
Egypt |
1999-2001 |
Case control |
24 Cases of leprosy, 124 contacts inside the house, 30 contacts outside the house |
Incidence |
Prevalence of leprosy among illiterates (OR= 3.69, CI= 0.83-23.02, p=0.103); regarding elementary education (OR= 1.41, CI= 0.22-11.09, p=1); more than 4 people sharing a room (OR= 1.3, CI= 0.49-3.33, p=0.556), hand pump water supply (OR= 1.39, CI= 0.56-3.54, p=0.444), lower class (OR= 2.43, CI= 0.86-7.44, p=0.067) |
NARDI et al., 2012(1111 Nardi SMT, Paschoal VD, Chiaravalloti-Neto F, Zanetta DMT. Leprosy-related disabilities after release from multidrug treatment: Prevalence and spatial distribution. Rev Saude Publica [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Jul 27]; 46(6):969-77. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsp/v46n6/en_ao4048.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsp/v46n6/en_ao...
. |
Brazil |
1998-2006 |
Cross-sectional |
335 patients treated |
Physical impairment |
Average of people who are of age (x2 p=0.029), education (x2 p=0.051) |
ARAUJO et al., 2014(1212 Araujo AERAE, Aquino DMC, Goulart IMB, Pereira SRF, Figueiredo IA, Serra HO, et al. Factors associated with neural alterations and physical disabilities in patients with leprosy in São Luis, State of Maranhão, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2017 Jul 27]; 47(4):490-7. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0119-2014
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0119...
. |
Brazil |
2010-2011 |
Cross-sectional |
155 cases |
Neural changes and physical impairment |
Education: -No education OR 1 -Low education levels OR 0.75 (p=0.81, 0.07-8.09) -Average education levels OR 1.78 (p=0.30, 0.60-5.27) -High education levels OR 1.23 (p=0.68, 0.43-3.56) Family income (minimum wage) - > 3 OR 1; > 1-2 OR 0.57 (p=0.156, 0.26-1.24); <1 OR 1.20 (p=0.729, 0.42-3.45) |
KERR-PONTES et al., 2006(1313 Kerr-Pontes LR, Barreto ML, Evangelista CM, Rodrigues LC, Heukelbach J, Feldmeier H. Socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioural risk factors for leprosy in North-east Brazil: results of a case-control study. Int J Epidemiol [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2017 Jul 27]; 35(4):994-1000. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16645029
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1664...
. |
Brazil |
2002 |
Case control |
200 cases and 800 control |
Incidence |
High School (OR=1.50, CI= 0.91-2.50), lower education level (OR= 1.87, CI= 1.29-2.74), having experienced food shortages (OR=1.54, CI=1.45-1.63). |
MURTO et al., 2014(1414 Murto C, Ariza L, Alencar CH, Chichava OA, Oliveira AR, Kaplan C, et al. Migration among individuals with leprosy: a population-based study in central Brazil. Cad Saude Publica [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2017 Jul 27];30(3):487-501. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csp/v30n3/0102-311X-csp-30-3-0487.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csp/v30n3/0102-...
. |
Brazil |
2009 |
Cross-sectional |
1,074 cases of leprosy |
Migration status |
Male sex vs. migration after diagnosis (OR= 2.71, CI= 1.26-6.32, p=0.007), age ranging from 30 to 44 vs. migration after birth (OR=3.04, CI= 1.76-5.42, p <0.0001), migration before diagnosis (OR= 2.77, CI= 1.24-7.00, p=0.01), age ranging from 45 to 59 vs. migration before birth (OR= 7.84, CI= 4.23-14.54, p <0.0001), illiteracy vs. migration after birth (OR= 3.86, CI= 2.38-6.53, p <0.0001), retired/pensioner people vs. migration after birth (OR= 4.95, CI= 2.50-10.88, p <0.0001), migration after diagnosis (OR= 0.15, CI= 0.0-0.97, p=0.03), student/housewife/other work status vs. migration after birth (OR= 0.45, CI= 0.32-0.65, p <0.0001), no access to electricity vs. migration after birth (OR= 0.57, CI= 0.33-1.03, p=0.049), vs. migration before diagnosis (OR= 2.05, CI= 1.09-3.72, p=0.02), no access to the service of solid waste collection vs. migration before diagnosis (OR= 1.70, CI= 1.2-2.41, p=0.003), house that is not a brick house vs. migration before diagnosis (OR= 1.57, CI= 1.01-2.32, p=0.022), living alone vs. migration after birth (OR= 4.28, CI= 1.55-16.44, p=0.002), no water supply vs. migration before diagnosis (OR= 1.65, CI= 1.12-2.43, p=0.012). |
SANTOS et al., 2013(1515 Santos DS, Duppre NC, Sales AM, Nery JAC, Sarno EN, Hacker MA. Kinship and Leprosy in the Contacts of Leprosy Patients: Cohort at the Souza Araújo Outpatient Clinic, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 1987-2010. J Trop Med[Internet]. 2013 [cited 2017 Jul 27]; 2013: 596316. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jtm/2013/596316/. |
Brazil |
1987-2010 |
Prospective cut |
7,174 contacts (incidence)
7,012 (prevalence) |
Prevalence among contacts |
Education (prevalence) > 10 years OR 1; 4 to 10 years OR 1.33 (0.81-2.18); <4 years OR 2.18 (1.42-3.35) Skin color (prevalence): White OR 1; Brown/Black OR 1.32 (1.02-1.70) (incidence): White OR 1; Brown/Black OR 1.66 (1.14-2.42) |
SAMUEL et al., 2012(1616 Samuel P, Bushanam JDRS, Ebenezer M, Richard J. Impact of migration on new case detection rates in leprosy in Gudiyatham Taluk, Tamil Nadu, India. Indian J Lepr [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Jul 27]; 84(4):307-16. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23720895
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2372...
. |
India |
2004-2008 |
Cross-sectional survey |
222 cases of leprosy were not treated |
Migration |
Age adult vs. child (x2= 1.635, p=0.200), married vs. single (x2= 1.588, p=0.207), education illiterate people vs. people with some level of education (x2= 0.024, p=0.961) |
FEENSTRA et al., 2011(1717 Feenstra SG, Nahar Q, Pahan D, Oskam L, Richardus JH. Recent food shortage is associated with leprosy disease in Bangladesh: a case-control study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2017 Jul 27];5(5):e1029. Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001029
https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/artic...
. |
Bangladesh |
2009 |
Case control |
99 patients (cases) and 199 controls |
Manifestation of leprosy |
A recent period of food shortage was identified as the only socioeconomic factor significantly associated with the clinical manifestation of leprosy, not poverty itself (OR 1.79 (1.06-3.02), p=0.030). There is a declining trend in the prevalence of leprosy with a growing socioeconomic status, measured with an active index, but not statistically significant (test for a trend: OR 0.85 (0.71-1.02) p=0.083). |
HEUKEL-BACH, et al., 2011 (1818 Heukelbach J, Chichava OA, Oliveira AR, Häfner K, Walther F, Alencar CHM, et al. Interruption and defaulting of multidrug therapy against leprosy: population-based study in Brazil's Savannah Region. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2017 Jul 27];5(5):e1031. Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001031&type=printable
http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/articl...
. |
Brazil |
2009 |
Cross-sectional population study |
936 people/patients |
Treatment interruption |
2.42 (1.02-5.63) - Family income/month less than 465 Brazilian reais |
RIBEIRO, 2012(1919 Ribeiro GC. Fatores relacionados à prevalência de incapacidades físicas em Hanseníase na microrregião de Diamantina(MG)[Dissertação]. Belo Horizonte( MG): Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. 2012.. |
Brazil |
2005-2010 |
Prospective cut |
71 participants |
Level of physical impairment in diagnosis |
In the bivariate analysis there was a statistical relation between education (p=0.032) Education P=0.031** Fisher's test Family income P=0.860 Number of people in the house P=0.267 Occupation P=0.835 Current occupation P=0.122 |
SANTOS; CASTRO; FALQUETO, 2008(2020 Santos ASD, Castro DSd, Falqueto A. Fatores de risco para transmissão da Hanseníase. Rev Bras Enferm [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2017 Jul 27];61(esp):738-43. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/reben/v61nspe/a14v61esp.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/reben/v61nspe/a...
. |
Brazil |
2003-2006 |
Case control |
90 cases 270 controls |
Incidence of the disease |
Education:Elementary school OR:1.092 (0.616-1.937); High school OR: 1.455 (0.684-3.096); Undergraduate school OR: 1.682 (0.289-9.804) Income:Between 1 and 3 OR:0.698 (0.393-1.240); Greater than 3 OR: 1,070 (0,360-3,179) |
WAGE-NAAR et al., 2015(2121 Wagenaar I, van Muiden L, Alam K, Bowers R, Hossain MA, Kispotta K, et al. Diet-related risk factors for leprosy: a case-control study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2017 Jul 27]; 9(5):e0003766. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4428634/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
. |
Bangladesh |
2013 |
Case control |
52 cases 100 controls |
Incidence of the disease |
Having higher food expenses per capita(log) (OR: 0.03 - CI 0.00-0.36), being a farmer (OR: 0.24 CI: 0.07, 0.83) and owning a business (OR: 0.31 CI: 0.07-1.34) were protection factors |
MONDAL et al., 2015(2222 Mondal A, Kumar P, Das NK, Datta PK. A clinicodemographic study of lepra reaction in patients attending dermatology department of a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India. J Pakistan Assoc Dermatol [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2017 Jul 27];25(4):252-8. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296674120_A_clinicodemographic_study_of_lepra_reaction_in_patients_attending_dermatology_department_of_a_tertiary_care_hospital_in_Eastern_India
https://www.researchgate.net/publication...
. |
India |
2015 |
Cut |
50 patients with leprosy |
Prevalence of reactions |
Living in rural areas (x2, p=0.9345), socioeconomic condition (x2, p=0.6137), education (x2, p=0.7842) |
SANYAL, et al., 2011(2323 Sanyal D, Gupta D, Mahapatra N, Samanta SK. A process report on physical and psychological determiners of social functioning in leprosy patients. Indian J Lepr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2017 Jul 27]; 83(4):225-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22783757
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2278...
. |
India |
2001-2002 |
Survey |
93 patients with leprosy |
Social harm and mental illness |
Impairment present vs. living in urban areas vs. rural areas (x2= 5.455, adjusted p=0.02). |
COSTA et al., 2012(2424 Costa MD, Terra FS, Costa RD, Lyon S, Costa AMDD, Antunes CMF. Assessment of quality of life of patients with leprosy reactional states treated in a dermatology reference center. An Bras Dermatol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2017 Jul 27];87(1):26-35. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v87n1/v87n1a03.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abd/v87n1/v87n1...
. |
Brazil |
2007 to 2008 |
Cross-sectional |
120 patients |
Quality of life of patients with leprosy reactions |
People married (p=0.001), education level (p> 0.05), occupation and quality of life regarding physical, psychological and environmental aspects (p <0.05), interference of the disease in occupation (p <0.001), interference in the professional activity and family income (p <0.001), family income and physical aspect (p=0.001), family income and psychological aspect (p=0.026), family income and environmental aspect (p=0.025) |
KAR; PAL; BHARATI, 2010(2525 Kar S, Pal R, Bharati D. Understanding non-compliance with WHO-multidrug therapy among leprosy patients in Assam, India. J Neurosci Rural Pract [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Jul 27];1(1):9-13. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3137843/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article...
. |
India |
2002 to 2005 |
Retrograde cut |
1,020 cases of leprosy |
Adherence to pharmacological therapy |
Male sex (x2= 5.873, p=0.0154), education level (x2= 32.350, p <0.0001), monthly income per capita (x2= 22.150, p=0.0005), socioeconomic status (x2= 66.735, p <0.0001). |
KUMAR et al., 2004(2626 Kumar R, Singhasivanon P, Sherchand JB, Mahaisavariya P, Kaewkungwal J, Peerapakorn S, et al. Gender difference in socio-epidemiological factors for leprosy in the most hyper-endemic district of Nepal. Nepal Med Coll J [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2017 Jul 27];6(2):98-105. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16295738
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1629...
. |
Nepal |
2001 to 2003 |
Cross-sectional |
580 patients with leprosy |
Adherence to treatment |
Sex (OR= 2.05, CI= 1.07-3.94), Age (OR= 1.76, CI= 0.81-3.80), Education status (literate vs. illiterate) (OR= 2.37, CI= 1.12-4.99), Caste level (OR= 1.23, CI= 0.40-3.74), Religion (OR= 0.45, CI= 0.14-1.43), Occupation: farmer vs. unemployed (OR= 1.29, CI= 0.49-3.40), employed vs. unemployed (OR= 0.42; CI= 0.14-1.20), business/service vs. unemployed (OR= 1.00, CI= 0.27-3.70), Family type (OR= 0.75, CI= 0.38-1.45), Annual family income (OR= 1.18, CI= 0.29-4.75), Hectares of land belonging to the family (OR= 0.60, CI= 0.29-1.23). |
MURTO et al., 2013(2727 Murto C, Chammartin F, Schwarz K, Costa LM, Kaplan C, Heukelbach J. Patterns of migration and risks associated with leprosy among migrants in Maranhao, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2017 Jul 27];7(9):e2422. Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002422
https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/artic...
. |
Brazil |
2010 |
Case control |
394 cases and 391 controls |
Incidence |
Monthly income less than 1 minimum wage (OR: 2.12, CI: 0.97-4.71, p= 0.049), little access to public cleaning services (OR: 3.1, CI: 1.1-10.02, p=0.03), illiteracy in family (OR: 2.67, CI: 1.13-6.51, p=0.02). |
WITHINGTON et al., 2003(2828 Withington SG, Joha S, Baird D, Brink M, Brink J. Assessing socio-economic factors in relation to stigmatization, impairment status, and selection for socio-economic rehabilitation: A 1-year cohort of new leprosy cases in north Bangladesh. Lep rev [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2017 Jul 27];74(2):120-32. Available from: https://www.lepra.org.uk/platforms/lepra/files/lr/June03/06-120.pdf
https://www.lepra.org.uk/platforms/lepra...
. |
India |
1996 |
Cut |
2,364 new cases of leprosy |
Physical impairment and stigma |
Factors associated with physical impairment Female sex (x2= 46.5, p <0.00001), adulthood (x2= 54.1, p <0.00001), dependents (x2= 60.9, p <0.00001), no education (x2= 14.9, p=0.0006), income (x2= 10.4, p=0.006), handwork (x2= 69, p <0.00001), member of credit groups (x2= 1.2, p=0.26), permanent or rented house (x2= 4.2, p=0.23), use of medication (x2= 32.3, p <0.00001), type of water supply (x2= 1.7, p=0.63), use of medication by the female sex (x2= 5.8, p=0.016), impairment and adulthood (p <0.01). Factors associated with Stigma: Male sex (x2= 8, p=0.005), adulthood (x2= 1.4, p=0.23), having dependents (x2= 7.5, p=0.024), no education (x2= 3.7, p=0.16), family income (x2= 1.3, p=0.52), handwork (x2= 5, p=0.08), member of credit groups (x2= 3.2, p=0.07), non-permanent house (x2= 16.5, p=0.001), use of medication (x2= 2.2, p=0.32), water supply (x2= 10.5, p=0.015). Factors associated with selection for socioeconomic assistance: Male sex (x2= 12.3, p=0.0004), adulthood (x2= 19.4, p <0.00001), dependents (x2= 43.2, p <0.00001), no education (x2= 6.65, p=0.04), family income (x2= 1.49, 0=0.47), handwork (x2= 38.8, p <0.00001), member of credit groups (x2= 6.1, p=0.014), non-permanent house (x2= 19.9, p=0.0002), use of medication (x2= 95.8, p <0.00001), water supply (x2= 7.9, p=0.047). |