Care of the self in the daily living of nurses: an integrative review

this is an integrative review of the literature published between 2006 and 2018 and indexed in the Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online and Web of Science databases.

Results:

the sample totaled 20 articles, grouped by content similarity in the thematic categories “limits and possibilities for the care of the self”, “knowledge about practices on the care of the self” and “implications of care of the self in professional practice”.

Final considerations:

the knowledge about techniques on caring for the self allows nurses to develop themselves personally and professionally. We suggest to managers and administrators a redirection of the nursing practice that contemplates the strengthening of the nurse as the manager of care and leader of the team, as well as the inclusion of the concept of care of the self in the curricula of undergraduate and graduate nursing courses.

Descriptors:
Nursing; Care of the Self; Self-Care; Occupational Health; Nursing Human Resources

Category	Title	Objective	Outcomes	Evidence
Limits and possibilities for the care of the self	Human relationships in the work environment: lack of self-care among nursing professionals⁽¹⁵15 Baggio MA. Relações humanas no ambiente de trabalho: o (des)cuidado de si do profissional de enfermagem. Rev Gaúcha Enferm [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2018 May 8];33(2):409-15. Available from: http://seer.ufrgs.br/index.php/RevistaGauchadeEnfermagem/article/view/4695/2599 http://seer.ufrgs.br/index.php/RevistaGa... ⁾	To understand the meaning of the (lack of) care of the self of nursing professionals, as well as the existing relations between caring for others and care of the self.	The study showed a communication deficit between the multiprofessional team, generating dissatisfaction and competition in the work environment.	6
	Taking care of yourself to take care of the other: reflections of nursing professionals about self care⁽¹⁶16 Targino THSJ, Silva PMC, Azevedo EB, Saraiva AM, Cordeiro RC, Ferreira Filha MO. Taking care of yourself to take care of the other: reflections of nursing professionals about self care. Rev Pesqui Cuid Fundam. 2013;5(4):440-8. doi: 10.9789/2175-5361.2013.v5i4.440-448 https://doi.org/10.9789/2175-5361.2013.v... ⁾	To analyze practices directed to self-care of the nursing professionals of an emergency hospital.	The practices of nursing professionals aimed at self-care presented negative aspects.	6
	Meanings of themselves-care of nursing professional women in a emergency unit⁽¹⁷17 Elias EA, Souza IEO, Vieira LB. Meanings of themselves-care of nursing professional women in a emergency unit. Esc Anna Nery. 2014;18(3):415-20. doi: 10.5935/1414-8145.20140059 https://doi.org/10.5935/1414-8145.201400... ⁾	To understand the meaning of the experience of women nurses in the care of the self in the daily care of an UPA.	Actions on care of the self were found, but the professionals are not always able to put them into practice because of daily occupations, which leads to a lack of time for themselves.	6
	Gossip and occupation in daily life of nursing professional in itself and the other care⁽¹⁸18 Salimena AMO, Elias EA, Souza IEO, Vieira LB. Falatório e ocupação no cotidiano das profissionais de enfermagem no cuidado de si e do outro. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2016;30(1):316-24. doi: 10.18471/rbe.v1i1.14393 https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v1i1.14393... ⁾	To comprehensively analyze the care of the self and the care for others and the meaning of being a female nurse working in a UPA.	The meaning of being a female nursing professional working in a UPA is based on the dedication to the integral care for human beings. However, such care only becomes full when the being that cares is also taken care of.	6
	Nursing and self-care in the world of psychiatric care⁽¹⁹19 Silva AA, Terra MG, Leite MT, Freitas FF, Xavier MS, Ely GZ. Nursing and self-care in the world of psychiatric care. Rev Pesqui Cuid Fundam. 2015;7(1):2011-20. doi: 10.9789/2175-5361.2015.v7i1.2011-2020 https://doi.org/10.9789/2175-5361.2015.v... ⁾	To understand the care of the self of nursing professionals in mental health.	Care was found to be a stage of intense interpersonal exchanges, agreements and disagreements with each other, interfering in the care for the other and in the care of the self of each nursing professional.	6
	Nursing professional: understanding self-care⁽²⁰20 Baggio MA, Formaggio FM. Profissional de enfermagem: compreendendo o autocuidado. Rev Gaúcha Enferm [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2018 May 10];28(2):233-41. Available from: http://seer.ufrgs.br/index.php/RevistaGauchadeEnfermagem/article/view/3168/1739 http://seer.ufrgs.br/index.php/RevistaGa... ⁾	To understand the meaning of (the lack of) care of the self for nursing professionals.	The neglect of care of the self seems to stem from the lack of time to feed properly, to engage in physical and aesthetic care of the self, and also from giving up time for the self in favor of work.	6
	Self-medication: showing self carelessness by nursing professionals⁽²¹21 Baggio MA, Formaggio FM. Automedicação: desvelando o descuidado de si dos profissionais de enfermagem. Rev Enferm UERJ [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2018 May 10];17(2):224-8. Available from: http://www.facenf.uerj.br/v17n2/v17n2a15.pdf http://www.facenf.uerj.br/v17n2/v17n2a15... ⁾	By addressing the problem of self-medication, to understand the meaning of (the lack of) care of the self for nursing professionals.	Self-medication reveals the lack of care of the self that nursing professionals have for themselves, who seek to minimize physical or psychic symptoms without proper medical advice.	6
	Care and its dimensions: bases for the care of the self of nursing professors⁽²²22 Soares RJO, Zeitoune RCG. O cuidado e suas dimensões: subsídios para o cuidar de si de docentes de enfermagem. Rev Pesqui Cuid Fundam. 2012;(Supl):41-44. doi: 10.9789/2175-5361.2012.v0i0.41-44 https://doi.org/10.9789/2175-5361.2012.v... ⁾	To describe the conception of nursing professors about care and its dimensions in the perspective of occupational health.	Care is directed almost exclusively to the other. There were no reports highlighting the importance of care of the self.	6
	Nursing and self care: perception of itself as a existential body in the world⁽²³23 Silva AA, Terra MG, Motta MGC, Leite MT, Padoin SMM. Nursing and self care: perception of itself as a existential body in the world. Rev Enferm UERJ [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2018 May 10];21(3):366-70. Available from: http://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/index.php/enfermagemuerj/article/view/7525 http://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/index.p... ⁾	To understand the care of the self of nursing professionals in mental health.	Care of the self happens to the extent that the professional values himself/herself, positioning himself/herself in the world as a unique and existential body, interacting with others in a dialogical way.	6
Limits and possibilities for the care of the self	Spirituality in self-care for intensive care nursing professionals⁽²⁴24 Dezorti LW, Crossetti MGO. Spirituality in self-care for intensive care nursing professionals. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2008;16(2):212-7. doi: 10.1590/S0104-11692008000200007 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-1169200800... ⁾	To understand how spirituality permeates the process of caring of the self and the care for others in the world of intensive care under the eyes of nursing professionals.	To be able to take care of the spirituality of their patients, nurses must take care of themselves through the continuous search for harmony and integrity.	6
	Caring for the self, for another, and for "us" within a complexity perspective⁽²⁵25 Baggio MA, Monticelli M, Erdmann AL. Cuidando de si, do outro e "do nós" na perspectiva da complexidade. Rev Bras Enferm. 2009;62(4):627-31. doi: 10.1590/S0034-71672009000400023 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167200900... ⁾	To conduct a reflective practice with nursing professionals on the meaning of care relationships that permeate the work environment.	There was an approximation of the understanding of the interactions and associations established between people living in a complex world/scenario.	6
	Multiple relationships of nursing care: the emergence of care "of the us"⁽²⁶26 Baggio MA, Erdmann AL. Multiple relationships of nursing care: the emergence of care "of the us". Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2010;18(5):895-902. doi: 10.1590/S0104-11692010000500009 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-1169201000... ⁾	To understand the relationships between care of the self, care for the other and care for "us" in the different dimensions of care.	The care for "us" is an emerging theme, under construction, that impels the concern with the collective and refers to the understanding of the multiple and infinite phenomena derived from the constant movement between subjects and their environment, modifying relationship networks.	6
Knowledge about practices on the care of the self	Taking care of the caregiver in the working setting: an action proposal⁽²⁷27 Oliniski SR, Lacerda MR. Cuidando do cuidador no ambiente de trabalho: uma proposta de ação. Rev Bras Enferm. 2006;59(1):100-4. doi: 10.1590/S0034-71672006000100019 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-7167200600... ⁾	To stimulate the awareness of the nursing team to care of the self practices and to develop actions to promote it within the work environment.	The developed actions and interactions stimulated and enabled care of the self inside and outside the work environment, awakening in the professionals the awareness of care of the self in work practices.	6
	Nurses as instruments of healing: self-care practices of nurses in a rural hospital setting⁽²⁸28 Lubinska-Welch IL, Pearson T, Comer L, Metcalfe SE. Nurses as instruments of healing: self-care practices of nurses in a rural hospital setting. J Holist Nurs. 2016;34(3):221-8. doi: 10.1177/0898010115602994 https://doi.org/10.1177/0898010115602994... ⁾	To understand self-care practices and health promotion behaviors of nurses in a rural hospital and determine if there is a need to develop a holistic self-care program for the hospital nursing staff.	Most nursing professionals recognize the importance of self-care. There is a strong preference for fitness and nutrition education programs over other types of strategies.	6
	"Not just a theory": the relationship between Jin Shin Jyutsu® self-care training for nurses and stress, physical health, emotional health, and caring efficacy⁽²⁹29 Lamke D, Catlin A, Mason-Chadd M. "Not just a theory": the relationship between Jin Shin Jyutsu® self-care training for nurses and stress, physical health, emotional health, and caring efficacy. J Holist Nurs. 2014;32(4):278-89. doi: 10.1177/0898010114531906 https://doi.org/10.1177/0898010114531906... ⁾	To evaluate the effectiveness of training nurses in Jin Shin Jyutsu and to correlate such training with the measurement of personal and organizational stress and patient care.	Jin Shin Jyutsu is a valuable instrument for nursing professionals due to decreasing physical and emotional stress and improving the effectiveness of care. Investing in Jin Shin Jyutsu programs could increase the quality of care provided.	6
	Nurses' lived experience of Reiki for self-care⁽³⁰30 Vitale A. Nurses' lived experience of Reiki for self-care. Holist Nurs Pract. 2009;23(3):129-47. doi: 10.1097/01.HNP.0000351369.99166.75 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.HNP.000035136... ⁾	To explore the experience of nursing professionals who practiced Reiki for self-care.	The findings have direct implications for nursing leaders and professors who seek to explore innovative ways to recruit and retain nurses in services and provide their well-being.	6
Implications of care of the self in professional practice	The importance of self-care for nursing professionals⁽³¹31 Ferreira ES, Souza MB, Souza NVDO, Pires AS. The importance of self-care for nursing professionals. Ciênc Cuid Saúde. 2015;14(1):978-85. doi: 10.4025/cienccuidsaude.v14i1.23360 https://doi.org/10.4025/cienccuidsaude.v... ⁾	To identify the perception of nursing professionals about the care of the self	Care of the self is important since the actions developed for the maintenance of this aspect improve the quality of nurses' professional and personal life.	6
	Expanding self-awareness: the caretaker looking him/ herself in the mirror⁽³²32 Becker SG, Crossetti MGO. Ampliando a consciência do eu: o cuidador olhando-se no espelho. Rev Gaúcha Enferm [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2018 May 06];28(1):27-34. Available from: http://seer.ufrgs.br/index.php/RevistaGauchadeEnfermagem/article/view/4694/2615 http://seer.ufrgs.br/index.php/RevistaGa... ⁾	To understand how nursing caregivers perceive themselves in expanding consciousness of the self in caring for the other.	It is believed that creating formal spaces for the care of caregivers is necessary, considering how they perceive themselves, others and the world of care in hospitals.	6
	Helping nurses care for self, family, and patients through the nurses living fit intervention⁽³³33 Speroni KG, Williams DA, Seibert DJ, Gibbons MG, Earley C. Helping nurses care for self, family and patients through the nurses living fit intervention. Nurs Adm Q. 2013;37(4):286-94. doi: 10.1097/NAQ.0b013e3182a2f97f https://doi.org/10.1097/NAQ.0b013e3182a2... ⁾	To help nurses have an improved quality of life via the Nurses Living Fit (NLF) program.	Nursing leaders must promote healthier work environments, which can be done by employing exercise and nutrition programs like the NLF, which help nurses take better care of themselves, their families and patients.	6
	Job satisfaction as self-care within a restrictive regulatory environment: Nevada's study⁽³⁴34 Dunaway LL, Running A. Job satisfaction as self-care within a restrictive regulatory environment: Nevada's study. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2009;21(10):557-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2009.00446.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2009... ⁾	To verify the characteristics of nursing professionals and work satisfaction.	Data shows that work satisfaction helps leaders improve patient care.	6

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[1] Corresponding Author: Edson José da Silva Júnior E-mail: nursedson@outlook.com