Binge drinking and overweight in brazilian adults - CUME Project

To verify the association between heavy episodic alcohol consumption [binge drinking (BD)] and overweight in 2,909 adults from the Cohort of Universities of Minas Gerais (CUME Project) baseline, Brazil.

Method:

Cross-sectional study in which sociodemographic, anthropometric (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² = overweight) and dietary intake data were collected. This study evaluated the occurrence and monthly frequency of BD (≥ 4 drinks at one time for women; ≥ 5 drinks at one time for men, in the last 30 days).

Results:

The prevalence of BD and overweight were 41.3% and 40.8%, respectively. BD increased the prevalence of overweight by 19%, and, BD exposure by ≥ 5 days / month increased it by 31%.

Conclusion:

BD on a single or multiple occasion during the month was associated with a higher prevalence of overweight. Therefore, such a lifestyle should be considered in weight gain prevention strategies.

Descriptors:
Binge Drinking; Alcoholic Beverages; Food Consumption; Overweight; Obesity

Variables	Total (n = 2,909)		Monthly frequency of binge drinking								p value^* * p- values according to Pearson's chi-square test or t-Student test, when appropriate.
	Total (n = 2,909)		No Day / Month (n = 1,706)		1-2 days / month (n = 634)		3-4 days / month (n = 336)		≥ 5 days / month (n = 233)
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	N	%
Gender											< 0.001
Male	909	31.3	450	26.4	201	31.7	147	43.7	111	47.6
Age (years)^ Data are mean and standard deviation.	36.3 (9.5)		36.9 (10.0)		34.8 (8.3)		36.1 (9.8)		35.5 (8.5)		< 0.001
Skin color											0.364
White	1,896	65.2	1,112	65.2	406	64.0	213	63.4	165	70.8
Black / Brown	984	33.8	573	33.6	223	35.2	121	36.0	67	28.8
Yellow / Indigenous	29	1	21	1.2	5	0.8	2	0.6	1	0.4
Marital Status											0.012
Single	1,276	43.9	699	40.9	304	48.0	157	46.7	116	49.8
Legally married / Stable Union	1,465	50.4	897	52.6	302	47.6	162	48.2	104	44.6
Separated or divorced / Widow/widowe	168	5.7	110	6.5	28	4.4	17	5.1	13	5.6
Professional status											0.041
Retired / work at home / Unemployed	235	8.1	155	9.1	43	6.8	22	6.5	15	6.4
Student	382	13.1	217	12.7	91	14.4	40	12.0	34	14.6
Full-time work	1,857	63.8	1,052	61.7	416	65.6	229	68.2	160	68.7
Part-time work	358	12.3	236	13.8	70	11.0	36	10.7	16	6.9
Informal work	77	2.7	46	2.7	14	2.2	9	2.6	8	3.4
Family Income (R$) ^ Data are mean and standard deviation.	8.758 (6.901)		8.447 (6.802)		8.934 (6.791)		9.360 (7.307)		9.688 (7.196)		0.013

Variables	Total (n = 2,909)		Monthly frequency of binge drinking								p value^* * p- values according to Pearson's chi-square test or t-Student test, when appropriate.
	Total (n = 2,909)		No Day / Month (n = 1,706)		1-2 days / month (n = 634)		3-4 days / month (n = 336)		≥ 5 days / month (n = 233)
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	N	%
Smoking habit											< 0.001
Never smoker	2,303	79.2	1,481	86.8	467	73.7	227	67.6	128	55.0
former smoker	353	12.1	154	9.0	106	16.7	51	15.2	42	18.0
Current smoker	253	8.7	71	4.2	61	9.6	58	17.2	63	27.0
Physical activity											< 0.001
Inactive	706	24.3	468	27.4	130	20.5	67	19.9	41	17.6
Insufficiently active	595	20.4	381	22.3	114	18.0	58	17.3	42	18.0
Active	1,608	55.3	857	50.3	390	61.5	211	62.8	150	64.4
Energy Consumption (Kcal/day) ^ Data are mean and standard deviation.	2,412 (939.8)		2,378 (939.8)		2,329 (881.5)		2,366 (952.6)		2,713 (1,004.7)		0.070
Macronutrient Consumption (g/day) ^* ***** Represented by the average percentage (%) of calories / day in the diet and standard deviation.
Alcohol	1.7 (2.4)		0.7 (1.2)		2.4 (2.7)		3.3 (2.5)		4.8 (3.6)		< 0.001
Carbohydrates	47.6 (9.4)		49.0 (9.4)		46.4 (9.3)		45.0 (8.5)		44.3 (8.6)		0.059
Proteins	17.8 (9.7)		17.7 (4.8)		17.9 (4.8)		18.2 (4.4)		17.9 (4.4)		0.118
Lipid	32.7 (7.4)		32.5 (7.7)		33.1 (7.3)		33.3 (6.8)		32.8 (6.8)		0.008
Polyunsaturated fat	5.8 (1.8)		5.8 (1.9)		5.8 (1.7)		5.8 (1.7)		6.0 (2.0)		0.001
Monounsaturated Fats	13.8 (4.1)		13.7 (4.2)		13.8 (3.8)		14.1 (3.9)		14.3 (4.6)		0.001
Saturated fat	11.5 (3.2)		11.4 (3.3)		11.7 (3.2)		11.8 (3.1)		11.8 (3.2)		0.576
Trans-fat	0.3 (0.2)		0.4 (0.2)		0.3 (0.2)		0.3 (0.2)		0.3 (0.2)		< 0.001
Minimally processed foods (g/day)^* ***** Represented by the average percentage (%) of calories / day in the diet and standard deviation.	1,292.9 (399.5)		1,342.5 (410.2)		1,241.2 (358.6)		1,219.7 (376.5)		1,175.4 (401.1)		0.001
Processed Foods (g/day)^* ***** Represented by the average percentage (%) of calories / day in the diet and standard deviation.	77.0 (56.7)		78.7 (54.8)		75.0 (60.7)		75.6 (59.4)		71.4 (54.6)		0.007
Ultra-processed Foods (g/day)^* ***** Represented by the average percentage (%) of calories / day in the diet and standard deviation.	227.8 (117.6)		228.7 (119.1)		234.2 (113.6)		222.8 (113.4)		211.2 (122.3)		0.306
Overweight ^** ****** Overweight: body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2. Clinical variables were obtained from questions if the participant had already received the medical diagnosis, that is, confirmation by a medical professional, for each of the following diseases: stroke, infarction, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease [Crohn, rectocolitis ulcerative disease], nonalcoholic liver steatosis, alcoholic cirrhosis, gastritis, gastric or duodenal ulcer, acute renal failure, chronic renal failure, lung cancer, skin cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, cancer prostate cancer, diabetes mellitus type 2, systemic arterial hypertension, high triglycerides, high cholesterol.
Yes	1,188	40.8	644	37.8	267	42.1	156	46.4	121	51.9	<0.001
Presence of chronic disease(s)^***** Note: PR: Prevalence Ratio; CI: 95% Confidence Interval;
Yes	664	22.8	412	24.2	145	22.9	58	17.3	49	21.0	0.045
Medical Diagnosis of depression
Yes	353	12.1	224	13.1	71	11.2	30	9.0	28	12.0	0.148

Variables	Gross analysis		Adjusted Analysis
Variables	PR (95% CI)	p value	PR (95% CI)	p value
Binge drinking^* * Analysis adjusted by gender; age; color; marital status; professional status; smoking habit; physical activity; medical diagnosis of depression; family income.
No (n = 644)	1.00	-	1.00	-
Yes (n = 544)	1.20 (1.10-1.31)	< 0.001	1.19 (1.09-1.30)	< 0.001
Monthly frequency of binge drinking*
No day / month (n = 644)	1.00	-	1.00	-
1-2 days / month (n = 267)	1.11 (0.99-1.24)	0.051	1.17 (1.05-1.30)	0.003
3-4 days / month (n = 156)	1.22 (1.07-1.40)	0.002	1.16 (1.02-1.31)	0.022
≥ 5 days / month (n = 121)	1.37 (1.19-1.57)	< 0.001	1.31 (1.14-1.51)	< 0.001
p linear trend		< 0.001		< 0.001

Variables	Sensitivity Analysis
Variables	Analysis 1 (n = 2,653) PR (95% CI)	Analysis 2 (n = 2,706) PR (95% CI)	Analysis 3 (n = 2,489) PR (95% CI)
Binge drinking^* * Analysis adjusted by gender; age; color; marital status; professional status; smoking habit; physical activity; medical diagnosis of depression; family income.
No (n = 644)	1.00	1.00	1.00
Yes (n = 544)	1.23 (1.12-1.36)	1.23 (1.11-1.36)	1.29 (1.12-1.49)
Monthly frequency of binge drinking^* * Analysis adjusted by gender; age; color; marital status; professional status; smoking habit; physical activity; medical diagnosis of depression; family income.
No day / month (n = 644)	1.00	1.00	1.00
1-2 days / month (n = 267)	1.21 (1.07-1.37)	1.22 (1.09-1.37)	1.29 (1.13-1.47)
3-4 days / month (n = 156)	1.18 (1.02-1.37)	1.16 (1.00-1.34)	1.18 (1.00-1.39)
≥ 5 days / month (n = 121)	1.40 (1.20-1.64)	1.37 (1.17-1.60)	1.48 (1.24-1.77)
p linear trend	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

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[1] Corresponding author: Luís Paulo Souza e Souza. E-mail: luis.pauloss@hotmail.com