The adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals, The Paris Agreement on Climate Change and the Addis Ababa Action Agenda laid the foundations of a new system of international development cooperation in which middle income countries are playing an increasingly important role, National Development Banks are becoming key players although broadly consensual regulatory framework are still insufficient.
International Development Finance; National Development Banks; SDGs; Climate Change
For 1990, 1991 and 1992: total DAC excluded debt forgiveness of non-ODA claims
| ODA clusters | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2016 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Economic infrastructure | 11,1 | 8,4 | 17,5 | 22,0 |
| Social infrastructure | 18,4 | 19,6 | 42,4 | 42,8 |
| Production | 9,4 | 4,0 | 7,7 | 6,1 |
| Total ODA | 77,8 | 72,9 | 122,8 | 147,1 |
| 1990 | 2013 | 2015 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| % of people living with less than 1,90 USD per day | 36% | 11% | 10% |
| People living in extreme poverty | 1,85 bn | 736 million (of which 413 million in Sub-Saharan Africa) |
| Fragile and conflict affected | Latin America (excl. high income) | Least developed countries | Middle East and Northern Africa (excl. high income) | South Asia | Sub Saharan Africa | Low Income | Middle Income |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5,4% | 0,2% | 4,6% | 1,9% | 0,4% | 3% | 9,6% | 0,2% |
| MDG | SDGs | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Social cluster | |||
| Goal 1 | Eradication extreme poverty | Goal 1 | End poverty in all of its forms |
| Goal 2 | End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture | ||
| Goal 2 | Achieve universal primary education | Goal 4 | Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all |
| Goal 3 | Promote gender equality and empower women | Goal 5 | Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls |
| Goal 4 | Reduce child mortality | Goal 3 | Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages |
| Goal 5 | Improve maternal health | See goal 3 | |
| Goal 6 | Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases | See goal 3 | |
| Global goods/Environment, climate, sustainable development cluster | |||
| Goal 7 | Ensure environmental sustainability | Goal 6 | Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all |
| Goal 7 | Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all | ||
| Goal 11 | Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable | ||
| Goal 12 | Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns | ||
| Goal 13 | Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts | ||
| Goal 14 | Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development | ||
| Goal 15 | Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss | ||
| Sustainable growth cluster | |||
| Goal 8 | Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all | ||
| Goal 9 | Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation | ||
| Goal 10 | Reduce inequality within and among countries | ||
| Goal 16 | Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels | ||
| Partnership cluster | |||
| Goal 8 | Develop a global partnership for development | Goal 17 | Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development |
| Domestic | International | |
|---|---|---|
| Public | Taxes (States, local governments) National development banks | ODA Loans Export credits Contribution to global goods: security, etc |
| Private | Savings/Markets Commercial Banks NGOs Foundations | Private loans Foreign direct investment Remittances International NGOs |
| References to SDGs | No reference | |
|---|---|---|
| DEVCO website “within the EC, the DG DEVCO […] plays a leading role in implementing the 2030 Agenda of the UN and its sustainable development goals (SDGs) in EU international cooperation and development.” | New Development Bank website NDB (is) supporting its member countries to achieve their development aspirations, especially those articulated in the UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the 2015 Paris Agreement on Climate Change. | USAID website USAID is the world’s premier international development agency and a catalytic actor driving development results. USAID’s work advances U.S. national security and economic prosperity, demonstrates American generosity, and promotes a path to recipient self-reliance and resilience . |
| DBSA annual report 2016/2017 the DBSA is guided by a number of international, regional and local policies, accords and agreements, and subscribes to the goals and targets of the United Nations’ Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. | DFID website DFID leads the UK’s work to end extreme poverty […] We are responsible for: -honoring the UK’s international commitments and taking action to achieve the United Nations’ Global Goals | Chinese international development cooperation agency CIDCA web site The agency aims to formulate strategic guidelines, plans and policies for foreign aid, coordinate and offer advice on major foreign aid issues, advance the country’s reforms in matters involving foreign aid […] |
| APC Colombia (website) APC-Colombia tiene por objetivo … apoyar la canalización y ejecución de recursos, programas y proyectos de cooperación internacional, atendiendo los objetivos de política exterior y el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo . Colombia …) el primer país en formular su Plan Nacional de Desarrollo (PND) con enfoque ODS . | BNDES Annual report 2018 We are the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES), a federal public company. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDG) The Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development, adopted in 2015 by Brazil and the other member states of the United Nations (UN), is intrinsically linked to our operations. Projects related to the 17 objectives and the 169 targets included in the agenda are eligible for better financial conditions in several of our financing lines, as well as to our support with non-reimbursable resources. | AMEXCID website La Agencia Mexicana de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AMEXCID) es un órgano desconcentrado de la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores (SRE)… Para nosotros, cooperar es compartir lo mejor de México para enfrentar retos globales y crecer juntos … civil y gobiernos locales; para coordinar, planear y evaluar nuestros esfuerzos de Cooperación y Promoción |
| Countries | China | India | Iran | Indonesia | Mexico | Brazil | South Africa | Turkey | Thailand |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Income grouping | UMIC 9470 | LMIC 2020 | UMIC 5470 | LMIC 3840 | UMIC 9180 | UMIC 9140 | LMIC 5720 | UMIC 10380 | LMIC 6610 |
| Ranking as GHG emitters | 1 | 3 | 8 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 23 |
| 2014 | 2015 | |
|---|---|---|
| France | 6% | 5% |
| Germany | 1% | 19% |
| Sweden | 25% | 49% |
| Italy | 58% | 52% |
| UK | 3% | 3% |
| Domestic finance | International finance | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Revenues in dev countries | 4,3 trn USD | Total cross border flows to dev countries | 1,7 trn USD |
| Commercial flows incl FDI | 890 bn | ||
| Remittances | 466 bn | ||
| International public finance | 311 bn Out of which ODA = 146 bn |
| Institutions/funds | Former pledge/annual lending target | New pledge/annual lending target | |
|---|---|---|---|
| GCF | 9,3 | 9,78 | Amount of pledges made for a four-year period |
| Global Fund HIV/AIDS | 14,02 | Amount of pledges made for a four-year period | |
| IBRD Group | 60 | 100 | Increase in volume of annual lending |
| IDA | 75 (IDA 18) | 82 (IDA 19) | Three-year replenishment |
| Africa Dev Bank | 93 | 208 | Capital increase |
| 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ODA flows to Turkey (from DAC countries) | 259 | 694 | 292 | 848 | 1455 |
| Turkish flows to recipient countries | 3307 | 3591 | 3919 | 6487 | 8562 |
| Pre-2015 | Post-2015 | |
|---|---|---|
| Goals | MDGs, poverty-focused | SDGs, poverty and global public goods |
| Financing | International, strong role for ODA | Domestic International, through multiple channels |
| Targets | 0,7% for ODA Billions | None for domestic finance None for international public finance with the exception of climate finance Trillions |
| Paradigm | Donors and recipients | Stakeholders and shareholders |
| Key institutions | Development agency/ministry = DFID MDB = World Bank | National development banks MDBs |
| Clubs | OECD/DAC | IDFC |
| Monitoring | DAC peer reviews (robust, but limited to ODA) | SDGs reviews by the High level on sustainable development (weak) |
| Multilateral institutions | World Bank group and IMF | Regional Banks | European Union | United Nations system | Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resources | 12 bn USD | 5,5 | 15 | 20,9 | 10,4 |
| % earmarked | 25% | 71% |
Source: OECD, Development co-operation report 2017: data for development 2017
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