Potential of mangaba (Hancornia speciosa), mango (Mangifera indica L.), and papaya (Carica papaya L.) seeds as sources of bioactive compounds

Silva, Ana Carolina da; Jorge, Neuza

doi:10.1590/0034-737X202067060003

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Crop Production • Rev. Ceres 67 (6) • Nov-Dec 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-737X202067060003 copy

**Potential of mangaba (Hancornia speciosa), mango (Mangifera indica L.), and papaya (Carica papaya L.) seeds as sources of bioactive compounds** ¹ This work is part of the first author’s Doctoral Thesis. Financial research assistance of São Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The bioactive compounds and the antioxidant capacities of mangaba, mango and papaya oils were investigated. Determinations of fatty acid composition, tocopherol, phytosterols, phenolic compounds profile, total carotenoids, and antioxidant activity were carried out in the oils of mangaba, mango and papaya seeds. The analysis of antioxidant activity was performed by the methods DPPH^•, ABTS^•+, FRAP, and β-carotene/linoleic acid. Only essential fatty acid C18:2 was detected, in an average of 6.2%. In contrast, the main fatty acids quantified were oleic, palmitic, and stearic. The amount of phytosterols in mangaba (1951.7 mg kg^-1), papaya (3540.3 mg kg^-1), and mango (4565.7 mg kg^-1) oils was higher than that of conventional oils, such as soybean oil. α-tocopherol was the main tocopherol found in all oils analyzed. Quantities of phenolic compounds were found only in mango seed oil. Papaya seed oil showed high quantity of total carotenoids (49.90 µg g^-1). The possible use of the seeds studied to produce oils appears to be favorable. The information available in this study is of great importance for investigations regarding the use of vegetable oils as raw material for food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries.

Keywords:
antioxidant capacity; oil; seeds; waste

Popular name	Scientific name	Fruit description	Residue origin and description
Papaya Formosa	Carica papaya L.	Thin skin, ranging from green to intense yellow, long shape, fleshy and soft pulp of orange-reddish color, very sweet. The central cavity is filled with numerous small, round, black seeds.	Fruit processing industry, Sao Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil. Approximately 5 kg of residues were provided in October, 2011. The remaining fibers were removed manually. The fruits were processed in Sao Paulo State, although cultivated in Bahia State, Northeastern Brazil.
Mango Palmer	Mangifera indica L.	Classified as a drupe fruit, which is fleshy and contains only one seed protected by a hard endocarp. Its pulp is firm, with no fiber, and of mild and sweet flavor.	Fruit processing industry, Minas Gerais State, Southeastern Brazil. Approximately 10 kg of residues were collected right after the juice processing. Separation of seeds from endocarp was performed with the assistance of a stainless-steel knife. The broken seeds were disposed of.
Mangaba	Hancornia speciosa var. pubescens	Green-yellowish fruits, with juicy, viscous, aromatic, sweet pulp.	Fruit processing industry, Sergipe State, Northeastern Brazil. 10 kg of residues were obtained in March, 2012, and consisted of only seeds.

	Mangaba	Mango	Papaya
Fatty acid (%)
C16:0	19.1 ± 0.0^a	7.8 ± 0.0^c	16.5 ± 0.0^b
C18:0	8.2 ± 0.0^b	29.2 ± 0.1^a	4.6 ± 0.0^c
C18:1 n-9	63.9 ± 0.0^b	52.7 ± 0.0^c	72.2 ± 0.0^a
C18:2 n-6	7.4 ± 0.1^a	5.9 ± 0.0^b	5.3 ± 0.0^b
C20:0	0.7 ± 0.0^b	1.7 ± 0.0^a	0.3 ± 0.0^c
SFA	28.3 ± 0.1	40.7 ± 0.0	22.0 ± 0.0
MUFA	64.1 ± 0.0	53.3 ± 0.0	72.7 ± 0.0
PUFA	7.5 ± 0.1	5.9 ± 0.0	5.3 ± 0.0
UFA/SFA	2.52	1.45	3.55

	Mangaba	Mango	Papaya
Phytosterol (mg kg^-1)
Campesterol	nd	nd	243.1 ± 0.02^a
Stigmasterol	nd	504.4 ± 0.01^a	220.9 ± 0.01^b
β-sitosterol	3471.1 ± 0.01^a	1447.3 ± 0.01^c	3069.1 ± 0.02^b
Stigmastanol	1094.6 ± 0.01^a	nd	nd
Totals	4565.7 ± 0.02	1951.7 ± 0.02	3540.3 ± 0.02
Tocopherols (mg kg^-1)
α-tocopherol	36.77 ± 0.06^a	14.37 ± 0.12^c	27.20 ± 0.51^b
β-tocopherol	nd	nd	3.97 ± 0.12^a
Totals	36.77 ± 0.06	14.37 ± 0.12	31.17 ± 0.06
Phenolic compounds (mg kg^-1)
Gallic acid	nd	118.96 ± 1.03^a	nd
Salicylic acid	nd	78.14 ± 0.92^a	nd
Quercetin	nd	11.03 ± 0.29^a	nd
Epicatechin	nd	28.46 ± 0.04^a	nd
Totals carotenoids (μg β-carotene g^-1)	15.91 ± 0.70^b	0	49.90 ± 1.17^a

	Mangaba	Mango	Papaya
EC₅₀ (mg mL^-1)	155.87 ± 2.59^a	11.57 ± 0.57^c	34.83 ± 0.23^b
ABTS^•+ (μmol Trolox 100 g^-1)	121.45 ± 2.69^b	169.02 ± 1.19^a	113.23 ± 1.79^c
FRAP (μmol FeSO₄ 100 g^-1)	184.76 ± 4.34^c	226.17 ± 2.34^a	214.12 ± 1.72^b
β-carotene/linoleic (%)	74.6 ± 1.2^a	53.2 ± 2.1^c	58.3 ± 2.3^b
F1	0.06	0.30	0.32
F2	0.08	0.13	0.37

Universidade Federal de Viçosa Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais Brasil, Tel./Fax: (55 31) 3612-2078 - Viçosa - MG - Brazil
E-mail: ceres@ufv.br

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[1] *Corresponding author: ac.dasilva@yahoo.com.br

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Potential of mangaba (Hancornia speciosa), mango (Mangifera indica L.), and papaya (Carica papaya L.) seeds as sources of bioactive compounds 1 This work is part of the first author’s Doctoral Thesis. Financial research assistance of São Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP.

ABSTRACT

**Potential of mangaba (Hancornia speciosa), mango (Mangifera indica L.), and papaya (Carica papaya L.) seeds as sources of bioactive compounds** ¹ This work is part of the first author’s Doctoral Thesis. Financial research assistance of São Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP.