Concepts |
Dispute by the agents for the same resources that cannot be achieved individually (Padula & Dagnino, 2007Padula, G., & Dagnino, G. B. (2007). Untangling the rise of coopetition: The intrusion of competition in a cooperative game structure. International Studies of Management & Organization, 37(2), 32-52.). Maximization of individual interests (Bengtsson & Kock, 2000Bengtsson, M., & Kock, S. (2000). "Coopetition" in business networks - to cooperate and compete simultaneously. Industrial Marketing Management, 29(5), 411-426. foi:10.1016/S0019-8501(99)00067-X https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-8501(99)00...
). |
Division of skills or additional resources for mutual or superior benefit (Osarenkhoe, 2010Osarenkhoe, A. (2010). A study of inter-firm dynamics between competition and cooperation - A coopetition strategy. Journal of Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management, 17(3), 201-221. doi:10.1057/dbm.2010.23 https://doi.org/10.1057/dbm.2010.23...
). |
Cooperation in areas different from where they compete (Bengtsson & Kock, 2000Bengtsson, M., & Kock, S. (2000). "Coopetition" in business networks - to cooperate and compete simultaneously. Industrial Marketing Management, 29(5), 411-426. foi:10.1016/S0019-8501(99)00067-X https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-8501(99)00...
) or in a chain that adds value to the firm (Brandenburger & Nalebuff, 1995Brandenburger, A. M., & Nalebuff, B. J. (1995). The right game: Use game theory to shape strategy. Harvard Business Review, 73(4). Retrieved from https://hbr.org/
https://hbr.org/...
). |
Objectives |
Gains higher than the competitors. |
Resource sharing to access new markets, creation of entry barriers and focusing on target activity. |
Creation of opportunities, removal of external obstacles, or neutralization of threats. |
Theoretical background |
Competitive advantage. Distinctive competencies. |
Resource Based View (RBV). |
Game Theory, Transaction Cost theory (TCT), Resource Based View (RBV). |
Premises |
Conflict, bargaining power. |
Harmony, trust, reciprocity. |
Interdependence, dynamism, complexity. |
Characteristics |
Independent decisions about common goals. Search for a balance between the agents. |
Development of joint actions to achieve mutual benefits and common goals. Agents avoid conflict by making cooperative agreements. Use of formal or informal agreements (Osarenkhoe, 2010Osarenkhoe, A. (2010). A study of inter-firm dynamics between competition and cooperation - A coopetition strategy. Journal of Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management, 17(3), 201-221. doi:10.1057/dbm.2010.23 https://doi.org/10.1057/dbm.2010.23...
; Bengtsson & Kock, 1999Bengtsson, M., & Kock, S. (1999). Cooperation and competition in relationships between competitors in business networks. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 14(3), 178-194. doi:10.1108/08858629910272184 https://doi.org/10.1108/0885862991027218...
). |
Creating and sharing value between agents. Interest structure and partially convergent goals. Overcoming possible intentions of selfish behavior by overlapping interests (Padula & Dagnino, 2007Padula, G., & Dagnino, G. B. (2007). Untangling the rise of coopetition: The intrusion of competition in a cooperative game structure. International Studies of Management & Organization, 37(2), 32-52.; Bengtsson & Kock, 1999Bengtsson, M., & Kock, S. (1999). Cooperation and competition in relationships between competitors in business networks. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 14(3), 178-194. doi:10.1108/08858629910272184 https://doi.org/10.1108/0885862991027218...
, 2000Bengtsson, M., & Kock, S. (2000). "Coopetition" in business networks - to cooperate and compete simultaneously. Industrial Marketing Management, 29(5), 411-426. foi:10.1016/S0019-8501(99)00067-X https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-8501(99)00...
; Bengtsson et al., 2010Bengtsson, M., Eriksson, J., & Wincent, J. (2010). Co-opetition dynamics - an outline for further inquiry. Competitiveness Review, 20(2), 194-214. doi:10.1108/10595421011029893 https://doi.org/10.1108/1059542101102989...
). |
Restrictions for the success of the strategy |
Not achieving a performance higher than the others' performance, thus generating a competitive advantage (Porter, 1980Porter, M. (1980). Competitive strategy. New York, USA: Free Press., 1985Porter, M. (1985). Competitive advantage. New York, USA: Free Press.) or distinctive competencies that are difficult to imitate (Barney, 1991Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. doi: 10.1177/014920639101700108 https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206391017001...
; Wernerfelt, 1984Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171-180. doi:10.1002/smj.4250050207 https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250050207...
). |
Lack of trust between the agents. Strategic misalignment between the agents. Opportunistic behavior (Tiessen & Linton, 2000Tiessen, J. H., & Linton, J. D. (2000). The JV dilemma: Cooperating and competing in joint ventures. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 17(3), 203-215. doi:10.1111/j.1936-4490.2000.tb00221.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-4490.2000...
; Jarillo, 1988; Bengtsson & Kock, 2000Bengtsson, M., & Kock, S. (2000). "Coopetition" in business networks - to cooperate and compete simultaneously. Industrial Marketing Management, 29(5), 411-426. foi:10.1016/S0019-8501(99)00067-X https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-8501(99)00...
). |
Agents invest resources to increase the total to be shared, which will not necessarily be divided equally (Padula & Dagnino, 2007Padula, G., & Dagnino, G. B. (2007). Untangling the rise of coopetition: The intrusion of competition in a cooperative game structure. International Studies of Management & Organization, 37(2), 32-52.; Abdallah & Wadhwa, 2009Abdallah, F., & Wadhwa, A. (2009). Collaborating with your rivals: Identifying sources of coopetitive performance. Copenhagen, Denmark: Copenhagen Business School.). |
Criticism |
Lack of recognition of the dependence of the firm's decisions on the industry and economic imperfections (Osarenkhoe, 2010Osarenkhoe, A. (2010). A study of inter-firm dynamics between competition and cooperation - A coopetition strategy. Journal of Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management, 17(3), 201-221. doi:10.1057/dbm.2010.23 https://doi.org/10.1057/dbm.2010.23...
). |
Lack of recognition of competitive forces or these being seen as negative influences (Padula & Dagnino, 2007Padula, G., & Dagnino, G. B. (2007). Untangling the rise of coopetition: The intrusion of competition in a cooperative game structure. International Studies of Management & Organization, 37(2), 32-52.). |
Opportunism, asymmetry, perception of justice between those involved (Gulati et al., 2000Gulati, R., Nohria, N., & Zaheer, A. (2000). Strategic networks. Strategic Management Journal, 21(3), 203-215. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(200003)21:3<203::aid-smj102>3.0.co;2-k https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(...
). Difficulty to replicate the predictive model based on the Game Theory for the coopetitive environment (Armstrong, 1997Armstrong, J. S. (1997). Why can't a game be more like a business? A review of Co-opetition by Brandenburger and Nalebuff. Journal of Marketing, 61(2), 92-95. doi:10.2307/1251833 https://doi.org/10.2307/1251833...
). |