Measuring multidimensional poverty in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil: looking beyond income

Fahel, Murilo; Teles, Leticia Ribeiro

doi:10.1590/0034-7612154852

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Article • Rev. Adm. Pública 52 (3) • May-Jun 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7612154852 copy

Measuring multidimensional poverty in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil: looking beyond income

Medindo la pobreza multidimensional del estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil: mirando más allá de los ingresos

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The multidimensional poverty index (MPI) was developed by the Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (Ophi) in 2010. The MPI is established on indicators of health, education and standard of living. The concept of multidimensionality is anchored on the theory of poverty and human development elaborated by the indian economist Amartya Sen in the 1980s. The methodology used for the modeling of this study is based on Alkire and Foster - AF (2011) and analyzes the incidence and intensity of poverty. The purpose of this paper focuses on the application of the MPI in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil and uses the Household Sample Survey produced by João Pinheiro Foundation (FJP) in 2009, 2011 and 2013. The results indicate that the MPI is relativaly low, 0.0329 (2009), 0.0226 (2011) and 0.0155 (2013), indicating there is a tendency for decreasing along the years.

Keywords:
multidimensional poverty index; incidence; intensity; Minas Gerais; Brazil

Dimensio-n	Indicators	Brazil (%)	Southeast (%)	Minas Gerais (%)
Poverty	Extreme Poverty	5.16	2.33	3.01
Heath	Child Mortality (per 1,000 live births)	20.0	14.60	17.40
Education	Average Schooling Years (15 years or more)	7.55	8.19	7.36
Work	Unemployment	8.16	8.62	7.03
Sanitation	Access to Drinking Water	87.72	96.16	99.42
Electricity	Access to Electricity	98.82	99.80	99.42

Dimension	Indicator	Who is Deprived?	Weight
Education	Years of Schooling*	Household (HH) where no member has completed elementary school (i.e. nine years of schooling)	16.7%
Education	School Attendance*	HH with at least one child between six and 17 not attending school	16.7%
Health	Child Mortality*	HH with at least with one child up to five who has deceased	16.7%
Health	Access to Medical Care* (Nutrition)	HH with at least one member who has needed medical attention and was not attended by appropriate professional or was not attended due to the difficult access to health services, in the last month.	16.7%
Standard of Living	Electricity	HH without electricity	5.6%
	Water	HH does not have running water in at least one room or the water does not come from a cistern or natural springs.	5.6%
	Sanitation*	HH with a toilet that is not connected to the sewage collection network (e.g. rudimentary sewage) or with a toilet that is shared.	5.6%
	Waste Treatment* (Floor)	HH does not have waste treatment (e.g. garbage is burned or thrown in the river)	5.6%
	Cooking Fuel	HH that cooks with wood, charcoal or dung	5.6%
	Asset Ownership*	HH that owns three or fewer of the following assets - radio, TV, telephone, refrigerator, stove, computer, bicycle or motorcycle - and does not own a car or tractor	5,6%

Dimension	Dimension’s weight	Indicator	Indicator’s weight	Cutoff	Observation
Living Standards	33.33%	Electricity	05.56%	The household is considered deprived if it does not have access to electricity.	to The same as the Global MPI.
		Drinking Water	05.56%	The household is considered deprived if it does not have access to piped water in at least one room or if the water does not come from the distribution network or well/spring.	Similar to the Global MPI. Nevertheless, due to lack of data available, “access to piped water in at least one room” was used as a proxy for distances smaller than 30 minutes (return).
		Sanitation	05.56%	The household is deprived if the bathroom’s gully is not connected to the sewage or if the bathroom is shared.	The same as the Global MPI.
		Waste Treatment	05.56%	The household is deprived if there is no garbage collection service (e.g. it is burned or dumped on river).	This variable substitutes “resident flooring” so that the index more accurately represents the realities and challenges in Brazil.
		Cooking Fuel	05.56%	The household is deprived if it cooks with wood, charcoal or dung.	The same as the Global MPI.
		Asset Ownership	05.56%	The household is deprived if it does not have more than 1/3 of the items required (land line; cell phone; television; stove; fridge, freezer; desktop computer; laptop computer; bicycle) and does not have car or motorbike.	Similar to the Global MPI. Nevertheless, due to the lack of available data and also to more adequately represent the realities and challenges in Brazil, minor changes were made. It was decided that the residence should have e more than 3 out of the 9 items required (1/3) instead of 1 out of 6 (1/6 - Global MPI) of the items required. In addition, and the motorbike replaced the tractor.
Education	33.33%	Years of Schooling	16.67%	The household is considered deprived if none of the members, 16 or older , have completed 9 years of schooling (completed primary school).	Differs from the Global MPI as it considers 9 years instead of 5 (constitutes all of primary schooloing with the first stage of 5 years and second of 4).
Education	33.33%	School Attendance	16.67%	The household is considered deprived if at least one member, between the ages of 6 and 17, is not enrolled in school.	Differs from the Global MPI, as it considers 9 years of primary school (years 1 to 9) and 3 years of high school (years 1 to 3).
Health	33.33%	Child Mortality	16.67%	The household is considered deprived if any child, 5 years or younger, has died.	Proxy: There is no variable that includes all infant deaths. The number of deaths used corresponds to the last child born within the past 5 years.
Health	33.33%	Access to Health Care	16.67%	The household is considered deprived if at least one member has needed health care and has not been taken care of by an adequate professional or has not been taken care of because of barriers to health services , both within the last month.	This variable depends on personal perception. Due to the lack of the data available, the nutrition index has been replaced.

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[1] Murilo Fahel PhD in Sociology and Politics at UFMG; Post-doctoral degree from the University of Oxford; Professor and researcher of the School of Government at João Pinheiro Foundation. E-mail: murilo.fahel@fp.mg.gov.br.