| While fasting |
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Anthropometry: weight and height measurements, sitting height, waist and hip measurements, neck circumference measurement. 2,10
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Blood pressure measurement |
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A total of three measurements with an interval of one minute, after five minutes of rest, using an automatic oscillometric sphygmomanometer (Omron HEM 705CP). 11,19
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First blood collection |
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| Without fasting |
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Second blood collection – 120 minutes after consumption of 50% glucose solution in non-diabetic participants (16-18) or standard snack in diabetic participants. 3-5,8
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Pulse wave velocity estimation Measured using a non-invasive validated device (Complior SP, Artech Medicale France). 7
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Electrocardiogram |
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12-lead ECG with a 2-minute layout print in an Atria device (Burdick, Cardiac Science Corporation). The layout reading followed the Minnesota ECG Coding. |
|
Heart rate variability |
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Determination of time and rate indices in the spectral analysis of a 10-minute layout obtained from a 2-lead electrocardiographer at 250 Hz (Micromed, Brazil) using dedicated software (WinCardio, Brazil). 16
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Ankle-brachial index |
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Calculation of the relationship between the systolic blood pressure measurement of the right and left ankles and the highest systolic blood pressure measurement of the right arm. Measurements were obtained with an automatic oscillometric sphygmomanometer (Omron 765CP). 14
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Blood pressure assessment after postural maneuver |
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After 15 minutes of rest, participants got up quickly (with help if necessary) and immediately touched their feet on the floor. Blood pressure was measured with a device in 2, 3 and 5 minutes. Measurements were obtained with an automatic oscillometric sphygmomanometer (Omron HEM 705CP). 13
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Intima-media thickness index (IMT) measurement |
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Ultrasonography of right and left carotid arteries obtained with a linear transducer (7.5 MHz) - Toshiba, SSA-770A - APLIO ®(Tokyo, Japan) with an axial resolution of 0.10 mm. Images were measured in a workstation with the IMAGE ARENA –TOM TEC software ®. 18
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Hepatic steatosis assessment obtained from a wide-band convex transducer (PVT - 375BT), with a central frequency of 3.5 MHz (2.5 – 5.5 MHz) – Toshiba, SSA-770A - APLIO ®(Tokyo, Japan). Images were measured in a workstation with the IMAGE ARENA –TOM TEC software ®. 23
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Abdominal wall thickness assessment with minimum and maximum subcutaneous fat measurement; and pre-peritoneal fat obtained with a wide-band convex transducer (PVT - 375BT), with a central frequency of 3.5 MHz (2.5 – 5.5 MHz) – Toshiba, SSA-770A - APLIO ®(Tokyo, Japan). Images were analyzed in a workstation with the Medical Imaging Applications (MIA) software ®and the maximum subcutaneous fat layer thickness was measured with the IMAGE ARENA –TOM TEC software ®. |
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Echocardiography |
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Images obtained with an ultrasonography machine with a transducer of 2.0 to 3.5 MHz Toshiba, SSA-770A - APLIO ®(Tokyo, Japan) |
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Retinography |
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Images centered on the macula and optical disk of the right and left eyes were obtained with a Canon CR-1 machine, using a system that did not require mydriasis with an EOS 40D digital camera® (10 megapixel). |
