McClure et al23 (2005) United States |
N = 275 Randomized clinical trial Interventions: usual care treatment and improved motivational counseling Telephone counseling program comprised in four calls Chi-square test, t-test, logistic regression |
Young women with an average age of 32.7 years 81.8% were white 50.0% were married 45.4% had at least completed high school 83.3% were employed They smoked approximately 14.3 cigarettes per day 78.0% made an effort to quit smoking 51.3% had no assistance to cease smoking Half of them considered stop smoking within six months Most smokers of both groups tried to cease smoking at least once (82.1% improved motivational counseling; 77.5% usual care) During the treatment, 52 women reported abstinence (27 usual care, 25 improved motivational counseling) |
Moderated |
Chellini et al10 (2011) Italy |
N = 1,100 Randomized clinical trial Interventions: Intervention in the smoking habit by motivational stages, intervention in the smoking habit associated to physical activity and control intervention Questionnaire and follow-up by phone Descriptive statistical analysis, Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U nonparametric test |
Age between 25-64 years 56.0% were married 70.3% had a job Onset of smoking at an average age of 18/19 years 45.0% were involved in moderate or intense physical activity 21.0% were in preparation stage 45.0% in action and maintenance 23.0% had high or very high dependence to nicotine No significant difference has been found between the three study groups |
Moderated |
Chellini et al11 (2011) Italy |
N = 177 Cohort study Interventions: brief counseling paired with motivational stage for smoking cessation and face to face interviews Face to face and phone interview, and questionnaire Logistic regression analysis, Kruskal-Wallis test, Cuzik test, Chi-square test |
Variable age was not associated to the cessation Women who smoked 11-20 cigarettes a day were less likely to quit smoking when compared to those who smoke from 1-5 cigarettes a day 72.9% women had high educational level Age between 30-59 years 72.3% worked 71.7% smoked their first cigarette before or just after breakfast 17.0% ceased smoking There was significant reduction of tobacco consumption |
Moderated |
Manfredi et al21 (1999) United States |
N = 1,064 Randomized clinical trial Interventions: materials and strategies based on the method of motivation and the theory of the stages of change Interviews by phone and face to face Logistic regression analysis |
Young women 38.0% had a school level higher than high school The average time they smoked was 12.6 years Participants exposed to the intervention were more likely to stop (14.5%) than those who were not exposed (7.7%), in addition to presenting high average rates of action, stage of readiness and motivation |
Weak |
Buchanan et al8 (2008) United States |
N = 50 Descriptive exploratory study Interview and follow-up by phone Likert scale, Crombach’s alpha, t-test, descriptive statistics |
Women with an average age of 44.75 years 82.0% were white 38.0% were married 52.0% completed high school, 40.0% completed higher education 73.0% were employed 32.0% reported a history of depression and 22.0% used antidepressant drugs 62.0% had friends who smoked 48.0% had a smoking partner |
High |
Glasgow et al18 (2000) United States |
N = 1,154 Randomized clinical trial Interventions: counseling and brief intervention based on motivational interview Interview in person and by phone Analysis of variance and multiple logistic regression |
Women with an average age of 24 years 89.0% were white 43.0% had completed high school Average time of tobacco use of 6 years Less than 30.0% were intending to quit smoking in the next month There were no significant differences between the intervention and control groups |
Moderated |
O’Hara P, Portser SA28 (1994) United States |
N = 45 Clinical trial Interventions: behavioral self-management program, which worked with the management of weight gain and the ability to manage stress Interviews by phone and questionnaire Nonparametric test |
Younger women smoked more cigarettes per day (28.6 cigarettes) than older women (23.4 cigarettes) Health problem reports was the main reason for them to quit smoking 68.0% of women reported that weight gain after quitting smoking was a problem for them Younger women were more concerned about weight gain when quitting smoking |
Weak |
Sherman et al33 (2004) United States |
N = 1,150 Cohort study Interviews by phone and face to face Chi-square test, analysis of variance, logistic regression |
Women with an average age of 50 years 72.0% white 25.0% married 33.0% with obstructive pulmonary disease 37.0% with depression 87.0% have tried to quit |
Moderated |
Burgess et al7 (2009) United States |
N = 1,019 Cohort study Interview by phone Chi-square test, multinomial logistic model, stratified regression |
Women with an average age of 41.9 years 53.0% completed higher education 55.0% showed depression, anxiety or post-traumatic stress 54.0% used medication for depression 28.0% used medication for anxiety Job negatively correlated to the abandonment of smoking women |
Moderated |
Turner et al35 (2001) United States |
N = 722 Randomized clinical trial Interventions: reading the manual organized around themes focused on the stage of readiness for change, and television programs that show stages of change using images Interviews by phone and questionnaire Multiple regression |
Average age of 45.2 years They all had completed high school 70.9% were white 49.9% were married 44.0% were unemployed The manual increased the readiness to cease smoking in stages of precontemplation Manual had more effect than television |
High |
Franklin et al16 (2008) United States |
N = 102 Randomized clinical trial Interventions: nicotine replacement therapy and behavioral therapy for smoking cessation Interviews by questionnaire ANOVA, Chi-square test |
Average age of 35.6 years They smoked an average of 26.5 cigarettes per day They smoked since 18 years old 72.0% were white, 22.0% black, 4.0% asian, 1.0% spanish and 1.0% other In the follicular phase the success of cessation increased compared to the luteal phase In the follicular phase they felt less desire for cigarette stimuli than in the luteal phase |
Moderated |
Carpenter et al9 (2008) United States |
N = 44 Randomized clinical trial Interventions: smoking cessation counseling sessions and transdermal nicotine replacement therapy Interview by questionnaire, phone and visiting the interviewee’s home T-test, ANOVA, logistic regression |
White and unmarried women had low levels of moderate dependence to nicotine Women in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle had greater fissure, fatigue and confusion when compared to women in the luteal phase Lower self-efficacy in women in follicular phase Higher level of depression in women in follicular phase than women in luteal phase |
Moderated |