Prevalence of and factors associated with self-reported high blood pressure in Brazilian adults

Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Bernal, Regina Tomie Ivata; Andrade, Silvânia Suely Caribé de Araújo; Silva, Marta Maria Alves da; Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo

doi:10.1590/S1518-8787.2017051000006

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Sumário

Original Articles • Rev. Saúde Pública 51 (suppl 1) • 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-8787.2017051000006 copy

Prevalence of and factors associated with self-reported high blood pressure in Brazilian adults

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE

To analyze factors associated with self-reported high blood pressure among adults in Brazilian state capitals.

METHODS

The study uses data from Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel – Surveillance System of Risk and Protection Factors of Noncommunicable Diseases by Telephone Survey) collected in 2013. Prevalence rates and their respective 95% confidence intervals by gender were estimated according to sociodemographic variables, lifestyle, reported noncommunicable diseases and self-rated health status. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was used to identify variables associated with self-reported high blood pressure with α < 0.05.

RESULTS

Prevalence of self-reported high blood pressure among adults living in Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District was 24.1%. The following variables were associated with self-reported high blood pressure: age group, taking 18-24 as reference (all age groups presented increased risk – from 25-34 years [OR = 2.6; 95%CI 2.0–3.4] up to 65 years or more [OR = 28.1; 95%CI 21.7–36.4]); low education level (9 to 11 years of study [OR = 0.8; 95%CI 0.7–0.9] and 12 years or more [OR = 0.6; 95%CI 0.6–0.7]); Black race or skin color (OR = 1.3; 95%CI 1.1–1.5); being a former smoker (OR = 1.2; 95%CI 1.1–1.3); obesity (OR = 2.7; 95%CI 2.4–3.0); diabetes (OR = 2.9; 95%CI 2.5–3.5%), and high cholesterol (OR = 1.9; 95%CI 1.8–2.2).

CONCLUSIONS

Approximately one quarter of the adult population living in Brazilian state capitals reported having high blood pressure. Information from Vigitel is useful to monitor high blood pressure and identity its associated factors, supporting public policies for health promotion, surveillance and care.

Adult; Hypertension, epidemiology; Diagnostic Self Evaluation; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Health Surveys

Variable	%^a	95%CI	p^b
Total	24.09	23.39−24.79
Gender			< 0.001
Male	21.5	20.4−22.5
Female	26.3	25.4−27.3
Age group (years)			< 0.001
18−24	3.0	2.4−3.6
25−34	8.1	7.1−9.1
35−44	18.3	16.8−19.8
45−54	34.1	32.2−36.0
55−64	50.3	48.1−52.5
65 or over	60.4	58.3−62.4
Schooling (years)			< 0.001
0−8	38.0	36.5−39.5
9−11	17.1	16.2−17.9
12 or over	14.6	13.6−15.6
Race/skin color^c			< 0.001
White	24.1	23.0−25.2
Black	25.8	23.5−28.1
Brown	21.4	20.3−22.6
Health insurance			< 0.001
Yes	22.8	21.9−23.7
No	25.3	24.2−26.3

Variable	%^a	95%CI	p^b
Smoking			< 0.001
Nonsmoker	20.1	19.3−20.9
Former smoker	37.4	35.7−39.2
Smoker	21.6	19.5−23.8
Body mass index classification			< 0.001
Normal	14.9	14.1−15.7
Overweight	27.3	26.0−28.5
Obesity	43.9	41.8−45.9
Recommended consumption of fruit and vegetables (five or more days per week)			0.025
Yes	25.5	24.1−26.9
No	23.7	22.8−24.5
Consumption of fatty red meat			< 0.001
Yes	19.6	18.4−20.8
No	26.1	25.3−27.0
Alcohol abuse			< 0.001
No	25.2	24.5−26.0
Yes	18.3	16.6−19.9
High salt intake			< 0.001
No	24.7	23.9−25.5
Yes	20.8	19.1−22.6
Diabetes			< 0.001
No	20.9	20.2−21.6
Yes	67.1	64.2−70.0
High cholesterol			< 0.001
No	18.4	17.7−19.2
Yes	46.3	44.5−48.0
Self-rated health status			< 0.001
Good	16.3	15.5−17.0
Average	36.9	35.5−38.4
Poor/very poor	44.9	41.1−48.8
Insufficient physical activity in the four domains^c			< 0.001
No	21.6	20.7−22.4
Yes	29.9	28.5−31.2
Physical activity in free time			< 0.001
No	27.2	26.3−28.1
Yes	18.0	17.0−19.0

Variable	OR	95%CI	p
Model 1
Race/skin color^a
White	1.0
Black	1.3	1.1–1.5	< 0.01
Brown	1.1	0.9–1.2	0.10
Obesity
No	1.0
Yes	2.7	2.4–3.0	< 0.01
Diabetes
No	1.0
Yes	2.9	2.5−3.5	< 0.01
High cholesterol
No	1.0
Yes	1.9	1.8−2.2	< 0.01
Former smoker
No	1.0
Yes	1.2	1.0−1.4	0.01
High salt intake
No	1.0
Yes	1.2	1.0−1.4	0.02
Insufficient physical activity in the four domains
No	1.0
Yes	1.1	0.9−1.2	0.07
Recommended consumption of fruit and vegetables (five or more days per week)
Yes	1.0
No	1.0	0.9−1.1	0.87
Consumption of fatty red meat
Yes	1.0
No	1.1	0.9−1.2	0.26
Alcohol abuse
No	1.0
Yes	1.1	0.9−1.3	0.26
Health insurance
Yes	1.0
No	1.1	0.9−1.2	0.12
Age group (years)
18–24	1.0
25–34	2.6	2.0−3.4	< 0.01
35–44	5.4	4.2−6.9	< 0.01
45–54	11.1	8.6−14.3	< 0.01
55–64	18.7	14.5−24.2	< 0.01
65 or over	28.5	21.9−37.1	< 0.01
Schooling (years)
0–8	1.0
9–11	0.8	0.7−0.9	< 0.01
12 or over	0.7	0.6−0.8	< 0.01
Gender
Female	1.0
Male	0.9	0.8−0.9	0.02
Model 2^b
Race/skin color^a
White/brown	1.0
Black	1.3	1.1−1.5	< 0.01
Obesity
No	1.0
Yes	2.7	2.4−3.0	< 0.01
Diabetes
No	1.0
Yes	2.9	2.5−3.5	< 0.01
High cholesterol
No	1.0
Yes	1.9	1.8−2.2	< 0.01
Former smoker
No	1.0
Yes	1.2	1.1−1.3	< 0.01
High salt intake
No	1.0
Yes	1.2	1.0−1.4	0.02
Age group (years)
18–24	1.0
25–34	2.6	2.0−3.4	< 0.01
35–44	5.4	4.2−6.9	< 0.01
45–54	10.9	8.6−14.1	< 0.01
55–64	18.5	14.3−23.9	< 0.01
65 or over	28.1	21.7−36.4	< 0.01
Schooling (years)
0–8	1.0
9–11	0.8	0.7−0.9	< 0.01
12 or over	0.6	0.6−0.7	< 0.01
Gender
Female	1.0
Male	0.9	0.8−1.0	0.04

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E-mail: revsp@usp.br

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[1] Correspondence: Deborah Carvalho Malta Departamento de Enfermagem Materno Infantil e Saúde Pública, Escola de Enfermagem – UFMG Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil E-mail: dcmalta@uol.com.br