Socioeconomic status moderates the association between perceived environment and active commuting to school

Silva, Alexandre Augusto de Paula da; Fermino, Rogério César; Souza, Carla Adriane; Lima, Alex Vieira; Rodriguez-Añez, Ciro Romelio; Reis, Rodrigo Siqueira

doi:10.11606/S1518-8787.2018052000189

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Brasil

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Original Articles • Rev. Saúde Pública 52 • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.11606/S1518-8787.2018052000189 copy

Socioeconomic status moderates the association between perceived environment and active commuting to school

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE:

To analyze the moderator effect of socioeconomic status in the association between the perceived environment and active commuting to school.

METHODS:

A total of 495 adolescents and their parents were interviewed. Perceived environment was operationalized in traffic and crime safety and assessed with the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale. Active commuting was self-reported by the adolescents, categorized in walking, bicycling or skating at least one time/week. Socioeconomic status was used as moderator effect, reported from adolescents' parents or guardians using Brazilian standardized socioeconomic status classification. Analyses were performed with Poisson regression on Stata 12.0.

RESULTS:

Prevalence of active commuting was 63%. Adolescents with low socioeconomic status who reported “it is easy to observe pedestrians and cyclists” were more likely to actively commute to school (PR = 1.18, 95%CI 1.03–1.13). Adolescents with low socioeconomic status whose parents or legal guardians reported positively to “being safe crossing the streets” had increased probability of active commuting to school (PR = 1.10, 95%CI 1.01–1.20), as well as those with high socioeconomic status with “perception of crime” were positively associated to the outcome (PR = 1.33, 95%CI 1.03–1.72).

CONCLUSIONS:

Socioeconomic status showed moderating effects in the association between the perceived environment and active commuting to school.

DESCRIPTORS:
Adolescent; Parent-Child Relations; Socioeconomic Factors; Social Environment; Transportation

Variable	Category	Low (n = 195; 39.4%)		High (n = 300; 60.6%)		p	Total (n = 495; 100%)
Variable	Category	n	%	n	%	p	n	%
Adolescents
Gender	Male	99	50.8	145	48.3	0.596^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	244	49.3
	Female	96	49.2	155	51.7		251	50.7
Age group (years)	12-13	86	44.1	119	39.7	0.050^g g Value for chi-squared test for linear tendency.	205	41.4
	14-15	73	37.4	96	32.0		169	34.1
	16-17	36	18.5	85	28.3		121	24.4
Nutritional status	Normal weight	106	57.6	167	60.5	0.535^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	273	59.3
	Overweight	78	42.4	109	39.5		187	40.7
Perception of time to walk to school (minutes)	≤ 10	83	43.9	63	21.1	< 0.001^g g Value for chi-squared test for linear tendency.	146	29.9
	11-20	43	22.8	80	26.8		123	25.2
	21-30	26	13.8	43	14.4		69	14.1
	≥ 31	37	19.6	113	37.8		150	30.7
Leisure time, moderate to vigorous physical activity (min/week)	< 300	110	56.4	188	62.7	0.165^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	298	60.2
	≥ 300	85	43.6	112	37.3		197	39.8
Active commuting to school (≥ 1 times/week)^a a Walking, using bicycle or skateboard to go or return from school . 1 time/week.	No	37	19.7	143	47.8	< 0.001^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	180	37.0
	Yes	151	80.3	156	52.2		307	63.0
Period spend in school/studying	Morning	105	55.6	217	73.1	< 0.001^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	322	66.3
	Afternoon/Evening	84	44.4	84	26.9		164	33.7
Parents or legal guardian	Father	15	7.7	55	18.3	< 0.001^g g Value for chi-squared test for linear tendency.	70	14.1
	Mother	151	77.4	220	73.3		371	74.9
	Other^b b Grandmother: 4.0%; grandfather: 1.6%; aunt: 1.0%; uncle: 0.8%; other: 3.4% (brother, stepfather, etc.).	29	14.9	25	8.3		54	10.9
Car ownership	No	99	50.8	5	1.7	< 0.001^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	104	21.0
	Yes	96	49.2	295	98.3		391	79.0
Active commuting through the neighborhood (≥ 1 times/ week, ≥ 10 min)^c c Walking, using bicycle to commute through the streets of the neighborhood, at least one day a week, for at least 10 consecutive minutes (. 1 times/week, . 10 min).	No	52	26.7	145	48.3	< 0.001^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	197	39.8
	Yes	143	73.3	155	51.7		298	60.2
Total leisure time physical activity (min/week)	< 150	166	85.6	208	69.6	< 0.001^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	374	75.9
	≥ 150	28	14.4	91	30.4		119	24.1
Adolescents' perception
Traffic
Is there a lot of traffic in your neighborhood, for you to walk?	No	102	52.3	173	57.7	0.241^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	275	55.6
	Yes	93	47.7	127	42.3		220	44.4
Is the speed of traffic usually low?	No	96	49.7	143	48.1	0.730^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	239	48.8
	Yes	97	50.3	154	51.9		251	51.2
Do drivers drive over the speed limit?	No	50	25.8	91	30.4	0.263^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	141	28.6
	Yes	144	74.2	208	69.6		352	71.4
Is there a lot of smoke/pollution from exhaust fumes?	No	100	51.3	166	55.3	0.377^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	266	53.7
	Yes	95	48.7	134	44.7		229	46.3
Are streets well lit at night?	No	67	34.4	125	41.7	0.103^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	192	38.8
	Yes	128	65.6	175	58.3		303	61.2
Can pedestrians and bicyclists be seen by people from inside their homes?	No	54	27.7	83	27.7	0.995^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	137	27.7
	Yes	141	72.3	217	72.3		358	72.3
Are there crosswalks and signals to help pedestrians cross the streets?	No	84	43.1	129	43.0	0.987^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	213	43.0
	Yes	111	56.9	171	57.0		282	57.0
Do you feel safe when crossing the streets of your neighborhood?	No	89	45.6	117	39.0	0.143^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	206	41.6
	Yes	106	54.4	183	61.0		289	58.4
Crime
Is there a lot of crime in your neighborhood?	No	86	44.1	137	45.7	0.733^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	223	45.1
	Yes	109	55.9	163	54.3		272	54.9
Does crime make it unsafe to walk during the day?	No	120	61.5	198	66.0	0.312^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	318	64.2
	Yes	75	38.5	102	34.0		177	35.8
Does crime make it unsafe to walk at night?	No	23	11.8	34	11.3	0.875^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	57	11.5
	Yes	172	88.2	266	88.7		438	88.5
Do you worry about being alone around your home?	No	140	71.8	216	72.2	0.914^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	356	72.1
	Yes	55	28.2	83	27.8		138	27.9
Do you worry about being with a friend around your home?	No	152	77.9	233	77.7	0.941^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	385	77.8
	Yes	43	22.1	67	22.3		110	22.2
Do you worry about being around your home because you are afraid of being robbed?	No	93	47.7	132	44.0	0.420^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	225	45.5
	Yes	102	52.3	168	56.0		270	54.5
Do you worry about being in parks around your home because you are afraid of being robbed?	No	85	43.6	136	45.3	0.703^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	221	44.6
	Yes	110	56.4	164	164		274	55.4
Sum of items for traffic and crime
Score for perception of safety related to traffic	Tertile 1	100	51.8	148	50.0	0.194^g g Value for chi-squared test for linear tendency.	248	50.7
	Tertile 2	47	24.4	52	17.6		99	20.2
	Tertile 3^d d Better perception of safety related to traffic.	46	23.8	96	32.4		142	29.0
Score for perception of safety related to crime	Tertile 1	85	43.6	138	46.2	0.976^g g Value for chi-squared test for linear tendency.	223	45.1
	Tertile 2	82	42.1	111	37.1		193	39.1
	Tertile 3	28	14.4	50	16.7		78	15.8
Score for overall perception of safety (traffic + crime)	Tertile 1	85	44.0	124	42.0	0.478^g g Value for chi-squared test for linear tendency.	209	42.8
	Tertile 2	49	25.4	70	23.7		119	24.4
	Tertile 3	59	30.6	101	34.2		160	32.8
Parents or legal guardian's perception
Traffic
Is there a lot of traffic in the neighborhood for the adolescent to walk?	No	100	51.3	139	46.3	0.282^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	239	48.3
	Yes	95	48.7	161	53.7		256	51.7
Is the traffic speed usually low?	No	116	59.5	185	61.7	0.639^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	301	60.8
	Yes	79	40.5	115	38.3		194	39.2
Do drivers drive over the speed limit?	No	39	20.0	86	28.8	0.029^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	125	25.3
	Yes	156	80.0	213	71.2		369	74.7
Is there a lot of smoke/pollution from exhaust fumes?	No	107	54.9	180	60.0	0.259^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	287	58.0
	Yes	88	45.1	120	40.0		208	42.0
Are streets well lit at night?	No	79	40.5	150	50.0	0.039^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	229	46.3
	Yes	116	59.5	150	50.0		266	53.7
Can pedestrians and bicyclists be seen by people from inside their homes?	No	65	33.3	129	43.0	0.031^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	194	39.2
	Yes	130	66.7	171	57.0		301	60.8
Are there crosswalks and signals to help pedestrians cross the streets?	No	109	55.9	154	51.3	0.320^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	263	53.1
	Yes	86	44.1	146	48.7		232	46.9
Do you think it is safe for the adolescent to cross the streets of your neighborhood?	No	130	66.7	181	60.3	0.154^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	311	62.8
	Yes	65	33.3	119	39.7		184	37.2
Crime
Is there a lot of crime in your neighborhood?	No	73	37.4	113	37.7	0.959^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	186	37.6
	Yes	122	62.6	187	62.3		309	62.4
Does crime make it unsafe to walk during the day?	No	86	44.1	113	37.7	0.154^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	199	40.2
	Yes	109	55.9	187	62.3		296	59.8
Does crime make it unsafe to walk at night?	No	14	7.2	19	6.3	0.712^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	33	6.7
	Yes	181	92.8	281	93.7		462	93.3
Do you worry about the adolescent being alone around your home?	No	88	45.4	146	48.7	0.472^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	234	47.4
	Yes	106	54.6	154	51.7		260	52.6
Do you worry about the adolescent being with a friend around your home?	No	89	45.6	146	48.7	0.510^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	235	47.5
	Yes	106	54.4	154	51.3		260	52.5
Do you worry about the adolescent being around your home because you are afraid he/she will be robbed?	No	30	15.4	48	16.0	0.854^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	78	15.8
	Yes	165	84.6	252	84.0		417	84.2
Do you worry about the adolescent being in parks around your home because you are afraid he/she will be robbed?	No	18	9.2	45	15.0	0.060^h h Value for chi-squared test for heterogeneity.	63	12.7
	Yes	177	90.8	255	85.0		432	87.3
Sum of items for traffic and crime
Score for perception of safety related to traffic	Tertile 1	99	50.8	134	44.8	0.250^g g Value for chi-squared test for linear tendency.	233	47.2
	Tertile 2	64	32.8	110	36.8		174	35.2
	Tertile 3^d d Better perception of safety related to traffic.	32	16.4	55	18.4		87	17.6
Score for perception of safety related to crime	Tertile 1	82	42.3	114	38.0	0.638^g g Value for chi-squared test for linear tendency.	196	39.7
	Tertile 2	70	36.1	124	41.3		194	39.3
	Tertile 3^e e Better perception of safety related to crime.	42	21.6	62	20.7		104	21.1
Score for overall perception of safety (traffic + crime)	Tertile 1	70	36.1	105	35.1	0.785^g g Value for chi-squared test for linear tendency.	175	35.5
	Tertile 2	69	35.6	118	39.5		187	37.9
	Tertile 3f	55	28.4	76	25.4		131	26.6

Variable		Low						High
		n	%	Crude		Adjusted^d d Adjusted for variables which presented p < 0.20 in the bivariate analysis with active commuting (adolescents: gender, age group, perception of time spent to walk to school, leisure time moderate to vigorous physical activity, period spent in school; guardians: car ownership).		n	%	Crude		Adjusted^d d Adjusted for variables which presented p < 0.20 in the bivariate analysis with active commuting (adolescents: gender, age group, perception of time spent to walk to school, leisure time moderate to vigorous physical activity, period spent in school; guardians: car ownership).
		n	%	PR	95%CI	PR	95%CI	n	%	PR	95%CI	PR	95%CI
Traffic perception
Is there a lot of traffic in the neighborhood for the adolescent to walk?
	No	84	83.1	1		1		87	50.5	1		1
	Yes	67	77.0	0.92	0.79-1.08	0.96	0.86-1.07	69	54.3	1.07	0.79-1.45	0.96	0.74-1.26
Is the speed of traffic usually low?
	No	70	76.0	1		1		77	53.8	1		1
	Yes	79	84.0	1.10	0.94-1.29	1.05	0.94-1.16	78	50.9	0.94	0.74-1.20	1.04	0.83-1.30
Do drivers drive over the speed limit?
	No	36	76.6	1		1		45	50.0	1		1
	Yes	114	81.4	1.06	0.89-1.26	1.10	0.97-1.24	110	52.8	1.05	0.80-1.39	0.89	0.69-1.15
Is there a lot of smoke/pollution from exhaust fumes?
	No	75	78.1	1		1		78	47.2	1		1
	Yes	76	82.6	1.05	0.92-1.20	1.03	0.94-1.13	78	58.2	1.23	0.96-1.56	1.10	0.91-1.33
Are streets well lit at night?
	No	54	81.2	1		1		62	49.6	1		1
	Yes	97	79.5	0.97	0.85-1.10	0.99	0.89-1.10	94	54.0	1.08	0.91-1.29	0.94	0.78-1.15
Can pedestrians and bicyclists be seen by people from inside their homes?
	No	36	66.6	1		1		47	57.3	1		1
	Yes	115	85.8	1.29	1.05-1.57	1.18^e	1.03-1.36	109	50.2	0.87	0.70-1.09	0.86	0.71-1.04
Are there crosswalks and signals to help pedestrians cross the streets?
	No	62	76.5	1		1		58	44.9	1		1
	Yes	89	83.1	1.08	0.94-1.25	1.01	0.91-1.13	98	57.6	1.28	0.98-1.66	1.08	0.88-1.33
Do you think it is safe for you to cross the streets of your neighborhood?
	No	71	82.5	1		1		60	51.2	1		1
	Yes	80	78.4	0.95	0.80-1.12	0.95	0.85-1.07	96	52.7	1.02	0.80-1.30	0.99	0.81-1.22
Crime perception
Is there a lot of crime in your neighborhood?
	No	66	78.5	1		1		73	53.6	1		1
	Yes	85	81.7	1.04	0.88-1.21	1.08	0.96-1.20	83	50.9	0.94	0.76-1.17	0.95	0.80-1.13
Does crime make it unsafe to walk during the day?
	No	93	81.5	1		1		104	52.7	1		1
	Yes	58	78.3	0.96	0.83-1.11	1.03	0.94-1.12	52	50.9	0.96	0.77-1.20	0.97	0.75-1.26
Does crime make it unsafe to walk at night?
	No	19	82.6	1		1		21	61.7	1		1
	Yes	132	80.0	0.96	0.77-1.20	1.05	0.93-1.19	135	50.9	0.82	0.58-1.16	0.85	0.65-1.12
Do you worry about being alone around your home?
	No	114	84.4	1		1		109	50.4	1		1
	Yes	37	69.8	0.83	0.69-0.97	0.93	0.80-1.08	46	56.1	1.11	0.86-1.42	0.97	0.79-1.20
Do you worry about being with a friend around your home?
	No	117	80.6	1		1		122	52.3	1		1
	Yes	34	79.0	0.97	0.82-1.16	0.96	0.84-1.10	34	51.5	0.98	0.75-1.28	0.90	0.71-1.14
Do you worry about being around your home because you are afraid of being robbed?
	No	73	82.9	1		1		67	50.7	1		1
	Yes	78	78.0	0.94	0.84-1.04	1.02	0.95-1.10	89	53.2	1.04	0.85-1.28	1.10	0.93-1.31
Do you worry about being in parks around your home because you are afraid of being robbed?
	No	61	76.2	1		1		73	54.0	1		1
	Yes	90	83.3	1.09	0.96-1.24	1.10	0.99-1.24	83	50.6	0.93	0.73-1.18	0.92	0.74-1.14
Sum of items for traffic and crime
Score for perception of safety related to traffic
	Tertile 1	73	76.0	1		1		76	51.3	1		1
	Tertile 2	41	87.2	1.14	0.97-1.34	1.12	0.96-1.31	35	67.3	1.31	0.98-1.73	1.17	0.92-1.47
	Tertile 3^a a Better perception of safety related to traffic.	35	81.4	1.07	0.91-1.24	0.94	0.83-1.07	43	45.2	0.88	0.65-1.18	0.89	0.68-1.15
Score for perception of safety related to crime
	Tertile 1	65	78.3	1		1		73	53.2	1		1
	Tertile 2	65	82.2	1.05	0.88-1.24	0.97	0.88-1.08	53	47.7	0.89	0.70-1.14	0.95	0.78-1.16
	Tertile 3^b b Better perception of safety related to crime.	21	80.7	1.03	0.84-1.26	0.93	0.82-1.05	29	58.0	1.08	0.84-1.40	1.04	0.79-1.37
Score for overall perception of safety (traffic + crime)
	Tertile 1	65	79.2	1		1		66	53.2	1		1
	Tertile 2	39	79.5	1.00	0.81-1.23	1.02	0.92-1.12	34	48.5	0.91	0.67-1.23	1.02	0.77-1.34
	Tertile 3^c c Better overall perception of safety (traffic + crime).	45	81.8	1.03	0.89-1.19	0.96	0.87-1.06	53	53.0	0.99	0.79-1.23	1.07	0.86-1.32

Variable		Low						High
		n	%	Crude		Adjusted		n	%	Crude		Adjusted
		n	%	PR	95%CI	PR	95%CI	n	%	PR	95%CI	PR	95%CI
Traffic perception
Is there a lot of traffic in the neighborhood for the adolescent to walk?
	No	78	80.4	1		1		71	51.0	1		1
	Yes	73	80.2	0.99	0.84-1.17	1.02	0.90-1.15	85	53.1	1.04	0.83-1.30	1.03	0.87-1.22
Is the speed of traffic usually low?
	No	89	80.9	1		1		94	50.8	1		1
	Yes	62	79.4	0.98	0.85-1.12	0.92	0.82-1.04	62	54.3	1.07	0.83-1.36	1.00	0.81-1.23
Do drivers drive over the speed limit?
	No	28	73.6	1		1		51	59.3	1		1
	Yes	123	82.0	1.11	0.89-1.38	1.10	0.96-1.27	104	49.0	0.82	0.67-1.00	0.86	0.69-1.07
Is there a lot of smoke/pollution from exhaust fumes?
	No	81	79.4	1		1		87	48.3	1		1
	Yes	70	81.4	1.02	0.85-1.22	0.98	0.87-1.11	69	57.9	1.20	1.02-1.41	1.13	0.97-1.31
Are streets well lit at night?
	No	56	72.7	1		1		68	45.3	1		1
	Yes	95	85.5	1.17	0.98-1.40	1.14	0.98-1.32	88	59.0	1.30	1.09-1.55	1.12	0.96-1.30
Can pedestrians and bicyclists be seen by people from inside their homes?
	No	50	78.1	1		1		63	49.2	1		1
	Yes	101	81.4	1.04	0.89-1.22	1.01	0.90-1.13	93	54.3	1.10	0.88-1.38	1.03	0.85-1.25
Are there crosswalks and signals to help pedestrians cross the streets?
	No	84	78.5	1		1		77	50.0	1		1
	Yes	67	82.7	1.05	0.93-1.18	0.99	0.88-1.11	79	54.4	1.08	0.89-1.32	0.99	0.86-1.14
Do you think it is safe for the adolescent to cross the streets of your neighborhood?
	No	97	77.6	1		1		90	50.0	1		1
	Yes	54	85.7	1.10	0.96-1.26	1.10	1.01-1.20	66	55.4	1.10	0.91-1.34	1.04	0.83-1.29
Crime perception
Is there a lot of crime in your neighborhood?
	No	63	87.5	1		1		50	44.6	1		1
	Yes	88	75.8	0.86	0.75-1.00	0.94	0.83-1.06	106	56.6	1.26	0.97-1.65	1.33	1.03-1.72
Does crime make it unsafe to walk during the day?
	No	66	81.4	1		1		60	53.1	1		1
	Yes	85	79.4	0.97	0.82-1.15	0.93	0.85-1.03	96	51.6	0.97	0.77-1.22	0.96	0.76-1.21
Does crime make it unsafe to walk at night?
	No	13	92.8	1		1		10	52.6	1		1
	Yes	138	79.3	0.85	0.71-1.02	0.98	0.86-1.13	146	52.1	0.99	0.55-1.75	1.07	0.66-1.73
Do you worry about the adolescent being alone around your home?
	No	66	78,5	1		1		78	53,7	1		1
	Yes	84	81,5	1,03	0,93-1,15	1.03	0.95-1.11	78	50,6	0,94	0,78-1,12	1.01	0.85-1.21
Do you worry about the adolescent being with a friend around your home?
	No	67	78,8	1		1		72	49,6	1		1
	Yes	84	81,5	1,03	0,90-1,18	1.01	0.93-1.10	84	54,5	1,09	0,91-1,32	1.07	0.91-1.26
Do you worry about the adolescent being around your home because you are afraid he/ she will be robbed?
	No	22	81,4	1		1		26	54,1	1		1
	Yes	129	80,1	0,98	0,81-1,19	0.90	0.76-1.07	130	51,7	0,95	0,73-1,24	1.01	0.79-1.28
Do you worry about the adolescent being in parks around your home because you are afraid he/she will be robbed?
	No	13	81,2	1		1		18	40,0	1		1
	Yes	138	80,2	0,98	0,78-1,24	0.80	0.64-1.00	138	54,3	1,35	0,94-1,96	1.16	0.85-1.59
Sum of items for traffic and crime
Score for perception of safety related to traffic
	Tertile 1	75	77,3	1		1		63	47,3	1		1
	Tertile 2	48	81,3	1,05	0,91-1,20	0.98	0.90-1.07	62	56,3	1,18	0,92-1,53	1.09	0.88-1.36
	Tertile 3^a a Better perception of safety related to traffic.	28	87,5	1,13	0,98-1,30	1.08	0.93-1.26	30	54,5	1,15	0,91-1,44	0.98	0.79-1.22
Score for perception of safety related to crime
	Tertile 1	64	80,0	1		1		62	54,3	1		1
	Tertile 2	53	77,9	0,97	0,84-1,12	1.00	0.91-1.08	64	52,0	0,95	0,77-1,18	0.94	0.78-1.13
	Tertile 3^b b Better perception of safety related to crime.	33	84,6	1,05	0,89-1,25	1.08	0.97-1.21	30	48,3	0,88	0,68-1,16	0.83	0.64-1.08
Score for overall perception of safety (traffic + crime)
	Tertile 1	55	79,7	1		1		55	52,3	1		1
	Tertile 2	51	78,4	0,98	0,81-1,18	0.94	0.82-1.07	60	51,2	0,97	0,77-1,24	1.06	0.86-1.30
	Tertile 3^c c Better overall perception of safety (traffic + crime).	44	83,2	1,04	0,86-1,25	1.04	0.90-1.20	40	52,6	1,00	0,82-1,21	0.90	0.75-1.09

Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 715, 01246-904 São Paulo SP Brazil, Tel./Fax: +55 11 3061-7985 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: revsp@usp.br

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[1] Correspondence: Alexandre Augusto de Paula da Silva, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná – PUCPR Grupo de Pesquisa em Atividade Física e Qualidade de Vida – GPAQ Rua, Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho 80215-901 Curitiba, PR, Brasil E-mail: alexandre_03_19@hotmail.com