Yang et al.4949. Yang H, Einspieler C, Shi W, Marschik PB, Wang Y, Cao Y, et al. Cerebral palsy in children: movements and postures during early infancy, dependent on preterm vs. full term birth. Early Hum Dev. 2012;88(10):837-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.06.004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.201...
(2012) |
China (South-East Asia, upper middle income) |
79 children with cerebral palsy (32 of them born preterm) |
FM, MOS |
2–5 years; gross motor function classification system 3838. Palisano R, Rosenbaum P, Walter S, Russell D, Wood E, Galuppi B. Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39(4):214-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07414.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1997...
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Only 1 infant had developed FM. Children with a low MOS have a limited functional mobility and activity at 2 to 5 years. |
Ma et al.3232. Ma L, Yang B, Meng L, Wang B, Zheng C, Cao A. Effect of early intervention on premature infants’ general movements. Brain Dev. 2015;37(4):387-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2014.07.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2014....
(2015) |
China (South-East Asia, upper middle income) |
285 preterm infants with (n = 145) resp. without (n = 140) early intervention |
writhing movements, FM |
14 weeks postterm age; general movements assessment |
Cramped-synchronized GM (though not poor-repertoire GM) were associated with lower birth weight and lower gestational age. The intervention resulted in an improvement of GM at 3 to 5 months, especially in preterm infants born at < 32 or > 34 weeks. |
Zang et al.5151. Zang FF, Yang H, Han Q, Cao JY, Tomantschger I, Krieber M, et al. Very low birth weight infants in China: the predictive value of the motor repertoire at 3 to 5 months for the motor performance at 12 months. Early Hum Dev. 2016;100:27-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.03.010
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.201...
(2016) |
China (South-East Asia, upper middle income) |
74 very low birth weight infants |
FM MOS |
12 months; PDMS-22222. Folio MR, Fewell RR. PDMS-2 - Peabody developmental motor scales: examiner's manual. 2.ed. Austin: Pro-Ed; 2000.
|
Both absent FM and a lower MOS were associated with a poor gross and fine motor performance. |
Adde et al.22. Adde L, Thomas N, John HB, Oommen S, Vagen RT, Fjortoft T, et al. Early motor repertoire in very low birth weight infants in India is associated with motor development at one year. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2016;20(6):918-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.07.019
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.07.0...
(2016) |
India (South Asia, lower middle income) |
243 very low birth weight infants |
FM MOS |
12 months; PDMS-22222. Folio MR, Fewell RR. PDMS-2 - Peabody developmental motor scales: examiner's manual. 2.ed. Austin: Pro-Ed; 2000.
|
Absent or abnormal FM and an abnormal concurrent motor repertoire were associated with a lower gross motor and total motor quotient. |
Soleimani et al.4545. Soleimani F, Badv RS, Momayezi A, Biglarian A, Marzban A. General movements as a predictive tool of the neurological outcome in term born infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Early Hum Dev. 2015;91(8):479-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.05.007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.201...
(2015) |
Iran (Eastern Mediterranean, upper middle income) |
15 infants born at or near term with perinatal asphyxia |
FM |
12–18 months; Infant Neurological International Battery2020. Ellison PH, Horn JL, Browning CA. Construction of an Infant Neurological International Battery (Infanib) for the assessment of neurological integrity in infancy. Phys Ther. 1985;65(9):1326-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/65.9.1326
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/65.9.1326...
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The presence or absence of FM was associated with the outcome (sensitivity: 0.80; specificity 1.00). |
Burger et al.99. Burger M, Frieg A, Louw QA. General movements as a predictive tool of the neurological outcome in very low and extremely low birth weight infants: a South African perspective. Early Hum Dev. 2011;87(4):303-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.01.034
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.201...
(2011) |
South Africa (Africa, upper middle income) |
115 infants with a birth weight ≤ 1.250g |
FM |
12 months; PDMS-22222. Folio MR, Fewell RR. PDMS-2 - Peabody developmental motor scales: examiner's manual. 2.ed. Austin: Pro-Ed; 2000., AIMS3939. Piper MC, Pinnell LE, Darrah J, Maguire T, Byrne PJ. Construction and validation of the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS). Can J Public Health. 1992;83 Suppl 2:S46-50., neurological assessment33. Amiel-Tison C, Gosselin J. Neurological evelopment from birth to six years: guide for examination and evaluation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2001.
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There was a significant association between FM and the outcome at 12 months. |
Garcia et al.2424. Garcia JM, Gherpelli JLD, Leone CR. The role of spontaneous general movement assessment in the neurological outcome of cerebral lesions in preterm infants. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2004;80(4):296-304. https://doi.org/10.2223/1203
https://doi.org/10.2223/1203...
(2004) |
Brazil (Americas, upper middle income) |
40 preterm infants with a gestational age < 35 weeks |
preterm GM, writhing movements, FM |
Follow-up every 3 months until 24 months; neurological examination and DDST2323. Frankenburg WK, Dodds JB. The Denver developmental screening test. J Pediatr. 1967;71(2):181-91.
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Abnormal GM were associated with brain injuries and neurological outcome. Normal GM were associated with normal neurological outcome. |
Manacero et al.3333. Manacero SA, Marschik PB, Nunes ML, Einspieler C. Is it possible to predict the infant's neurodevelopmental outcome at 14 months of age by means of a single preterm assessment of General Movements? Early Hum Dev. 2012;88(1):39-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.06.013
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.201...
(2012) |
Brazil (Americas, upper middle income) |
37 preterm infants born at < 34 weeks |
preterm GM |
14 months; test of infant motor performance1010. Campbell SK, Kolobe TH, Osten ET, Lenke M, Girolami GL. Construct validity of the test of infant motor performance. Phys Ther. 1995;75(7):585-96. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/75.7.585
https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/75.7.585...
; AIMS3939. Piper MC, Pinnell LE, Darrah J, Maguire T, Byrne PJ. Construction and validation of the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS). Can J Public Health. 1992;83 Suppl 2:S46-50.; pediatric evaluation of disability inventory2828. Haley SM, Coster WJ, Ludlow LH, Haltiwanger JT, Andrellos PA; PEDI Research Group. Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory: development, standardization and administration manual. Boston: Trustees of Boston University; 1992.
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There was no relationship between GM and test of infant motor performance; pre-term infants with cramped-synchronized GM had a lower AIMS centile rank than those with poor-repertoire or normal GM. |