Alcohol-related disorders and associated factors in a rural area in Brazil

Jaeger, Gustavo Pêgas; Mola, Christian Loret de; Silveira, Mariangela Freitas

doi:10.11606/S1518-8787.2018052000262

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Sumário

Rural Health Supplement, Original Articles • Rev. Saúde Pública 52 (suppl 1) • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.11606/S1518-8787.2018052000262 copy

Alcohol-related disorders and associated factors in a rural area in Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE

To describe the prevalence of alcohol-related disorders and associated factors in an exclusively rural population.

METHODS

This is a cross-sectional, population-based study of a rural research consortium, conducted in a medium-sized city in Southern Brazil, with adults living in a rural area, using the AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test). The analysis included the prevalence of alcohol-related disorders and associated factors, such as the sociodemographic, family, and health factors; it was carried out by Poisson regression, in a hierarchical analysis model, with a 95% confidence interval.

RESULTS

The final sample amounted to 1,519 subjects. The prevalence of alcohol-related disorders (AUDIT ≥ 8) was 8.4% (95%CI 7.0–9.8). Risk factors for alcohol-related disorders were being male (PR = 8.2, 95%CI 4.82–14.16), age group between 18 and 29 years (PR = 3.29, 95%CI 1.80–6.0), and smoking (PR = 1.88, 95%CI 1.03–3.43). The practice of religion (PR = 0.38, 95%CI 0.25–0.58) and education level between nine and 11 years (PR = 0.33, 95%CI 0.16–0.69) were protective factors with statistical significance. Marital status and social status were not associated with the outcome studied.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of alcohol-related disorders in the rural population is high, but, on average, it is lower than that found in urban populations. Risk and protective factors were similar to those found in previous studies. Men, younger persons, and smokers are at higher risk for alcohol-related disorders. On the other hand, practicing a religion and having a higher education level were protective factors.

Alcohol Drinking, epidemiology; Alcohol-Induced Disorders, epidemiology; Alcoholism, epidemiology; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Rural Population

Characteristic	n^a	%
Sex
Male	734	48.3
Female	785	51.7
Age group (years)
18–29	287	18.9
30–39	228	15.0
40–49	296	19.5
50–59	297	19.5
60 or over	411	27.1
Race
White	1,296	85.0
Black	92	6.0
Brown	101	6.9
Yellow	21	1.4
Indigenous	9	0.7
Family ancestry
German/Pomeranian	632	41.0
Brazilian/Mixed	386	26.0
Italian	171	11.4
Portuguese	88	5.8
African/Quilombo	75	5.0
Other	167	10.8
Family history of problems with alcohol
No	1,074	70.9
Yes	441	29.1
Education level
0	39	2.6
1–4	435	28.7
5–8	648	42.6
9–11	360	23.6
12 or over	37	2.5
Marital status
Married/Partner	920	60.3
Divorced/Separated	67	4.4
Single	397	26.4
Widow	135	8.9
Current work
No	613	41.0
Yes	906	59.0
Socioeconomic class (ABEP)
A or B	301	20.0
C	814	53.7
D or E	388	26.3
Religion
No	212	14.0
Yes	1,307	86.0
Religious choice
Evangelical	595	45.0
Catholic	599	46.5
Spiritist	38	2.9
Afro-Brazilian	11	0.9
Other	61	4.7
Religious practice
Zero/month	660	49.4
≥ 1/month	645	50.6
Smoking
Never smoked	987	64.7
Former smoker	285	18.7
Current smoker	247	16.6
Diagnosis of depression^b
No	1,287	89.0
Yes	155	11.0
Use of alcohol
Never	169	11.1
At least once	1,350	88.9
Age of first experience with alcohol (years)
< 18	853	64.9
≥ 18	458	35.1

Variable	Unadjusted analysis		Adjusted analysis

	n (%)	PR (95%CI)	n (%)	PR (95%CI)
1st level^c

Sex		p < 0.001^a		p < 0.001^a
Male	112 (15.3)	8.27 (4.80–14.24)	111 (15.2)	8.26 (4.82–14.16)
Female	15 (1.9)	1	15 (1.9)	1
Age groups (years)^a		p < 0.001^b		p = 0.001^b
18–29	34 (11.9)	3.57 (1.94–6.56)	34 (11.9)	3.29 (1.8–6.0)
30–39	24 (10.5)	3.24 (1.60–6.55)	24 (10.5)	2.94 (1.42–6.13)
40–49	27 (9.2)	2.80 (1.57–4.89)	27 (9.2)	2.56 (1.39–4.68)
50–59	29 (9.7)	3.04 (1.61–5.71)	28 (9.4)	2.86 (1.53–5.34)
≥ 60	13 (3.2)	1	13 (3.2)	1
Race		p = 0.224^a		p = 0.145^a
Other	2 (6.7)	0.96 (0.23–3.98)	2 (6.7)	0.76 (0.19–2.94)
Black/Brown	22 (11.4)	1.46 (0.94–2.25)	22 (11.5)	1.43 (1.00–2.05)
White	103 (8.0)	1	102 (7.9)	1
Family history		p = 0.184^a		p = 0.067^a
No	82 (7.6)	0.76 (0.51–1.14)	82 (7.6)	0.72 (0.51–1.02)
Yes	44 (10.0)	1	44 (10.0)	1

2nd level^d

Education level (full years)		p = 0.108^a		p = 0.013^a
0–4	30 (6.3)	0.41 (0.15–1.10)	30 (6.3)	0.42 (0.18–1.01)
5–8	64 (9.9)	0.64 (0.26–1.57)	64 (9.9)	0.57 (0.26–1.24)
9–11	27 (7.5)	0.46 (0.21–1.00)	27 (7.5)	0.33 (0.16–0.69)
≥ 12	6 (16.2)	1	6 (16.2)	1
Marital status		p = 0.018^a		p = 0.273^a
Single	55 (13.9)	2.02 (1.24–3.29)	55 (13.9)	1.41 (0.82–2.44)
Divorced/Widower/Separated	10 (4.9)	0.73 (0.40–1.30)	10 (5.0)	1.32 (0.70–2.52)
Current work		p < 0.001^a		p = 0.114^a
No	29 (4.7)	0.41 (0.28–0.60)	29 (4.7)	0.69 (0.44–1.10)
Yes	98 (11.0)	1	98 (11.0)	1
ABEP		p = 0.190^a		p = 0.192^a
A or B	30 (9.6)	0.89 (0.49–1.60)	30 (9.6)	0.88 (0.50–1.53)
C	58 (6.8)	0.64 (0.40–1.04)	58 (6.8)	0.66 (0.42–1.03)
D or E	35 (10.4)	1	34 (10.1)	1
Religious choice		p = 0.008^a		p = 0.09^a
Evangelical	33 (5.6)	0.46 (0.27–0.78)	33 (5.6)	0.70 (0.38–1.30)
Other	8 (7.3)	0.60 (0.27–1.32)	8 (7.3)	0.92 (0.45–1.85)
Catholic	61 (10.2)	0.85 (0.54–1.32)	61 (10.2)	1.25 (0.79–1.98)
No religion	25 (11.8)	1	24 (11.4)	1

3rd level^e

Religious practice		p < 0.001^a		p = 0.02^a
Zero/month	73 (11.4)	2.55 (1.72–3.78)	73 (11.4)	1.62 (1.08–2.43)
≥ 1/month	29 (4.4)	1	29 (4.4)	1

4th level^f

Smoking		p < 0.001^b		p = 0.033^b
Smoker	43 (17.4)	3.00 (1.87–4.81)	31 (17.4)	1.88 (1.03–3.43)
Former smoker	28 (9.8)	1.69 (1.16–2.46)	25 (11.4)	1.29 (0.81–2.05)
Never smoked	56 (5.7)	1	44 (6.4)	1
Diagnosis of depression		p = 0.396^a		p = 0.814^a
No	11 (7.0)	0.75 (0.39–1.46)	6 (5.8)	0.90 (0.39–2.10)
Yes	114 (8.8)	1	94 (9.6)	1
Age of first experience with alcohol (years)		p = 0.012^a		p = 0.189^a
< 18	97 (11.4)	1.66 (1.12–2.46)	75 (10.7)	1.31 (0.86–2.00)
≥ 18	30 (6.5)	1	25 (6.5)	1

Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 715, 01246-904 São Paulo SP Brazil, Tel./Fax: +55 11 3061-7985 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: revsp@usp.br

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[1] Correspondence: Gustavo Pêgas Jaeger Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia – UFPel Rua Marechal Deodoro, 1160 3º piso Centro 96020-220 Pelotas, RS, Brasil E-mail: gpjaeger@yahoo.com.br