Spatial dependency and correlation of properties of soil cultivated with oil palm, <i>Elaeis guineensis</i>, in agroforestry systems in the eastern Brazilian Amazon

SILVA, Camila Santos da; MENDONÇA, Bruno Araujo Furtado de; PEREIRA, Marcos Gervasio; ARAÚJO, Emanuel José Gomes de; CASTELLANI, Débora Christina

doi:10.1590/1809-4392201704423

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Agronomy and Forestry • Acta Amaz. 48 (4) • Oct-Dec 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201704423 copy

Spatial dependency and correlation of properties of soil cultivated with oil palm, Elaeis guineensis, in agroforestry systems in the eastern Brazilian Amazon

Dependência espacial e correlação das propriedades do solo cultivado com dendezeiro, Elaeis guineensis, em sistemas agroflorestais na Amazônia Oriental

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Geostatistics is a tool that can be used to produce maps with the distribution of nutrients essential for the development of plants. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the spatial variation in chemical attributes of soils under oil palm cultivation in agroforestry systems in the eastern Brazilian Amazon, and their spatial dependence pattern. Sixty spatially standardized and georeferenced soil samples were collected at each of three sampling sites (DU1, DU2, and DU3) at 0-20 cm depth. Evaluated soil chemical attributes were pH, Al³⁺, H+Al, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, cation exchange capacity (CEC), P, and organic matter (OM). The spatial dependence of these variables was evaluated with a semivariogram analysis, adjusting three theoretical models (spherical, exponential, and Gaussian). Following analysis for spatial dependence structure, ordinary kriging was used to estimate the value of each attribute at non-sampled sites. Spatial correlation among the attributes was tested using cokriging of data spatial distribution. All variables showed spatial dependence, with the exception of pH, in one sampling site (DU3). Highest K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and OM levels were found in the lower region of two sampling sites (DU1 and DU2). Highest levels of Al³⁺ and H+Al levels were observed in the lower region of sampling site DU3. Some variables were correlated, therefore cokriging proved to be efficient in estimating primary variables as a function of secondary variables. The evaluated attributes showed spatial dependence and correlation, indicating that geostatistics may contribute to the effective management of agroforestry systems with oil palm in the Amazon region.

Keywords:
cokriging; ordinary kriging; semivariogram; soil properties

Statistics	pH	Al³⁺	H+Al	K⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	CEC	OM	P
Statistics	pH	mmol_c dm^-3						g kg^-1	mg dm^-3
DU1
Mean	4.58	1.87	41.03	0.97	22.70	5.80	70.49	32.78	16.72
Median	4.58	1.56	41.19	0.93	22.72	6.14	70.19	33.52	11.94
Minimum	4.03	0.64	29.56	0.58	9.29	1.84	54.12	11.39	7.28
Maximum	5.09	5.04	51.12	1.51	37.17	9.51	86.28	43.95	75.13
SD¹	0.21	0.97	5.46	0.21	6.00	1.91	8.01	5.70	12.43
CV² (%)	4.55	51.65	13.30	21.94	26.43	32.92	11.36	17.40	74.33
W³	0.96^ns	0.00^*	0.51^ns	0.09^ns	0.73^ns	0.54^ns	0.48^ns	0.00^*	0.00^*
DU2
Mean	4.76	1.13	33.19	1.03	26.31	6.54	67.06	31.07	6.04
Median	4.80	0.84	31.08	1.05	25.30	6.44	66.22	31.18	5.54
Minimum	4.20	0.16	22.48	0.58	17.55	4.30	50.16	12.36	4.16
Maximum	5.20	4.24	55.03	1.75	45.43	9.51	92.97	45.76	15.00
SD	0.25	0.89	7.74	0.23	5.29	1.31	8.49	5.90	1.73
CV (%)	5.23	78.49	23.31	22.36	20.10	20.07	12.66	19.00	28.69
W	0.05^ns	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.10^ns	0.01^*	0.09^ns	0.51^ns	0.18^ns	0.00^*
DU3
Mean	4.43	2.47	32.84	0.27	16.11	3.45	52.67	24.45	4.35
Median	4.41	2.32	32.50	0.20	15.47	3.47	52.20	23.93	3.85
Minimum	4.20	0.64	25.78	0.13	9.52	2.08	41.91	16.82	2.69
Maximum	4.90	4.48	43.19	0.70	35.69	6.14	77.47	37.79	11.46
SD	0.13	0.95	3.83	0.15	4.15	0.83	5.90	3.48	1.66
CV (%)	2.89	38.32	11.65	56.12	25.75	24.19	11.20	14.22	38.13
W	0.01^*	0.31^ns	0.07^ns	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.00^*	0.01^*	0.00^*

Statistics	pH	Al³⁺	H+Al	K⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	CEC	OM	P
Statistics	pH	mmol_c dm^-3						g kg^-1	mg dm^-3
DU1
AIC¹	−22.02	140.02	313.11	−9.82	332.99	191.23	368.25	285.62	62.16
SEE²	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.01	0.01	0.02
RMSE³	0.78	0.84	1.01	0.97	0.90	0.79	1.25	1.06	1.00
C₀ ⁴	0.00	0.00	16.19	0.03	0.00	0.00	0.00	9.66	0.07
(C₀+C)⁵	0.11	0.92	37.10	0.04	34.32	3.10	60.85	17.34	0.32
a⁶	195.68	28.93	163.00	131.24	22.30	31.77	36.41	47.14	215.17
DSD⁷ (%)	0.00	0.00	43.64	75.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	55.68	22.79
Class	S⁸	S	M⁹	M	S	S	S	M	S
Model	Sp¹⁰	E¹¹	G¹²	Sp	E	G	Sp	G	Sp
DU2
AIC	−3.20	147.93	401.26	−9.73	353.54	203.76	419.40	343.58	165.50
SEE	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.01
RMSE	1.00	0.99	1.00	0.96	1.00	1.00	0.99	1.00	0.97
C₀	0.03	0.42	21.38	0.04	17.23	1.08	32.23	14.99	0.51
(C₀+C)	0.06	0.85	55.34	0.06	21.81	1.69	68.93	21.89	1.13
a	178.66	230.61	121.77	103.58	164.05	107.67	114.73	30.61	125.69
DSD (%)	51.17	49.23	38.63	64.03	78.99	63.62	46.76	68.49	44.66
Class	M	M	M	M	W¹³	M	M	M	M
Model	Sp	Sp	Sp	G	Sp	Sp	Sp	G	Sp
DU3
AIC	−69.28	156.15	330.88	−70.21	343.29	146.77	388.43	269.27	11.64
SEE	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.04	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
RMSE	1.13	1.00	0.94	1.10	1.00	1.06	0.99	1.00	0.95
C₀	0.02	0.58	11.12	0.01	13.37	0.46	24.23	5.52	0.04
(C₀+C)	0.02	2.02	16.14	0.02	22.54	0.69	34.73	6.49	0.11
a	5.78	340.96	162.74	105.70	175.95	70.34	33.86	196.42	96.73
DSD (%)	100.00	28.81	68.90	32.26	59.32	66.90	69.77	84.99	41.93
Class	PNE¹⁴	M	M	M	M	M	M	W	M
Model	-	G	G	Sp	G	G	G	Sp	G

Variables	R¹	R²²	SEE³	RMSE⁴	DSD⁵	Model
DU1
Al x pH	−0.92	0.85	0.38	1.49	0.00	Spherical
Ca x pH	0.77	0.54	3.45	1.36	0.00	Exponential
Mg x pH	0.67	0.63	1.05	1.03	0.00	Exponential
Mg x Al	−0.68	0.57	1.30	2.16	0.10	Gaussian
CEC x Mg	0.63	0.36	3.81	1.00	0.00	Exponential
DU2
Al x pH	−0.89	0.34	0.44	0.99	45.47	Gaussian
H+Al x pH	−0.81	0.59	3.75	0.90	21.25	Spherical
Mg x pH	0.61	0.19	0.53	0.99	48.84	Exponential
H+Al x Al	0.86	0.62	3.64	0.89	21.04	Spherical
CEC x H+Al	0.70	0.48	4.32	0.98	28.97	Spherical
DU3
CEC x H+Al	0.64	0.32	2.36	0.98	44.21	Exponential
CEC x OM	0.71	0.53	3.05	1.06	1.97	Exponential

Statistics	OM (g kg^-1)
Statistics	DU2⁵	DU3⁶
C₀ ¹	34.27	9.98
(C₀+C)²	34.27	12.03
a³	0.00	117.46
DSD⁴ (%)	100.00	82.96
Class	PNE⁷	Weak
Model	-	Spherical

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[1] ^*Corresponding author: mgervasiopereira01@gmail.com